''Toneel'' (

Dutch Dutch commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands * Dutch people () * Dutch language () Dutch may also refer to: Places * Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States * Pennsylvania Dutch Country People E ...

word for: "theatre") is a genre of theatrical

drama Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance: a play, opera, mime, ballet, etc., performed in a theatre, or on radio or television.Elam (1980, 98). Considered as a genre of poetry in general, the dramatic mode has b ...

performance developed in early 20th-century Dutch East Indies (modern-day

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...

). Compared to earlier native musical dramas, such as the Malay ''

bangsawan ''Bangsawan'' ( Jawi: بڠساون) is a type of traditional Malay opera or theatre performed by a troupe, and accompanied by music and sometimes dances. The ''bangsawan'' theatrical performance encompasses music, dance and drama. It is wid ...

'' and ''

Komedie Stamboel ''Komedi Stambul'' (or simply ''Stambul''), spelled ''Komedie Stamboel'' during the Dutch colonial era, is a form of trans-ethnic Indonesian folk theatre developed lately 19th-century to the mid 20th-century. The theatre originated in Dutch East ...

'', ''toneel'' adapted more European stylings, with an emphasis on spoken dialogue and a reduction in the amount of music used during the performance; thus the genre is called ''toneel'', an adaptation of the Dutch word for theatre. One of the notable ''toneel'' troupe is

Dardanella "Dardanella" is a popular song published in 1919 by McCarthy & Fisher, Inc., a firm owned by Fred Fisher, lyricist, for music composed by Felix Bernard and Johnny S. Black. Bandleader Ben Selvin (1898–1980) recorded "Dardanella" for several ...

that gain popularity in East Indies back in 1920s. The play is presented in Malay and often featured themes and adaptations derived from popular Hollywood productions for the stage, including '' The Mark of Zorro'', ''

The Three Musketeers ''The Three Musketeers'' (french: Les Trois Mousquetaires, links=no, ) is a French historical adventure novel written in 1844 by French author Alexandre Dumas. It is in the swashbuckler genre, which has heroic, chivalrous swordsmen who fight ...

'' and '' The Thief of Bagdad''. The ''toneel'' drama later influenced the development of film industry in the Dutch East Indies, and also influenced native Indonesian musical dramatic forms such as

sandiwara ''Sandiwara'' ( Indonesian term for: "drama") is a genre of traditional theatrical drama of Indonesia. In general, it refers to any kind of drama or theatrical performances, and literally ''sandiwara'' means "to pretend" or "to act". However, the ...

, lenong, and

ludruk ''Ludruk'' is one of the theatrical genres in East Java. It is a form of traditional performance presented by a troupe of actors (or comedians) on a stage, re-telling the life stories of everyday people and their struggles. Its origin is unclea ...

References

Bibliography

* * {{Indonesian drama and theatre Indonesian culture Theatre in Indonesia Traditional drama and theatre of Indonesia Dance in Indonesia

See also

References

Bibliography