Tor Vergata University of Rome, also known as the University of Rome II ( it, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata"), is a
public
In public relations and communication science, publics are groups of individual people, and the public (a.k.a. the general public) is the totality of such groupings. This is a different concept to the sociological concept of the ''Öffentlichkei ...
research university
A research university or a research-intensive university is a university that is committed to research as a central part of its mission. They are the most important sites at which knowledge production occurs, along with "intergenerational kno ...
located in
Rome
, established_title = Founded
, established_date = 753 BC
, founder = King Romulus (legendary)
, image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg
, map_caption ...
, Italy. Located in the southeastern suburb of Rome, the university combines a
liberal arts
Liberal arts education (from Latin "free" and "art or principled practice") is the traditional academic course in Western higher education. ''Liberal arts'' takes the term ''art'' in the sense of a learned skill rather than specifically the ...
tradition with emphasis on career orientation in the field of Economics, Engineering, Mathematics and Physics, Natural Sciences, and Medicine.
It was established in 1982 with the goal of providing high-quality education for students preparing to meet the changing needs and opportunities of the workforce. Furthermore, the university campus was designed to reflect the same atmosphere that students would feel on Anglophone campuses. Many professors of the university are important members of the Italian cultural and political environment. Its current
rector
Rector (Latin for the member of a vessel's crew who steers) may refer to:
Style or title
*Rector (ecclesiastical), a cleric who functions as an administrative leader in some Christian denominations
*Rector (academia), a senior official in an edu ...
is
Orazio Schillaci
Orazio Schillaci (born 27 April 1966) is an Italian politician who has been Minister of Health in the Meloni government since October 2022.
In 1990 he graduated in medicine and surgery at Sapienza University, where he then obtained in 1994 the s ...
, a professor in the Faculties of Medicine and Surgery.
Origin of the name
The university takes its name from the 14th-century farmhouse "Turris Virgatae" that was owned by the Roman noble family of Annibaldi, whose remains lie beneath Villa Gentile on campus.
Campus
The university occupies a area outside the
Grande Raccordo Anulare
The GRA or Grande Raccordo Anulare (literally, "Great Ring Junction") is a toll-free, ring-shaped long orbital motorway that encircles Rome.
GRA is one of the most important roads in Rome, and traffic reaches 160,000 vehicles per day as of 201 ...
highway connection, in the eastern sector of the city. A university Hospital (Tor Vergata Polyclinic), with state-of-the-art medical equipment, is located on campus. Near the university, there are accommodation facilities owned by the regional organization Lazio DiSCo as well as Campus X, a private company. Campus X accommodations, rolled out in October 2010, now consist of over 1300 bed spaces for students and researchers, as well as study rooms, a market, a restaurant, a gym, a music recording studio and many other facilities. Campus X in Tor Vergata, designed and built on the basis of the campus in
Berkeley
Berkeley most often refers to:
*Berkeley, California, a city in the United States
**University of California, Berkeley, a public university in Berkeley, California
* George Berkeley (1685–1753), Anglo-Irish philosopher
Berkeley may also refer ...
, is at the present time the biggest accommodation facility for students in Italy, with its area. In an effort to reduce environmental pollution as well as emission of greenhouse gases, Campus X facilities rely on both thermal and photovoltaic solar panels that provide up to 70% of hot water and street lighting needed on campus.
The City of Sport
The innovative City of Sport project, designed by the internationally renowned Spanish architect
Santiago Calatrava
Santiago Calatrava Valls (born 28 July 1951) is a Spanish architect, structural engineer, sculptor and painter, particularly known for his bridges supported by single leaning pylons, and his railway stations, stadiums, and museums, whose sculpt ...
, was an integral part of the city of Rome's bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics and would have hosted the volleyball, gymnastics, trampoline, and basketball finals. On February 14, 2012, the Italian Prime Minister
Mario Monti
Mario Monti, (born 19 March 1943) is an Italian economist and academic who served as the Prime Minister of Italy from 2011 to 2013, leading a technocratic government in the wake of the Italian debt crisis.
Monti served as a European Commiss ...
called an end to the bid, citing uncertain costs and unknown financial benefit. The announcement came a day before the deadline for applicant cities to submit the application files. The project would have transformed the area of south-east of Rome. The two main buildings of the project the Sport Forum and Swimming Forum are symmetrical, each of them being about in area and around 75 m in height. The complex, whose construction had begun in April 2007, was to be completed in 2009 in time for the
2009 World Aquatics Championships
The 2009 World Aquatics Championships ( it, Campionati mondiali di nuoto 2009) or the XIII FINA World Championships were held in Rome, Italy from 18 July to 2 August 2009. The 2009 Championships featured competition in all 5 aquatics disciplines ...
but is still under construction. The new university tower, located on the opposite side of the road with respect to the City of Sport project, will rise to about 90 meters, whose penultimate floor would host the new administrative office of Tor Vergata, while the top floor would host a wide lobby that would offer panoramic views. The lower floors would welcome other offices. The layer below the tower would accommodate underground parking.
Academics
The university is divided into six schools:
Economics
Economics () is the social science that studies the Production (economics), production, distribution (economics), distribution, and Consumption (economics), consumption of goods and services.
Economics focuses on the behaviour and intera ...
,
Engineering
Engineering is the use of scientific method, scientific principles to design and build machines, structures, and other items, including bridges, tunnels, roads, vehicles, and buildings. The discipline of engineering encompasses a broad rang ...
,
Humanities
Humanities are academic disciplines that study aspects of human society and culture. In the Renaissance, the term contrasted with divinity and referred to what is now called classics, the main area of secular study in universities at the t ...
,
Law
Law is a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior,Robertson, ''Crimes against humanity'', 90. with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been vario ...
,
Mathematics
Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics ...
,
Physics
Physics is the natural science that studies matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. "Physical science is that department of knowledge which r ...
and
Natural Sciences
Natural science is one of the branches of science concerned with the description, understanding and prediction of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation. Mechanisms such as peer review and repeatab ...
, and
Medicine
Medicine is the science and practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care pract ...
and
Surgery
Surgery ''cheirourgikē'' (composed of χείρ, "hand", and ἔργον, "work"), via la, chirurgiae, meaning "hand work". is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a person to investigate or treat a pat ...
. There are 18 departments that, combined, offer 31
PhD PHD or PhD may refer to:
* Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), an academic qualification
Entertainment
* '' PhD: Phantasy Degree'', a Korean comic series
* ''Piled Higher and Deeper'', a web comic
* Ph.D. (band), a 1980s British group
** Ph.D. (Ph.D. albu ...
programmes and 51
Master's degree
A master's degree (from Latin ) is an academic degree awarded by universities or colleges upon completion of a course of study demonstrating mastery or a high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional practice.
programmes. The university also offers 55 undergraduate three-year
Bachelor's degree
A bachelor's degree (from Middle Latin ''baccalaureus'') or baccalaureate (from Modern Latin ''baccalaureatus'') is an undergraduate academic degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study lasting three to six ...
programmes and 7 single-cycle degree programmes. Moreover, Tor Vergata University of Rome offers 20 international degree courses taught in
English
English usually refers to:
* English language
* English people
English may also refer to:
Peoples, culture, and language
* ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England
** English national ide ...
: 3 Bachelor's, 15 Master's and 2 Single-cycle degree courses. The university has taken significant steps in the past years to participate in international projects and to link industries to its research. It also participates in interdisciplinary dialogue with local businesses to provide support to entrepreneurial activities and small businesses.
Academic years (usually referred to as a.y. or a.a.) are typically divided into two semesters, the first starting in mid September and ending in mid January and the second starting in March and ending in mid June, with exam sessions being held between mid January and the end of February for first semester courses and between mid June and the end of July for second semester classes. Nonetheless, sometimes additional exam sessions may be held in September depending on the course and faculty. Students are asked to achieve a minimum of 60 ECTS (i.e. credits) to be considered on schedule with the course programme, which means and implies that a three-year
Bachelor's degree
A bachelor's degree (from Middle Latin ''baccalaureus'') or baccalaureate (from Modern Latin ''baccalaureatus'') is an undergraduate academic degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study lasting three to six ...
course typically consists of 180 ECTS for the corresponding degree to be attained, while 120 ECTS are necessary for a
Master's degree
A master's degree (from Latin ) is an academic degree awarded by universities or colleges upon completion of a course of study demonstrating mastery or a high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional practice.
. Nevertheless, additional ECTS may be achieved as well in case students wished to attend additional classes or courses. A single course usually provides either 6, 9 or 12 ECTS, depending on its duration. More specifically, 6, 9 and 12 ECTS classes consist respectively of 60, 90 and 120 hours of lecture attendance.
Faculty of Economics
Centre of Economic and International Studies (CEIS)
Founded in 1987, The Centre of Economic and International Studies (CEIS) is an internationally recognized research centre within the Faculty of Economics at the University of Rome, Tor Vergata. CEIS is engaged in creating and supporting international research and higher-learning networking in the major fields of economics. CEIS hosts numerous seminars and conferences bringing together leading economists and experts in academia and government.
Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...
and 12th in
Italy
Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...
. On the other hand, according to 2022 ''
QS World University Rankings
''QS World University Rankings'' is an annual publication of university rankings by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS). The QS system comprises three parts: the global overall ranking, the subject rankings (which name the world's top universities for the ...
'' and ''
Times Higher Education World University Rankings
The ''Times Higher Education World University Rankings'' (often referred to as the THE Rankings) is an annual publication of university rankings by the ''Times Higher Education'' (THE) magazine. The publisher had collaborated with Quacquarelli ...
'', the university was ranked respectively 494th and 301-350th. But due to the young age of the university, it is for sure important to look at international young university rankings: according to ''
QS World University Rankings
''QS World University Rankings'' is an annual publication of university rankings by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS). The QS system comprises three parts: the global overall ranking, the subject rankings (which name the world's top universities for the ...
''' Under 50 2021, the University of Rome Tor Vergata is ranked 71-80th in the world among universities which are under 50 years old. Further international rankings can be found in the table on the right side of the page.
Furthermore, the Faculty of Economics in Tor Vergata has been consistently ranked among the top 3 economics departments by
La Repubblica
''la Repubblica'' (; the Republic) is an Italian daily general-interest newspaper. It was founded in 1976 in Rome by Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso (now known as GEDI Gruppo Editoriale) and led by Eugenio Scalfari, Carlo Caracciolo and Arnoldo ...
newspaper's annual ranking of economic faculties in Italy and currently holds the top spot nationally and 96th worldwide. The school is particularly strong in the field of business,
financial economics
Financial economics, also known as finance, is the branch of economics characterized by a "concentration on monetary activities", in which "money of one type or another is likely to appear on ''both sides'' of a trade".William F. Sharpe"Financial ...
.
In addition, Tor Vergata University of Rome was ranked, in 2020, 101-150th for Automation and Control Engineering as well as for Energy Science and Engineering, and 201-300th for Telecommunication Engineering in the world by
ARWU
The ''Academic Ranking of World Universities'' (''ARWU''), also known as the Shanghai Ranking, is one of the annual publications of world university rankings. The league table was originally compiled and issued by Shanghai Jiao Tong University ...
(Shanghai Ranking's Academic Ranking of World Universities). Moreover, it was ranked, by the same ranking organisation still in 2020, 76-100th for Mathematical Sciences and 51-75th for Physical Sciences in the world. The university was ranked 50th in the world in Physics also by '' Best Global Universities Ranking'' by U.S. News & World Report L.P. . Tor Vergata University of Rome was also ranked, by ''
QS World University Rankings
''QS World University Rankings'' is an annual publication of university rankings by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS). The QS system comprises three parts: the global overall ranking, the subject rankings (which name the world's top universities for the ...
,'' 314th in the world for Engineering and Technology and, more specifically, 201-250th in the world for Electrical and Electronic Engineering and 251-300th for Chemical Engineering.
When it comes to its academic performance, Tor Vergata University of Rome was ranked 285th in the world and 9th in Italy for the a.y. 2020-21 by URAP (University Ranking by Academic Performance).
In 2020, the
Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities
The Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities or NTU Ranking is a ranking system of world universities by scientific paper volume, impact, and performance output. The ranking was originally published from 2007 to 2011 by the ...
ranked the university 281st in the world. Moreover, the University of Rome Tor Vergata was ranked, in 2019, 59th among the best 175 young universities in the world which are under 50 years old, for its research outputs, according to 2019
Nature index The Nature Index is a database that tracks institutions and countries and their scientific output since its introduction in November, 2014. Each year, Nature Index ranks the leading institutions (which can be companies, universities, government agen ...
ranking. In addition, according to the same index rankings, it was also ranked 43rd among the best 50 young universities in the world in
physical sciences
Physical science is a branch of natural science that studies non-living systems, in contrast to life science. It in turn has many branches, each referred to as a "physical science", together called the "physical sciences".
Definition
Phy ...
.
Apart from being ranked on the basis of its academic and research outcomes, Tor Vergata University of Rome has been also assessed for employability of students who graduated from the university, and for their average wage. In 2018, Tor Vergata University of Rome was ranked 8th in Italy for average wages of its graduates between 25 and 34 years of age, i.e. 5th in Italy if only public universities are taken into account. Furthermore, it was also determined to be, in 2017, the 2nd university in Central Italy for its graduate employability (i.e. 88.5%), making it comparable, when it comes to employability, to Northern Italy universities.
Research
Research is carried out in 27 departmental and inter-departmental research centers. On campus there are also other major research institutions. The new main headquarters of the
Italian Space Agency
The Italian Space Agency ( it, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana; ASI) is a government agency established in 1988 to fund, regulate and coordinate space exploration activities in Italy. The agency cooperates with numerous national and international entit ...
was inaugurated in Tor Vergata on July 25, 2012. Other important national centres include the Tor Vergata research establishment of
National Research Council National Research Council may refer to:
* National Research Council (Canada), sponsoring research and development
* National Research Council (Italy), scientific and technological research, Rome
* National Research Council (United States), part of ...
and the
National Institute for Astrophysics
The National Institute for Astrophysics ( it, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, or INAF) is an Italian research institute in astronomy and astrophysics, founded in 1999. INAF funds and operates twenty separate research facilities, which in turn e ...
. The close proximity and research ties with other distinguished research centers that are near campus, such as the Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Environment (ENEA), the European Space Agency Center for Earth Observation and the Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics makes Tor Vergata a unique and dynamic research environment.
When it comes to its research outcomes, Tor Vergata University of Rome was ranked, in 2019, 18th in Italy and 200-300th in Europe (more specifically 300-400th for total project funding per partner and 100-200th for its total number of projects) among European academic and non-academic research institutions, according to the European Research Ranking. It was also ranked in 2014, by the same ranking institution, 31st in Europe with regard to its research diversity index.
Affiliations
In March 2019, the University of Rome Tor Vergata joined other seven European universities to form the Young Universities for the Future of Europe (YUFE) Alliance. In June 2019, the
European Commission
The European Commission (EC) is the executive of the European Union (EU). It operates as a cabinet government, with 27 members of the Commission (informally known as "Commissioners") headed by a President. It includes an administrative body o ...
announced that YUFE was among the 17 projects that would receive funding for a three-year pilot under the European Universities Initiative, funded through the Erasmus+ programme. The main aim of this programme is to create 'European Universities' based on cross-border alliances of higher education institutions in order to share a long-term strategy and promote European values and identity, by creating a European university campus for the purpose of promoting students' physical and virtual mobility. Hand in hand with this aim goes the YUFE Diploma Supplement Track, rolled out in November 2020, a diploma supplement that acknowledges all the activities, projects and accomplishments, such as academic courses, professional training, etc, that students are given the chance to take part in across the various YUFE universities. Tor Vergata University of Rome is, at the moment, the only university in Italy that is part of the alliance.
Tor Vergata University of Rome is also part of the
Young European Research Universities Network
The Young European Research Universities Network (YERUN) is a non-profit association that brings together young research-oriented universities in Europe. YERUN represents 22 universities from 15 European countries. The network aims at strategic ...
The University of Rome Tor Vergata currently offers 20 courses taught in English.
Bachelor's degree programmes
* Business Administration and Economics (B.Sc., School of Economics)
* Global Governance (B.A., School of Economics)
* Engineering Sciences (B.Sc., School of Engineering)
Master's degree programmes
* Business Administration (M.Sc., School of Economics)
* Economics (M.Sc., School of Economics)
* European Economy and Business Law (M.Sc., School of Economics)
* Finance and Banking (M.Sc., School of Economics)
* Mechatronics Engineering (M.Sc., School of Engineering)
* ICT and Internet Engineering (M.Sc., School of Engineering)
* Chemical Nano-Engineering (M.Sc., School of Engineering)
* Physical Activity and Health Promotion (M.Sc., School of Medicine and Surgery)
* Biotechnology (M.Sc., School of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences)
* Physics - Curriculum in Astrophysics and Space Science (M.Sc., School of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences)
* Physics - Curriculum in Physics of Fundamental Interactions and Experimental Techniques (M.Sc., School of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences)
* Physics - Curriculum in Physics of Complex Systems and Big Data (M.Sc., School of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences)
* European History (M.A., School of Humanities and Philosophy)
* Art History in Rome from Late Antique to the Present (M.A., School of Humanities and Philosophy)
* Tourism Strategy, Cultural Heritage and Made in Italy (M.A., School of Humanities and Philosophy)
Single-cycle degree programmes
* Medicine and Surgery (School of Medicine and Surgery)
* Pharmacy (School of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences)
Notable faculty members and alumni
*
Giovanni Tria
Giovanni Tria (born 28 September 1948) is an Italian economist and university professor who served as the Italian Minister of Economy and Finance in the Conte I Cabinet. He is the current Adviser of the Ministry of Economic Development (MED) si ...
, former Minister of Economy and Finance at the
Italian Minister of Economy and Finances
The Italian Minister of Economy and Finance ( it, Ministro dell'Economia e delle Finanze) is a senior member of the Italian Cabinet who leads the Ministry of Economy and Finance since its creation in 2001 by the fusion of three former ministri ...
, professor of Political Economy, Dean of the School of Economics
*
Renato Brunetta
Renato Brunetta (born 15 May 1950) is an Italian economist and politician.
He was the Minister of Public Administration and Innovation from 8 May 2008 to 16 November 2011 in the Berlusconi government, and he is, once again, the minister for Pu ...
, Italian Minister of Public Administration,
Member of the European Parliament
A Member of the European Parliament (MEP) is a person who has been elected to serve as a popular representative in the European Parliament.
When the European Parliament (then known as the Common Assembly of the ECSC) first met in 1952, its ...
, professor of Economics
* Antonio Dal Monte, physician and medical researcher, former Scientific Director and Head of the Department of Physiology and Biomechanics Institute of Sports Science of the
Italian National Olympic Committee
The Italian National Olympic Committee ( it, Comitato Olimpico Nazionale Italiano, CONI), founded in 1914 and a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), is responsible for the development and management of sports activity in Italy. ...
(C.O.N.I.)
*
Cesare G. De Michelis
Cesare G. De Michelis (born 20 April 1944 in Rome) is a scholar and professor of Russian literature at the University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy.
Biography
He is also an authority on the notorious plagiarism, hoax, and literary forgery known as ...
, professor of Russian Literature
* Alessandro Ferrara, professor of Political Philosophy
*
Enrico Giovannini
Enrico Giovannini (born 6 June 1957) is an Italian economist, statistician and academic, member of the Club of Rome. Since February 2021, he has been serving as Minister of Infrastructure and Sustainable Mobility in the Draghi Government. From A ...
, former
OECD
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; french: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, ''OCDE'') is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate e ...
Director of Statistics, Professor of Economics and Italian Minister of Infrastructure and Transport
*
Sabatino Moscati
Sabatino Moscati (24 November 1922 – 8 September 1997) was an Italian archaeologist and linguist known for his work on Phoenician and Punic civilizations. In 1954 he became Professor of Semitic Philology at the University of Rome where he es ...
, archaeologist and linguist, professor of Semitic Philology
*
Piero Niro
Piero Niro (born 1957) is an Italian composer, classical pianist, and academic specialising in the philosophy of music and aesthetics.
Niro was born in Baranello in the southern Italian region of Molise and initially studied piano and compositi ...
, composer, classical pianist,
laurea
In Italy, the ''laurea'' is the main post-secondary academic degree. The name originally referred literally to the laurel wreath, since ancient times a sign of honor and now worn by Italian students right after their official graduation ceremony ...
in Philosophy
*
Mario Perniola
Mario Perniola (20 May 1941 – 9 January 2018) was an Italian philosopher, professor of aesthetics and author. Many of his works have been published in English.
Biography
Mario Perniola was born in Asti, Piedmont. He studied philosophy under Luig ...
, philosopher, professor of Aesthetics
* Simonetta Prosperi Valenti Rodinò, Art historian, professor of Modern Art History
*
Alessandro Piperno
Alessandro Piperno (born 25 March 1972 in Rome) is an Italian writer and literary critic of Jewish descent, having a Jewish father and a Catholic mother.
He graduated in French Literature at the University of Rome, where he currently teaches and ...
, writer, professor of French literature
*
Lucio Russo
Lucio Russo (born 22 November 1944) is an Italian physicist, mathematician and historian of science. Born in Venice, he teaches at the Mathematics Department of the University of Rome Tor Vergata.
Among his main areas of interest are Gibbs mea ...
, physicist, mathematician and historian of Science, professor of Probability Calculus
*
, mathematician who published the homonymous algorithm (
Schoof's Algorithm Schoof's algorithm is an efficient algorithm to count points on elliptic curves over finite fields. The algorithm has applications in elliptic curve cryptography where it is important to know the number of points to judge the difficulty of solving t ...
), professor of Mathematics
* Pietro Trifone, linguist, professor of history of the Italian language
*
Gustavo Piga Gustavo Piga (18 February 1964), is an Italian economist.
He is professor of Political economy at University of Rome Tor Vergata.
In 1996 attained the PhD in Economics at Columbia University. In 1997-98 taught ''Accounting and Finance'' at the Depa ...
, professor of Economics
*
Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio
Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio (born 13 March 1959) is an Italian politician, lawyer and journalist. He served as Minister of Agriculture in the second cabinet of Giuliano Amato and as Minister of Environment in the second cabinet of Romano Prodi.
Bor ...
, former Italian Minister for the Environment, Land and Sea and former Member of the
Italian Parliament
The Italian Parliament ( it, Parlamento italiano) is the national parliament of the Italian Republic. It is the representative body of Italian citizens and is the successor to the Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1943), the transitiona ...
* Domenicangela Lina Unali, professor of English and American literature, novelist, poet, literary critic
* Stefano Semplici, philosopher, professor of Moral Philosophy and Social Ethics, former president of the UNESCO Bioethics Committee
* Gregorio Maria Paone, performer, professor of Clarinet, Music History and Aesthetics, and Music Theory
Rome
, established_title = Founded
, established_date = 753 BC
, founder = King Romulus (legendary)
, image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg
, map_caption ...