Todos Osmachka (birth name Teodosiy Stepanovych Osmachka) ( - 7 September 1962) was a Ukrainian writer and poet. Representative of symbolism, expressionism, and neo-romanticism. Member of the writers' associations such as Association of Writers (Aspis) and "Lanka" (MARS). Translator of Shakespeare's works. Osmachka criticized the communist ideology and the intelligentsia that cooperated with the authorities of the Moscow government. He was persecuted by Russian repressive regime.

Early life and education

Todos Osmachka was born on in the village of Kutsivka, now Smilyansky District,

Cherkasy Cherkasy ( uk, Черка́си, ) is a city in central Ukraine. Cherkasy is the capital of Cherkasy Oblast ( province), as well as the administrative center of Cherkasky Raion (district) within the oblast. The city has a population of C ...

(then Cherkasy County of Kyiv Province) in the family of a rural laborer Stepan, who worked in the estate of the landowner Tereshchenko, and then single-handedly gained the profession and fame of a good veterinarian. All children in the family received secondary education. Osmachka acquired higher education on his own. In 1925 he graduated from the Kyiv Institute of Public Education.

Early career

In 1916, Osmachka was drafted into the ranks of the Russian army to participate in the

World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

. His working career Osmachka started by teaching in folk schools. At the same time he started writing. During the World War I, for his poem ''Soldier's Thoughts'' he was put under military and political court in Russia. However the

October revolution The October Revolution,. officially known as the Great October Socialist Revolution. in the Soviet Union, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key mome ...

changed the political situation and he wasn't charged. Since 1920, he has been an instructor for the training of education workers in

Kremenchuk Kremenchuk (; uk, Кременчу́к, Kremenchuk ) is an industrial city in central Ukraine which stands on the banks of the Dnipro River. The city serves as the administrative center of the Kremenchuk Raion (district) in Poltava Oblast (pr ...

Literary activity

Osmachka’s participation in literary life began during his student years. First, he was a member of the Association of Writers (ASPIS), which was headed by

Mykola Zerov Mykola Kostiantynovych Zerov (Ukrainian: Микола Костянтинович Зеров; 26 April 1890, in Zinkiv, Poltava Governorate – 3 November 1937, in Sandarmokh, KareliaHryhoriy Kosynka (Osmachka's closest friend), Borys Antonenko-Davydovych,

Yevhen Pluzhnyk Yevhen Pavlovych Pluzhnyk ( uk, Плужник Євген Павлович; , Kantemirovka, Voronezh Governorate, Russian Empire — 2 February 1936, Solovki, USSR) was a Ukrainian poet, playwright and translator from Eastern Sloboda Ukraine. ...

Valerian Pidmohylny Valerian Petrovych Pidmohylny (Ukrainian: Валер'ян Петрович Підмогильний; 2 February 1901 - 3 November 1937) was a Ukrainian modernist, most famous for the realist novel '' Misto'' (The City). Like a number of Ukra ...

and Maria Halych. The first collection of Osmachka's poems, ''Krucha'', was published in 1922. Historian Serhii Yefremov in ''History of Ukrainian Literature'' noted it for the depth of imagery, brilliant vernacular, and epic style of thought. In 1925, the second book of poems ''Scythian fires'', was published - which was dedicated to the Ukrainian steppe. The last book by Osmachka, which was printed in Soviet Ukraine, was the collection ''Klekit'' (Kyiv, 1929). It was printed in the midst of preparations for the trial against the Ukrainian intelligentsia - the

Union for the Liberation of Ukraine The Union for the Liberation of Ukraine ( uk, Союз визволення України, СВУ; Soyuz vyzvolennia Ukrayiny, SVU) was a political organization that was established on 4 August 1914 in Lemberg, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria.La ...

when the ideological press clamped down on individual freedom of creativity. The 1930s ideological persecutions known as the

Executed Renaissance The Executed Renaissance (or "Red Renaissance", uk, Розстріляне відродження, Червоний ренесанс, translit=Rozstriliane vidrodzhennia, Chervonyi renesans) is a term used to describe the generatio ...

had already taken away the first close friends of the poet - Hryhoriy Kosynka, Dmytro Falkivskyi, and Valerian Pidmohylny.

Persecution by the Soviet authorities

A wave of denunciations in the form of literary and critical articles branded Osmachka as the "enemy of the people". Escaping from repression, Osmachka made his way to

Podillia Podolia or Podilia ( uk, Поділля, Podillia, ; russian: Подолье, Podolye; ro, Podolia; pl, Podole; german: Podolien; be, Падолле, Padollie; lt, Podolė), is a historic region in Eastern Europe, located in the west-central ...

, intending to cross the Polish border illegally. He was arrested and sent under escort to Sverdlovsk, but Osmachka escaped on the way and headed to Podillia again with the same intention. This time he was sent to prison on charges of espionage. Expecting death, Osmachka makes the last decision - to fight, but "not as a means of strength, but as a means of weakness" and feigns madness. He was transferred to a psychiatric hospital in Kyiv. He was released, then arrested again. After another series of simulated seizures, Osmachka was released again. After that Osmachka began to hide wherever he could: in the houses of friends, cabins, in isolated farms and villages where he was not well known, sometimes even in his native village. He decided to move to Lviv after the German occupation of Ukraine began.

Lviv period

In 1942, Osmachka arrived in Lviv with an unfinished verse novel ''The Poet''. There he joined the literary life of the city, but imprisonment and torture left an imprint on his life. Osmachka became suspicious, mistrustful, withdrawn, and afraid of The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD), which made it difficult for him to communicate with people. In Lviv, Osmachka published his fourth collection of poems, ''Contemporaries'' (1943), which marked a qualitatively new stage of his work. He was awarded a prize of 1,500 gold coins for the book. In 1944, Osmachka wrote the story ''The Senior Boyaryn'' - the first lighthearted book, after the previous scary images of cruel life. However, only a year later, the poet returned to the "damned years" in the poem ''The Poet'', full of personal impressions and experiences of repression.

In emigration

Towards the end of 1944, Todos Osmachka, like

Ulas Samchuk Ulas Oleksiiovych Samchuk (; 20 February 1905, Derman – 9 July 1987 Toronto) was a Ukrainian writer, propagandist, publicist, journalist, and a member of the Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile. He was a member of the natio ...

and many other writers, was forced to emigrate to the West. At first, he settled in Germany. Together with Ulas Samchuk Osmachka participated in the development of a new emigrant literary organization MUR (Ukrainian Art Movement). In 1953, the poetry collection ''Bouquets of Time'' was published, which collected poems from 1943-1948. In emigration, Osmachka's talent was revealed with new strength in his three prose works: ''The Senior Boyaryn'' (1946), ''Plan to the Yard'' (1951), and ''Rotunda of Soul Killers'' (1956). The poetic work of life was summarized in the book ''From Under the World'' (1954). In Osmachka's travels around the world, he never stopped, haunted by the fear of reprisals against him by KGB agents. Having moved from Germany to the USA, Osmachka wanted to focus on creative matters. He often spoke in front of Ukrainian communities, but fear and suspicion made him leave his place again and move from country to country. Osmachka moved from Germany to the USA, lived for some time in Canada, visited France, and traveled through Yugoslavia. On July 6, 1961, on one of the streets of Munich, he fell under the attack of nervous paralysis. Through the efforts of his friends, he was sent to the United States and placed for treatment at the Pilgrim State Hospital near New York. But on September 7, 1962, at the age of 67, Todos Osmachka died. He was buried at St. Andrew's Orthodox Cemetery, South Bound Brook, New Jersey.

Style

The work of Osmachka was significantly influenced by

symbolism Symbolism or symbolist may refer to: Arts * Symbolism (arts), a 19th-century movement rejecting Realism ** Symbolist movement in Romania, symbolist literature and visual arts in Romania during the late 19th and early 20th centuries ** Russian sym ...

and expressionism. The influence of neo-romanticism is noticeable in late poetry collections. In his works, Osmachka paid particular attention to Ukrainian folk traditions and ethnography.

Commemoration

* In

, one of the alleys is named after Todos Osmachka. * In his native village, one of the streets is named after Osmachka, and a memorial plaque has also been installed. * The charitable foundation "Todos Osmachka" was founded. * In 2004, the play "Day of Spirits," based on the works of Todos Osmachka, was staged at the Kyiv Young Theater. * In 2005, Mykhailo Slaboshpytskyi published the biographical novel "Poet from Hell (Todos Osmachka)," for which he was awarded the

Shevchenko National Prize Shevchenko National Prize ( uk, Націона́льна пре́мія Украї́ни і́мені Тараса́ Шевче́нка; also ''Shevchenko Award'') is the highest state prize of Ukraine for works of culture and arts awarded since ...

. * In 2013, the Todos Osmachka Literary Prize was established.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Osmachka, Todos 1895 births 1962 deaths Ukrainian male poets Executed Renaissance Immigrants to the United States Ukrainian translators Great Purge victims from Ukraine