Cipto Mangunkusumo or Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo (4 March 1886 in Pecangakan,
Ambarawa
Ambarawa is a town (and administratively, a district of the Semarang Regency) located between the city of Semarang and Salatiga in Central Java, Indonesia. Administratively, it is bordered by the districts of Banyubiru to the south, Jambu to the ...
,
Semarang
Semarang ( jv, ꦏꦸꦛꦯꦼꦩꦫꦁ , Pegon: سماراڠ) is the capital and largest city of Central Java province in Indonesia. It was a major port during the Dutch colonial era, and is still an important regional center and port today. ...
– 8 March 1943 in
Batavia
Batavia may refer to:
Historical places
* Batavia (region), a land inhabited by the Batavian people during the Roman Empire, today part of the Netherlands
* Batavia, Dutch East Indies, present-day Jakarta, the former capital of the Dutch East In ...
) was a prominent Indonesian independence leader and
Sukarno
Sukarno). (; born Koesno Sosrodihardjo, ; 6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesia, serving from 1945 to 1967.
Sukarno was the leader of ...
's political mentor. Together with
Ernest Douwes Dekker
Ernest François Eugène Douwes Dekker also known as '' Setyabudi'' or ''Setiabudi'' (8 October 1879 – 28 August 1950) was an Indonesian-Dutch nationalist and politician of Indo descent. He was related to the famous Dutch anti-colonialism wri ...
and
Soewardi Soerjaningrat
Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat (EYD: Suwardi Suryaningrat); from 1922 also known as Ki Hadjar Dewantara (EYD: Ki Hajar Dewantara), which is also written as Ki Hajar Dewantoro to reflect its Javanese sounds (2 May 1889 in Pakualaman – 26 Ap ...
he was one of the three founders of the influential
Indische Party
The Indische Partij (IP) or Indies Party was a short-lived but influential political organisation founded in 1912 by the Indo-European (Eurasian) journalist E.F.E. Douwes Dekker and the Javanese physicians Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo and Soewardi Soe ...
, a political party disseminating the idea of self-government of the
Dutch East Indies
The Dutch East Indies, also known as the Netherlands East Indies ( nl, Nederlands(ch)-Indië; ), was a Dutch colony consisting of what is now Indonesia. It was formed from the nationalised trading posts of the Dutch East India Company, which ...
. After the party was labeled
subversive
Subversion () refers to a process by which the values and principles of a system in place are contradicted or reversed in an attempt to transform the established social order and its structures of power, authority, hierarchy, and social norms. Sub ...
by colonial court of law in 1913, he and his fellow IP leaders were exiled to the
Netherlands
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.
Cipto advocated an Indies-based nationalism rather than Javanese nationalism. Unlike other Javanese nationalist leaders, Cipto's belief in democracy remained strong until the end of this life and in his view the traditional character of feudal Javanese civilization had to change. He considered western education and its subsequent social and cultural dislocation as indispensable in creating a revolutionary atmosphere. He disagreed with
Budi Utomo
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's emphasis on the reinvigoration of traditional Javanese civilization. In a 1916 debate he stated: "The psyche of the Javanese people needs to be changed to such an extent that a change of language, or more cynically a killing of a language becomes urgent. Only in this way will it be possible to build another language on its ruins and also another civilization."
Cipto married his
Indo
Indo may refer to:
* Indo-, a prefix indicating India or the Indian Subcontinent
* Indonesia, a country in Asia
** INDO LINES, callsign of Indonesian Airlines
** Indo people, people of mixed European and Indonesian ancestry
** Indo cuisine, fusion ...
(Eurasian) wife Marie Vogel in 1920.
When the three
IP leaders returned to the Dutch East Indies his two companions eventually took the path of education, while Cipto remained politically active. After his exile he was involved in the
Insulinde Political Party which was transformed into the new "Nationaal
Indische Party
The Indische Partij (IP) or Indies Party was a short-lived but influential political organisation founded in 1912 by the Indo-European (Eurasian) journalist E.F.E. Douwes Dekker and the Javanese physicians Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo and Soewardi Soe ...
" of which he became one of the leaders and its representative in the Peoples Assembly (
Volksraad The Volksraad was a people's assembly or legislature in Dutch or Afrikaans speaking government.
Assembly South Africa
*Volksraad (South African Republic) (1840–1902)
*Volksraad (Natalia Republic), a similar assembly that existed in the Natalia Re ...
).
![COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De ingang van het ziekenhuis de Centrale Burgerlijke Ziekeninrichting Salemba TMnr 60014145](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_ingang_van_het_ziekenhuis_de_Centrale_Burgerlijke_Ziekeninrichting_Salemba_TMnr_60014145.jpg)
When Sukarno, future President of Indonesia, moved to
Bandung
Bandung ( su, ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮥᮀ, Bandung, ; ) is the capital city of the Indonesian province of West Java. It has a population of 2,452,943 within its city limits according to the official estimates as at mid 2021, making it the fourth most ...
, he gradually alienated from his first political mentor and father in law
Tjokroaminoto
Raden Mas Hadji Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto (16 August 1882 – 17 December 1934), better known in Indonesia as H.O.S. Tjokroaminoto, was an Indonesian nationalist. He became one of the leaders of the Islamic Trade Union ( id, Syarekat Dagang Islam) ...
(leader of the
Sarekat Islam
Sarekat Islam or Syarikat Islam ( 'Islamic Association' or 'Islamic Union'; SI) was an Indonesian socio-political organization founded at the beginning of the 20th Century during the Dutch colonial era. Initially, SI served as a cooperative of ...
). Cipto then became his main political mentor and turned him into a convinced radical nationalist.
"In some ways this close relationship between Cipto and Sukarno was not surprising; both were highly intelligent men and extremely sensitive to the reality of the colonial situation, an injustice they took as a personal insult."
Both men were relentless and uncompromising independence fighters professing a deep concern with the plight of the poor peasant. However unlike his political pupil Cipto's often courageous actions showed a proven track record of practically improving the social predicament of peasants. As early as 1910 Cipto had devoted his unstinting services to the Javanese people during an outbreak of the
plague
Plague or The Plague may refer to:
Agriculture, fauna, and medicine
*Plague (disease), a disease caused by ''Yersinia pestis''
* An epidemic of infectious disease (medical or agricultural)
* A pandemic caused by such a disease
* A swarm of pes ...
. For his efforts he was awarded a royal decoration in the
Order of Orange-Nassau
The Order of Orange-Nassau ( nl, Orde van Oranje-Nassau, links=no) is a civil and military Dutch order of chivalry founded on 4 April 1892 by the queen regent, Emma of the Netherlands.
The order is a chivalric order open to "everyone who has ...
, by the colonial government.
After the NIP's involvement in the farmers' strike in central Java the party was banned. Cipto co-founded the National Party of Indonesia (PNI), chaired by Sukarno. Soon thereafter he attempted to foment revolt among the Indonesians serving in the
KNIL
The Royal Netherlands East Indies Army ( nl, Koninklijk Nederlands Indisch Leger; KNIL, ) was the military force maintained by the Kingdom of the Netherlands in its colony of the Dutch East Indies, in areas that are now part of Indonesia. The ...
and was exiled again in 1927, this time to
Banda. On Banda he was later joined by other leading revolutionaries like
Hatta and
Sjahrir
Sutan Sjahrir (5 March 1909 – 9 April 1966) was an Indonesian politician, and revolutionary independence leader, who served as the first Prime Minister of Indonesia, from 1945 until 1947. Previously, he was a key Indonesian nationalist organiz ...
. However, during his 11-year-long exile he was unable to further any significant political activity.
He died in 1943 and was buried in Ambarawa.
After
Indonesian independence
The Proclamation of Indonesian Independence ( id, Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia, or simply ''Proklamasi'') was read at 10:00 on Friday, 17 August 1945 in Jakarta. The declaration marked the start of the diplomatic and armed resistance of t ...
the 'Centrale Burgerlijke Ziekeninrichting Salemba' was renamed the 'Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital'.
Legacy
Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital is named after him, and his face appears in the 2016 series of the Rp 200
Indonesian rupiah coins.
References
Bibliography
* Glissenaar, Frans ''D.D.: het leven van E.F.E. Douwes Dekker'' (Publisher: Van Strien, Dordrecht
* Meijer, Hans ''In Indië geworteld. De 20ste eeuw.'' (Publisher: Bert Bakker, Amsterdam, 2004) p. 66
External links
Article in Britannica. Biographical notes at the Open library. International institute of social history. JSTOR article.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mangoenkoesoemo, Tjipto
1886 births
1943 deaths
20th-century Indonesian physicians
National Heroes of Indonesia
Indonesian revolutionaries
People from Semarang Regency
Members of the Volksraad (Dutch East Indies)
Sarekat Islam politicians