Tons Burthen

Builder's Old Measurement (BOM, bm, OM, and o.m.) is the method used in England from approximately 1650 to 1849 for calculating the cargo capacity of a ship. It is a volumetric measurement of cubic capacity. It estimated the tonnage of a ship based on length and maximum beam. It is expressed in "tons burden" ( en-em , burthen , enm , byrthen ), and abbreviated "tons bm".

The formula is:

: $\text = \frac$

where:
* ''Length'' is the length, in feet, from the stem to the sternpost;
* ''Beam'' is the maximum beam, in feet.

The Builder's Old Measurement formula remained in effect until the advent of steam propulsion. Steamships required a different method of estimating tonnage, because the ratio of length to beam was larger and a significant volume of internal space was used for boilers and machinery. In 1849, the Moorsom System was created in the United Kingdom. The Moorsom system calculates the cargo-carrying capacity in cubic feet, another method of volumetric measurement. The capacity in cubic feet is then divided by 100 cubic feet of capacity per gross ton, resulting in a tonnage expressed in tons.

History and derivation

King Edward I levied the first tax on the hire of ships in England in 1303 based on tons burthen. Later, King Edward III levied a tax of 3 shillings on each "tun" of imported wine, equal to £ today (using the last year of Edward III's reign, 1377, as the base year). At that time a "tun" was a wine container of 252 wine gallons, approx weighing about , a weight known today as a long ton or imperial ton. In order to estimate the capacity of a ship in terms of 'tun' for tax purposes, an early formula used in England was:

: $\text = \frac$

where:
* ''Length'' is the length (undefined), in feet
* ''Beam'' is the beam, in feet.
* ''Depth'' is the depth of the hold, in feet below the main deck.
The numerator yields the ship's volume expressed in cubic feet.

If a "tun" is deemed to be equivalent to 100 cubic feet, then the tonnage is simply the number of such 100 cubic feet 'tun' units of volume.

* ''100'' the divisor is unitless, so tonnage would be expressed in 'ft³ of tun'.

In 1678 Thames shipbuilders used a method assuming that a ship's burden would be 3/5 of its displacement. Since tonnage is calculated by multiplying length × beam × draft × block coefficient, all divided by 35 ft³ per ton of seawater, the resulting formula would be:

: $\text = \frac$

where:
* ''Draft'' is estimated to be half of the beam.
* ''Block coefficient'' is based on an assumed average of 0.62.
* ''35 ft³'' is the volume of one ton of sea water.

Or by solving :

: $\text = \frac$

In 1694 a new British law required that tonnage for tax purposes be calculated according to a similar formula:

: $\text = \frac$

This formula remained in effect until the Builder's Old Measurement rule (above) was put into use in 1720, and then mandated by Act of Parliament in 1773.

Depth

* Depth to deck
:The height from the underside of the hull, excluding the keel itself, at the ship's midpoint, to the top of the uppermost full length deck.

* Depth in hold
:Interior space; The height from the lowest part of the hull inside the ship, at its midpoint, to the ceiling that is made up of the uppermost full length deck. For old warships it is to the ceiling that is made up of the ''lowermost'' full length deck.
* Main deck
:Main deck, that is used in context of depth measurement, is usually defined as the uppermost full length deck. For the 16th century ship ''Mary Rose'', main deck is the ''second'' uppermost full length deck. In a calculation of the tonnage of ''Mary Rose'' the draft was used instead of the depth.

American tons burthen

The British took the length measurement from the outside of the stem to the outside of the sternpost, whereas the Americans measured from inside the posts. The British measured breadth from outside the planks, whereas the Americans measured the breadth from inside the planks. Lastly, the British divided by 94, whereas the Americans divided by 95.

The upshot was that American calculations gave a lower number than the British ones. The British measure yields values about 6% greater than the American. For instance, when the British measured the captured , their calculations gave her a burthen of 1533 tons, whereas the American calculations gave the burthen as 1444 tons.

The US system was in use from 1789 until 1864, when a modified version of the Moorsom System was adopted.

See also

*Thames Measurement

References

External links

"Concerning Measuring of Ships"
''The Sea-Man's Vade Mecum'', London, 1707. pp 127–131.


David Steel, ''The Shipwright's Vade-Mecum'', London, 1805. pp. 249–251.


William Falconer's ''Dictionary of the Marine'', London, 1780, page 56

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