''Nicotiana'' () is a
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
of
herbaceous plants
Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials.
Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous"
The fourth edition of t ...
and
shrub
A shrub (often also called a bush) is a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees ...
s in the
family
Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...
Solanaceae
The Solanaceae , or nightshades, are a family of flowering plants that ranges from annual and perennial herbs to vines, lianas, epiphytes, shrubs, and trees, and includes a number of agricultural crops, medicinal plants, spices, weeds, and orn ...
, that is
indigenous
Indigenous may refer to:
*Indigenous peoples
*Indigenous (ecology), presence in a region as the result of only natural processes, with no human intervention
*Indigenous (band), an American blues-rock band
*Indigenous (horse), a Hong Kong racehorse ...
to the Americas, Australia, Southwestern Africa and the South Pacific. Various ''Nicotiana''
species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...
, commonly referred to as tobacco plants, are cultivated as ornamental garden plants. ''
N. tabacum'' is grown worldwide for the cultivation of
tobacco leaves
Tobacco is the common name of several plants in the genus ''Nicotiana'' of the family Solanaceae, and the general term for any product prepared from the cured leaves of these plants. More than 70 species of tobacco are known, but the chie ...
used for manufacturing and producing
tobacco products
Tobacco is the agricultural product of the leaves of plants in the genus ''Nicotiana'', commonly termed ''tobacco plants''. All species of ''Nicotiana'' contain the addictive drug nicotine—a psychostimulant alkaloid found in all parts of the ...
, including
cigar
A cigar is a rolled bundle of dried and fermented tobacco leaves made to be smoked. Cigars are produced in a variety of sizes and shapes. Since the 20th century, almost all cigars are made of three distinct components: the filler, the binder l ...
s,
cigarillo
A cigarillo (from Spanish ''cigarrillo'', meaning "cigarette", in turn from ''cigarro'' ("cigar") + ''-illo'' (diminutive suffix), pronounced in parts of Latin America or in Spain) is a short, narrow cigar. Unlike cigarettes, cigarillos are wra ...
s,
cigarette
A cigarette is a narrow cylinder containing a combustible material, typically tobacco, that is rolled into thin paper for smoking. The cigarette is ignited at one end, causing it to smolder; the resulting smoke is orally inhaled via the opp ...
s,
chewing tobacco
Chewing tobacco is a type of smokeless tobacco product that is placed between the cheek and lower gum to draw out its flavor. Some users chew it, others do not. It consists of coarsely chopped aged tobacco that is flavored and often sweetened; ...
,
dipping tobacco
Dipping tobacco is a type of finely ground or shredded, moistened smokeless tobacco product. It is commonly and idiomatically known as "dip". Dipping tobacco is used by placing a pinch, or "dip", of tobacco between the lip and the gum (sublabia ...
,
snuff
Snuff may refer to:
Tobacco
* Snuff (tobacco), fine-ground tobacco, sniffed into the nose
** Moist snuff or dipping tobacco
** Creamy snuff, an Indian tobacco paste
Media and entertainment
* Snuff film, a type of film that shows a murder
Literat ...
, and
snus
Snus ( , ) is a tobacco product, originating from a variant of dry snuff in early 18th-century Sweden. It is placed between the upper lip and gum for extended periods, as a form of sublabial administration. Snus is not fermented. Although used s ...
.
Taxonomy
Species
![Tobacco blossom 1580](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Tobacco_blossom_1580.jpg)
The 79 accepted species include:
* ''
Nicotiana acuminata
''Nicotiana acuminata'' is a species of wild tobacco known by the English common name manyflower tobacco. It is native to Argentina and Chile but it is known on other continents, including North America and Australia, as an introduced species.
...
''
(Graham) Hook.
Sir William Jackson Hooker (6 July 178512 August 1865) was an English botanist and botanical illustrator, who became the first director of Kew when in 1841 it was recommended to be placed under state ownership as a botanic garden. At Kew h ...
– manyflower tobacco
[Knapp et al. (2004) Nomenclatural changes and a new sectional classification in Nicotiana (Solanaceae) Taxon. 53(1):73-82.]
* ''
Nicotiana africana
''Nicotiana africana'' is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae. It is endemic to Namibia. Its natural habitat
In ecology, the term habitat summarises the array of resources, physical and biotic factors that are present in an are ...
''
Merxm.
* ''
Nicotiana alata
''Nicotiana alata'' is a species of tobacco. It is called jasmine tobacco, sweet tobacco, winged tobacco, ''tanbaku'', and Persian tobacco.
''Nictoiana alata'' is mainly grown as an ornamental plant; numerous cultivars and hybrids are derived ...
''
Link & Otto
Otto is a masculine German given name and a surname. It originates as an Old High German short form (variants ''Audo'', ''Odo'', ''Udo'') of Germanic names beginning in ''aud-'', an element meaning "wealth, prosperity".
The name is recorded fro ...
– jasmine tobacco, sweet tobacco, winged tobacco, Persian tobacco, ''tanbaku'' (in
Persian
Persian may refer to:
* People and things from Iran, historically called ''Persia'' in the English language
** Persians, the majority ethnic group in Iran, not to be conflated with the Iranic peoples
** Persian language, an Iranian language of the ...
)
* ''
Nicotiana attenuata
''Nicotiana attenuata'' is a species of wild tobacco known by the common name coyote tobacco. It is native to western North America from British Columbia to Texas and northern Mexico, where it grows in many types of habitat. It is a glandular a ...
''
Torrey ex S. Watson – coyote tobacco
* ''
Nicotiana benthamiana
''Nicotiana benthamiana'', colloquially known as benth or benthi, is a species of ''Nicotiana'' indigenous to Australia. It is a close relative of tobacco.
A synonym for this species is ''Nicotiana suaveolens'' var. ''cordifolia'', a descrip ...
''
Domin
Karel Domin (4 May 1882, Kutná Hora, Kingdom of Bohemia – 10 June 1953, Prague) was a Czech botanist and politician.
After gymnasium school studies in Příbram, he studied botany at the Charles University in Prague, and graduated in 1906 ...
– benth, benthi
* ''
Nicotiana clevelandii
''Nicotiana clevelandii'' is a species of wild tobacco known by the common name Cleveland's tobacco.
Its specific epithet ''clevelandii'' honors 19th-century San Diego-based plant collector and lawyer Daniel Cleveland.
It is native to northwes ...
''
A. Gray – Cleveland's tobacco
* ''
Nicotiana glauca
''Nicotiana glauca'' is a species of flowering plant in the tobacco genus Nicotiana of the nightshade family Solanaceae. It is known by the common name tree tobacco. Its leaves are attached to the stalk by Petiole (botany), petioles (many other ' ...
''
Graham – tree tobacco, Brazilian tree tobacco, shrub tobacco, wild tobacco, tobacco plant, tobacco bush, tobacco tree, mustard tree
* ''
Nicotiana glutinosa''
L.
* ''
Nicotiana langsdorffii''
Weinm. – Langsdorff's tobacco
* ''
Nicotiana longiflora
''Nicotiana longiflora'', the longflower tobacco or long-flowered tobacco, is a species of tobacco native to South America that is sometimes cultivated for its tubular flowers that emit a very sweet odour at night.
This plant has been a signifi ...
''
Cav. – longflower tobacco or long-flowered tobacco
* ''
Nicotiana occidentalis
''Nicotiana'' () is a genus of herbaceous plants and shrubs in the Family (biology), family Solanaceae, that is Native plant, indigenous to the Americas, Australia, Southwestern Africa and the South Pacific. Various ''Nicotiana'' species, common ...
''
H.-M. Wheeler – native tobacco
* ''
Nicotiana obtusifolia
''Nicotiana obtusifolia'', or desert tobacco, is a plant native to the southwestern United States (from California to Utah to Texas) and Mexico.
It is a woody perennial herb growing up to about in maximum height. The leaves have blades up to l ...
''
M. Martens & Galeotti – desert tobacco, ''punche'', ''"tabaquillo"''
* ''
Nicotiana otophora''
Griseb.
* ''
Nicotiana plumbaginifolia''
Viv. – Tex-Mex tobacco
* ''
Nicotiana quadrivalvis
''Nicotiana quadrivalvis'' is a species of wild tobacco known as Indian tobacco. It is endemic to the western United States, where it grows in many types of habitat. It is a bushy, sprawling annual herb growing up to two meters in maximum height ...
''
Pursh
The asterisk ( ), from Late Latin , from Ancient Greek , ''asteriskos'', "little star", is a typographical symbol. It is so called because it resembles a conventional image of a heraldic star.
Computer scientists and mathematicians often voc ...
– Indian tobacco
* ''
Nicotiana rustica
''Nicotiana rustica'', commonly known as Aztec tobacco or strong tobacco, is a rainforest plant in the family Solanaceae. It is a very potent variety of tobacco, containing up to nine times more nicotine than common species of ''Nicotiana'' such ...
''
L. – Aztec tobacco, strong tobacco, ''mapacho''
* ''
Nicotiana suaveolens
''Nicotiana suaveolens'', the Australian tobacco, is a herb to 1.5 metres tall. Growing in New South Wales and Victoria
Victoria most commonly refers to:
* Victoria (Australia), a state of the Commonwealth of Australia
* Victoria, British Col ...
''
Lehm.
Johann Georg Christian Lehmann (25 February 1792 – 12 February 1860) was a German botanist.
Born at Haselau, near Uetersen, Duchy of Holstein, Holstein, Lehmann studied medicine in Copenhagen and Göttingen, obtained a doctorate in medicine ...
– Australian tobacco
* ''
Nicotiana sylvestris
''Nicotiana sylvestris'' is a species of flowering plant in the nightshade family Solanaceae, known by the common names woodland tobacco, flowering tobacco, and South American tobacco. It is a biennial or short-lived perennial plant in the tobacc ...
''
Speg. & Comes – woodland tobacco, flowering tobacco, South American tobacco
* ''
Nicotiana tabacum
''Nicotiana tabacum'', or cultivated tobacco, is an annually grown herbaceous plant of the ''Nicotiana'' genus. The plant is tropical in origin, is commonly grown throughout the world, and is often found in cultivation. It grows to heights bet ...
''
L. – common tobacco, domesticated tobacco, cultivated tobacco, commercial tobacco (grown for the production of
cigar
A cigar is a rolled bundle of dried and fermented tobacco leaves made to be smoked. Cigars are produced in a variety of sizes and shapes. Since the 20th century, almost all cigars are made of three distinct components: the filler, the binder l ...
s,
cigarillo
A cigarillo (from Spanish ''cigarrillo'', meaning "cigarette", in turn from ''cigarro'' ("cigar") + ''-illo'' (diminutive suffix), pronounced in parts of Latin America or in Spain) is a short, narrow cigar. Unlike cigarettes, cigarillos are wra ...
s,
cigarette
A cigarette is a narrow cylinder containing a combustible material, typically tobacco, that is rolled into thin paper for smoking. The cigarette is ignited at one end, causing it to smolder; the resulting smoke is orally inhaled via the opp ...
s,
chewing tobacco
Chewing tobacco is a type of smokeless tobacco product that is placed between the cheek and lower gum to draw out its flavor. Some users chew it, others do not. It consists of coarsely chopped aged tobacco that is flavored and often sweetened; ...
,
dipping tobacco
Dipping tobacco is a type of finely ground or shredded, moistened smokeless tobacco product. It is commonly and idiomatically known as "dip". Dipping tobacco is used by placing a pinch, or "dip", of tobacco between the lip and the gum (sublabia ...
, etc.)
* ''
Nicotiana tomentosiformis''
Goodsp.
Manmade hybrids
*
''Nicotiana'' × ''didepta'' – ''N. debneyi'' × ''N. tabacum''
*
''Nicotiana'' × ''digluta'' – ''
N. glutinosa'' × ''N. tabacum''
*
''Nicotiana'' × ''sanderae'' Hort. ex Wats. – ''N. alata'' × ''N. forgetiana''
Formerly placed here
* ''
Petunia axillaris
''Petunia axillaris'', the large white petunia, wild white petunia or white moon petunia, is an annual herbaceous plant in the family Solanaceae, genus ''Petunia''. It is native to temperate South America. The plant's flowers, the only white on ...
''
(Lam.) Britton et al. (as ''N. axillaris''
Lam.) – large white petunia, wild white petunia, white moon petunia
Etymology
The genus ''Nicotiana'' (from which the word ''
nicotine
Nicotine is a natural product, naturally produced alkaloid in the nightshade family of plants (most predominantly in tobacco and ''Duboisia hopwoodii'') and is widely used recreational drug use, recreationally as a stimulant and anxiolytic. As ...
'' is derived) was named in honor of
Jean Nicot
Jean Nicot de Villemain (; 1530 – May 4, 1604) was a French diplomat and scholar. He is famous for being the first to bring tobacco to France, including snuff tobacco. Nicotine is named after the tobacco plant ''Nicotiana tabacum,'' which in tur ...
, French ambassador to Portugal, who in 1559 sent samples as a medicine to the court of
Catherine de' Medici
Catherine de' Medici ( it, Caterina de' Medici, ; french: Catherine de Médicis, ; 13 April 1519 – 5 January 1589) was an Florentine noblewoman born into the Medici family. She was Queen of France from 1547 to 1559 by marriage to King ...
.
Ecology
![The tobacco beetle (Page 3) BHL41830187](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/The_tobacco_beetle_%28Page_3%29_BHL41830187.jpg)
Despite containing enough
nicotine
Nicotine is a natural product, naturally produced alkaloid in the nightshade family of plants (most predominantly in tobacco and ''Duboisia hopwoodii'') and is widely used recreational drug use, recreationally as a stimulant and anxiolytic. As ...
and/or other compounds such as
germacrene
Germacrenes are a class of volatile organic hydrocarbons, specifically, sesquiterpenes. Germacrenes are typically produced in a number of plant species for their antimicrobial and insecticidal properties, though they also play a role as insect ph ...
and
anabasine
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (''Nicotiana glauca'') plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (''Nicotiana tabacum''). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its ...
and other
piperidine alkaloids
Piperidine alkaloids are naturally occurring chemical compounds from the group of alkaloids, which are chemically derived from piperidine.
Alkaloids with a piperidine building block are widespread and are usually further subdivided according to ...
(varying between species) to
deter most
herbivore
A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet. As a result of their plant diet, herbivorous animals typically have mouthpart ...
s, a number of such animals have
evolved
Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes, which are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction. Variation t ...
the ability to feed on ''Nicotiana'' species without being harmed. Nonetheless, tobacco is unpalatable to many species and therefore some tobacco plants (chiefly tree tobacco (''
N. glauca'')) have become established as
invasive species
An invasive species otherwise known as an alien is an introduced organism that becomes overpopulated and harms its new environment. Although most introduced species are neutral or beneficial with respect to other species, invasive species ad ...
in some places.
In the 19th century, young tobacco plantings came under increasing attack from
flea beetle
The flea beetle is a small, jumping beetle of the leaf beetle family (Chrysomelidae), that makes up the tribe Alticini which is part of the subfamily Galerucinae. Historically the flea beetles were classified as their own subfamily.
Though m ...
s (the potato flea bettle (''
Epitrix cucumeris
''Epitrix cucumeris'', the potato flea beetle, is a species of flea beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is native to North America, and has been introduced to Portugal and Spain
, image_flag = Bandera de España.svg
, image_coat ...
'') and/or ''
Epitrix pubescens
''Epitrix'' is a genus of flea beetles in the family Chrysomelidae. There are 162 described species in ''Epitrix'', which occur in all continents except Australia and Antarctica. Many species of the genus are serious pests of potatoes and other pl ...
''), causing the destruction of half the United States tobacco crop in 1876. In the years afterward, many experiments were attempted and discussed to control the potato flea beetle. By 1880, it was discovered that covering young plants with a frame covered with thin fabric (instead of with branches, as had previously been used for frost control) would effectively protect the plants from the beetle. This practice spread until it became ubiquitous in the 1890s.
Tobacco, alongside its
related products, can be infested by
parasites
Parasitism is a Symbiosis, close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the Host (biology), host, causing it some harm, and is Adaptation, adapted structurally to this way of lif ...
such as the tobacco beetle (''
Lasioderma serricorne
''Lasioderma serricorne'', commonly known as the cigarette beetle, cigar beetle, or tobacco beetle, is an insect very similar in appearance to the drugstore beetle (''Stegobium paniceum'') and the common furniture beetle (''Anobium punctatum''). A ...
'') and the tobacco moth (''
Ephestia elutella
''Ephestia elutella'', the cacao moth, tobacco moth or warehouse moth, is a small moth of the family Pyralidae. It is probably native to Europe, but has been transported widely, even to Australia. A subspecies is ''E. e. pterogrisella''.
The w ...
''), which are the most widespread and damaging
pests in the
tobacco industry
The tobacco industry comprises those persons and companies who are engaged in the growth, preparation for sale, shipment, advertisement, and distribution of tobacco and tobacco-related products. It is a global industry; tobacco can grow in any ...
.
Infestation can range from the tobacco cultivated in the fields to the
leaves
A leaf (plural, : leaves) is any of the principal appendages of a vascular plant plant stem, stem, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", wh ...
used for manufacturing
cigar
A cigar is a rolled bundle of dried and fermented tobacco leaves made to be smoked. Cigars are produced in a variety of sizes and shapes. Since the 20th century, almost all cigars are made of three distinct components: the filler, the binder l ...
s,
cigarillo
A cigarillo (from Spanish ''cigarrillo'', meaning "cigarette", in turn from ''cigarro'' ("cigar") + ''-illo'' (diminutive suffix), pronounced in parts of Latin America or in Spain) is a short, narrow cigar. Unlike cigarettes, cigarillos are wra ...
s,
cigarette
A cigarette is a narrow cylinder containing a combustible material, typically tobacco, that is rolled into thin paper for smoking. The cigarette is ignited at one end, causing it to smolder; the resulting smoke is orally inhaled via the opp ...
s,
chewing tobacco
Chewing tobacco is a type of smokeless tobacco product that is placed between the cheek and lower gum to draw out its flavor. Some users chew it, others do not. It consists of coarsely chopped aged tobacco that is flavored and often sweetened; ...
,
dipping tobacco
Dipping tobacco is a type of finely ground or shredded, moistened smokeless tobacco product. It is commonly and idiomatically known as "dip". Dipping tobacco is used by placing a pinch, or "dip", of tobacco between the lip and the gum (sublabia ...
, etc.
Both the
grub
Grub can refer to Grub (larva), of the beetle superfamily Scarabaeoidea, or as a slang term for food. It can also refer to:
Places
* Grub, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Switzerland
* Grub, St. Gallen, Switzerland
* Grub (Amerang), a hamlet in Bavaria, ...
s of ''Lasioderma serricorne'' and the
caterpillar
Caterpillars ( ) are the larval stage of members of the order Lepidoptera (the insect order comprising butterflies and moths).
As with most common names, the application of the word is arbitrary, since the larvae of sawflies (suborder Sym ...
s of ''Ephestia elutella'' are considered major pests.
Other
moth
Moths are a paraphyletic group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not butterflies, with moths making up the vast majority of the order. There are thought to be approximately 160,000 species of moth, many of w ...
s whose
caterpillar
Caterpillars ( ) are the larval stage of members of the order Lepidoptera (the insect order comprising butterflies and moths).
As with most common names, the application of the word is arbitrary, since the larvae of sawflies (suborder Sym ...
s feed on ''Nicotiana'' include:
* Black cutworm, greasy cutworm, or floodplain cutworm (as a caterpillar),
dark sword-grass or ipsilon dart (as a moth) (''
Agrotis ipsilon
''Agrotis ipsilon'', the dark sword-grass, black cutworm, greasy cutworm, floodplain cutworm or ipsilon dart, is a small noctuid moth found worldwide. The moth gets its scientific name from black markings on its forewings shaped like the letter " ...
'')
* Turnip moth (''
Agrotis segetum
''Agrotis segetum'', sometimes known as the turnip moth, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Michael Denis and Ignaz Schiffermüller in 1775. It is a common European species and it is found in Africa and across ...
'')
*
Mouse moth
The mouse moth (''Amphipyra tragopoginis'') is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is a widespread species with a Holarctic distribution.
Distribution
Europe (except the extreme north, and not occurring in the south of Spain, Sicily, or the Balkan ...
(''Amphipyra tragopoginis'')
* Clover cutworm (as a caterpillar),
nutmeg
Nutmeg is the seed or ground spice of several species of the genus ''Myristica''. ''Myristica fragrans'' (fragrant nutmeg or true nutmeg) is a dark-leaved evergreen tree cultivated for two spices derived from its fruit: nutmeg, from its seed, an ...
(as a moth) (''Hadula trifolii'' or ''Anarta trifolii'')
* ''
Endoclita excrescens
''Endoclita excrescens'' is a species of moth of the family Hepialidae. It is known from Japan and the Russian Far East. Food plants for this species include '' Castanea'', '' Nicotiana'', ''Paulownia'', ''Quercus'', and ''Raphanus''. The species ...
''
* Hawaiian tobacco hornworm or Hawaiian tomato hornworm (as a caterpillar), Blackburn's sphinx moth (as a moth) (''
Manduca blackburni
''Manduca blackburni'', the Hawaiian tomato hornworm, Hawaiian tobacco hornworm or Blackburn's sphinx moth, is a moth in the family Sphingidae. The species was first described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1880. It is endemic to Hawaii. Previousl ...
'')
* Tobacco hornworm or Goliath worm (as a caterpillar), tobacco hawkmoth or Carolina sphinx moth (as a moth) (''
Manduca sexta
''Manduca sexta'' is a moth of the family Sphingidae present through much of the Americas. The species was Species description, first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1763 ''Centuria Insectorum''.
Commonly known as the Carolina sphinx moth and ...
'')
* Tomato hornworm (as a caterpillar), five-spotted hawkmoth (as a moth) (''
Manduca quinquemaculata
''Manduca quinquemaculata'', the five-spotted hawkmoth, is a brown and gray hawk moth of the family Sphingidae. The caterpillar, often referred to as the tomato hornworm, can be a major pest in gardens; they get their name from a dark projectio ...
'')
*
Cabbage moth
The cabbage moth (''Mamestra brassicae'') is primarily known as a pest that is responsible for severe crop damage of a wide variety of plant species. The common name, cabbage moth, is a misnomer as the species feeds on many fruits, vegetables, ...
(''Mamestra brassicae'')
*
Angle shades
The angle shades (''Phlogophora meticulosa'') is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae''. It is distributed throughout Europe as far east as the Urals and a ...
(''Phlogophora meticulosa'')
*
Setaceous Hebrew character
The setaceous Hebrew character (''Xestia c-nigrum'') is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae''. It is found in the Palearctic realm. It is a common specie ...
(''Xestia c-nigrum'')
*
Cabbage looper
The cabbage looper (''Trichoplusia ni'') is a medium-sized moth in the family Noctuidae, a family commonly referred to as owlet moths. Its common name comes from its preferred host plants and distinctive crawling behavior. Cruciferous vegetable ...
(''Trichoplusia ni'')
*
Fall armyworm
The fall armyworm (''Spodoptera frugiperda'') is a species in the order Lepidoptera and one of the species of the fall armyworm moths distinguished by their larval life stage. The term "armyworm" can refer to several species, often describing th ...
(''Spodoptera frugiperda'')
* Tobacco spitworm (as a caterpillar), potato tuber moth (as a moth) (''
Phthorimaea operculella
''Phthorimaea operculella'', also known as the potato tuber moth or tobacco splitworm, is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is an oligophagous insect that feeds on the plant family Solanaceae and is especially known for being a major pest of ...
'')
* South American tomato pinworm, tomato pinworm or tomato leafminer (as a caterpillar), South American tomato moth (as a moth) (''
Tuta absoluta
''Tuta absoluta'' is a species of moth in family Gelechiidae known by the common names South American tomato pinworm, tomato leafminer, tomato pinworm and South American tomato moth. It is well known as a serious pest of tomato crops in Europe, Af ...
'')
[
* Eggplant leafroller moth or nightshade leaftier ('']Lineodes integra
''Lineodes integra'', the eggplant leafroller moth or nightshade leaftier, is a moth of the family Crambidae. It is found from the southern United States (from Florida to California), south to Chile. It has also been recorded from Illinois, Michi ...
'')[
* Eggplant webworm moth ('' Rhectocraspeda periusalis'')][
These are mainly ]Noctuidae
The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the superfamily Noctuoidea because many of the clades are constantly changing, along with the other f ...
, but they also comprise Sphingidae
The Sphingidae are a family of moths (Lepidoptera) called sphinx moths, also colloquially known as hawk moths, with many of their caterpillars known as “hornworms”; it includes about 1,450 species. It is best represented in the tropics, bu ...
, Gelechiidae
The Gelechiidae are a family of moths commonly referred to as twirler moths or gelechiid moths. They are the namesake family of the huge and little-studied superfamily Gelechioidea, and the family's taxonomy has been subject to considerable dis ...
, and Crambidae
The Crambidae are the grass moth family of lepidopterans. They are variable in appearance, the nominal subfamily Crambinae (grass moths) taking up closely folded postures on grass stems where they are inconspicuous, while other subfamilies includ ...
.
Cultivation
Several species of ''Nicotiana'', such as ''N. sylvestris'', ''N. alata'' 'Lime Green'[ and ''N. langsdorffii'' are grown as ]ornamental plant
Ornamental plants or garden plants are plants that are primarily grown for their beauty but also for qualities such as scent or how they shape physical space. Many flowering plants and garden varieties tend to be specially bred cultivars that i ...
s, often under the name of flowering tobacco. They are popular vespertine
''Vespertine'' is the fourth studio album by Icelandic recording artist Björk. It was released on 27 August 2001 in the United Kingdom by One Little Independent Records and in the United States by Elektra Entertainment. Production on the album ...
s (evening bloomers); their sweet-smelling flowers opening in the evening to be visited by hawkmoth
The Sphingidae are a family of moths ( Lepidoptera) called sphinx moths, also colloquially known as hawk moths, with many of their caterpillars known as “hornworms”; it includes about 1,450 species. It is best represented in the tropics, b ...
s and other pollinator
A pollinator is an animal that moves pollen from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma of a flower. This helps to bring about fertilization of the ovules in the flower by the male gametes from the pollen grains.
Insects are the maj ...
s. In temperate climates, they behave as annual
Annual may refer to:
* Annual publication, periodical publications appearing regularly once per year
**Yearbook
** Literary annual
* Annual plant
* Annual report
* Annual giving
* Annual, Morocco, a settlement in northeastern Morocco
* Annuals (b ...
s ( hardiness 9a-11).
The hybrid
Hybrid may refer to:
Science
* Hybrid (biology), an offspring resulting from cross-breeding
** Hybrid grape, grape varieties produced by cross-breeding two ''Vitis'' species
** Hybridity, the property of a hybrid plant which is a union of two dif ...
cultivar
A cultivar is a type of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and when propagated retain those traits. Methods used to propagate cultivars include: division, root and stem cuttings, offsets, grafting, tissue culture, ...
'Lime Green' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society
The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), founded in 1804 as the Horticultural Society of London, is the UK's leading gardening charity.
The RHS promotes horticulture through its five gardens at Wisley (Surrey), Hyde Hall (Essex), Harlow Carr (Nort ...
's Award of Garden Merit
The Award of Garden Merit (AGM) is a long-established annual award for plants by the British Royal Horticultural Society (RHS). It is based on assessment of the plants' performance under UK growing conditions.
History
The Award of Garden Merit ...
.
Garden varieties are derived from ''N. alata'' (e.g., the 'Niki' and 'Saratoga' series) and more recently from ''Nicotiana'' × ''sanderae'' (e.g., the 'Perfume' and 'Domino' series).[
The tobacco budworm ('']Chloridea virescens
''Chloridea virescens'', commonly known as the tobacco budworm, is a moth of the family Noctuidae found throughout the eastern and southwestern United States along with parts of Central America and South America.
It is a major pest of field crop ...
'') has proved to be a massive “pest” of many species in the genus, and has resisted many attempts at management.
References
Bibliography
* (1999)
''Nicotiana''
Retrieved 2007-11-20.
*
*
External links
The Plant List
{{Authority control
Entheogens
Solanaceae genera
Tobacco
az:Tütün
de:Tabak
nv:Nátʼoh (chʼil)