Toppin's titi monkey (''Plecturocebus toppini'') is a species of

titi monkey The titis, or titi monkeys, are New World monkeys of the subfamily Callicebinae, which contains three extant genera: ''Cheracebus'', ''Callicebus'', and ''Plecturocebus.'' This subfamily also contains the extinct genera ''Miocallicebus, Homuncul ...

, a type of

New World monkey New World monkeys are the five families of primates that are found in the tropical regions of Mexico, Central and South America: Callitrichidae, Cebidae, Aotidae, Pitheciidae, and Atelidae. The five families are ranked together as the Ceboidea ( ...

, from

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , other_symbol = Great Seal of the State , other_symbol_type = Seal (emblem), National seal , national_motto = "Fi ...

, and

Bolivia , image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg , flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, yellow, and green from top to bottom) with the coat of arms of Bolivia in the center , flag_alt2 = 7 × 7 square p ...

Taxonomy

It was described in 1914 by

Oldfield Thomas Michael Rogers Oldfield Thomas (21 February 1858 – 16 June 1929) was a British zoologist. Career Thomas worked at the Natural History Museum on mammals, describing about 2,000 new species and subspecies for the first time. He was appoin ...

but was afterwards considered conspecific with the

coppery titi The coppery titi monkey (''Plecturocebus cupreus''), or red titi monkey, is a species of titi monkey, a type of New World monkey, from South America. They are found in the Amazon of Brazil and Peru, and perhaps northern Bolivia. It was described ...

(''P. cupreus''). However, a 2015 paper revived it as a distinct species, finding it to be phenotypically distinguishable from ''P. cupreus''. The results of this study were followed by the

IUCN Red List The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book, founded in 1964, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biol ...

ITIS The Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) is an American partnership of federal agencies designed to provide consistent and reliable information on the taxonomy of biological species. ITIS was originally formed in 1996 as an interagenc ...

, and

American Society of Mammalogists The American Society of Mammalogists (ASM) was founded in 1919. Its primary purpose is to encourage the study of mammals, and professions studying them. There are over 4,500 members of this society, and they are primarily professional scientists ...

. In addition, the same paper raised doubt over the distinctiveness of the

Madidi titi The Madidi titi monkey, also known as the GoldenPalace.com monkey or the golden palace monkey, is a titi, a kind of New World monkey, discovered in western Bolivia's Madidi National Park in 2004. Its scientific name is ''Plecturocebus aureipalat ...

(''P. aureipalatii'') due to one of the captured ''P. toppini'' specimens closely resembling ''P. aureipalatii'', indicating that ''P. aureipalatii'' could be just a color variant of ''P. toppini''. In addition, there may be specimens of ''P. toppini'' misidentified as specimens of ''P. cupreus'' or the

brown titi The brown titi monkey (''Plecturocebus brunneus'') is a species of titi monkey, a type of New World monkey, from South America. It is endemic to Brazil. It was originally described as ''Callicebus brunneus'' in 1842 and transferred to the newly e ...

(''P. brunneus''), thus requiring further examination. It was named after Captain Harry Stanley Toppin, who collected the

type specimen In biology, a type is a particular wiktionary:en:specimen, specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally attached. In other words, a type is an example that serves to a ...

of this species near the

Tahuamanu River The Tahuamanu River is a river of Bolivia and Peru. See also *List of rivers of Bolivia This is a list of rivers in Bolivia. By drainage basin This list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tributaries indented under each larger strea ...

Distribution

This species has a wide range in

, and

, being found east of the

Urubamba River The Urubamba River or Vilcamayo River (possibly from Quechua ''Willkamayu'', for "sacred river") is a river in Peru. Upstream it is called Vilcanota River (possibly from Aymara ''Willkanuta'', for "house of the sun"). Within the La Convención Pr ...

and likely west of the

Ituxi River Ituxi River is a river of Amazonas state in north-western Brazil. It is a tributary of the Purus River. Course The Ituxi River is in length. It originates near Acrelândia in the state of Acre. It is a blackwater river that flows through the I ...

& north of the Tambopata and Madre De Dios rivers. However, the exact distribution limits remain uncertain.

Description

This is a reddish-colored species that has a less fluffy and less whitish tail compared to ''P. cupreus''.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q20721823 Plecturocebus Mammals of Brazil Mammals of Bolivia Mammals of Peru Mammals described in 1914 Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas