The

Argentine War of Independence The Argentine War of Independence ( es, Guerra de Independencia de Argentina, links=no) was a secessionist civil war fought from 1810 to 1818 by Argentine patriotic forces under Manuel Belgrano, Juan José Castelli and José de San Martín a ...

was fought from 1810 to 1818 by Argentine patriotic forces under Manuel Belgrano, Juan José Castelli and José de San Martín against royalist forces loyal to the

Spanish crown , coatofarms = File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg , coatofarms_article = Coat of arms of the King of Spain , image = Felipe_VI_in_2020_(cropped).jpg , incumbent = Felipe VI , incumbentsince = 19 Ju ...

. On July 9, 1816, an assembly met in San Miguel de Tucumán, declared full independence with provisions for a

national constitution A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organisation or other type of entity and commonly determine how that entity is to be governed. When these princip ...

1806

* August 20: The first British invasion of the Río de la Plata is defeated by an army led by Santiago de Liniers. In the absence of the viceroy Rafael de Sobremonte, Liniers is appointed captain general.

1807

* February 10: Rafael de Sobremonte, viceroy of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, is deposed and replaced by Santiago de Liniers. * July 7: The second British invasion of the Río de la Plata is defeated.

1808

Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who ...

invades Spain and starts the Peninsular War. ** Mutiny of Aranjuez. A popular uprising forces the King Charles IV to abdicate, being replaced by his son, Ferdinand VII ** Ferdinand VII is removed as king of Spain and replaced by Joseph Bonaparte, appointed by Napoleon. ** Popular resistance creates government Juntas. The

Supreme Central and Governing Junta of the Kingdom The Supreme Central and Governing Junta of Spain and the Indies (also known as Supreme Central Junta, the Supreme Council, and Junta of Seville; es, Junta Suprema Central y Gubernativa de España e Indias) formally was the Spanish organ (junta) t ...

is created. * Disputes at the Río de la Plata between Liniers and Francisco Javier de Elío. Elío creates a government Junta in Montevideo.

1809

* January 1:

Mutiny of Álzaga The Mutiny of Álzaga ( es, Asonada de Álzaga) was an ill-fated attempt to remove Santiago de Liniers as viceroy of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. It took place on January 1, 1809, and it was led by the merchant Martín de Álzaga (polit ...

, defeated by local militias. * Liniers is replaced by

Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros y de la Torre (6 January 1756 – 9 June 1829) was a Spanish naval officer born in Cartagena. He took part in the Battle of Cape St Vincent and the Battle of Trafalgar, and in the Spanish resistance against Napole ...

, viceroy designated by the Junta of Seville. * Mariano Moreno writes ''

The Representation of the Hacendados ''The Representation of the Landowners'' ( es, La Representación de los Hacendados) is an 1809 economic report written by Mariano Moreno, that described the economy of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. It was written by Moreno on behalf of ...

''. * Cisneros briefly opens the Port of Buenos Aires to foreign trade.

1810

* The government of Spain is defeated by French forces and the Supreme Central and Governing Junta was replaced by the Regency * The Cortes of Cádiz convenes in Spain * An open cabildo in Buenos Aires deposes the viceroy and creates a government junta. * Córdoba rejects the Junta of Buenos Aires. Liniers leads a counter-revolution, which is defeated. Liniers is executed as result. * Buenos Aires organizes military campaigns against Paraguay and the Upper Peru.

1811

* Francisco Javier de Elío is appointed viceroy by the Juntas of Cádiz, and

Montevideo Montevideo () is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Uruguay, largest city of Uruguay. According to the 2011 census, the city proper has a population of 1,319,108 (about one-third of the country's total population) in an area of . M ...

the capital of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. Elío declares war against the Junta of Buenos Aires, but gets sieged by the surrounding cities. * Mariano Moreno resigns from the Primera Junta, and dies at sea while traveling to Europe. Nevertheless, disputes between Saavedrist and Morenist groups in Buenos Aires continue. * Paraguay becomes independent * The Army of the North is defeated in the

Battle of Guaqui The Battle of Huaqui (in some sources also called Guaqui, Yuraicoragua or Battle of Desaguadero), was a battle between the Primera Junta's (Buenos Aires) revolutionary troops and the royalist troops of the Viceroyalty of Peru on the border betw ...

. The revolutionaries lost the Upper Peru and their mines. * The Junta Grande of Buenos Aires is replaced by the First Triumvirate

1812

* Manuel Belgrano creates the

Flag of Argentina The national flag of the Argentine Republic is a triband (flag), triband, composed of three equally wide horizontal bands coloured light blue and white. There are multiple interpretations on the reasons for those colors. The flag was created by ...

* José de San Martín and Carlos María de Alvear arrive in Buenos Aires from Europe * Martín de Álzaga is executed after a failed mutiny against the First Triumvirate * Belgrano defeats the royalists at the Battle of Tucumán * The First Triumvirate is deposed by San Martín and Alvear, and replaced by the

Second Triumvirate The Second Triumvirate was an extraordinary commission and magistracy created for Mark Antony, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, and Octavian to give them practically absolute power. It was formally constituted by law on 27 November 43 BC with a ...

* José Gervasio Artigas, José Rondeau and Soler defeat

Gaspar de Vigodet Gaspar de Vigodet (also called Gaspar de Bigodé) (1747–1834) was a Spanish military officer with French roots who served as last Royalist Governor of Montevideo. Biography De Vigodet participated in the Great Siege of Gibraltar in 1783 and f ...

1813

* February 3: José de San Martín defeats a royalist raid from Montevideo during the Battle of San Lorenzo * Joseph Bonaparte flees from Spain and Ferdinand VII recovers the

* The XIII Year Assembly starts in Buenos Aires. It approves the ''Canción patriótica'' by

Vicente López y Planes Alejandro Vicente López y Planes (May 3, 1785 – October 10, 1856) was an Argentine writer and politician who acted as interim President of Argentina from July 7 to August 18, 1827. He also wrote the lyrics of the Argentine National Anthe ...

as the Argentine National Anthem * Patriots are defeated at the Battle of Vilcapugio and the Battle of Ayohuma

1814

* January (exact date disputed):

Yatasto relay The Yatasto relay ( es, Posta de Yatasto) was the handover of the command of the Army of the North by Manuel Belgrano to José de San Martín, in January 1814, during the Argentine War of Independence. It is named after the Yatasto relay, a horse ...

in Salta. Manuel Belgrano hands the command of the Army of the North to José de San Martín. * Ferdinand VII returns to Spain.

Absolutism Absolutism may refer to: Government * Absolute monarchy, in which a monarch rules free of laws or legally organized opposition * Absolutism (European history), period c. 1610 – c. 1789 in Europe ** Enlightened absolutism, influenced by the E ...

is restored; the 1812 Constitution is repealed and the Cortes dissolved. * José Gervasio Artigas gives up the siege on Montevideo * The

is replaced by the Supreme Director, the first one being Gervasio Antonio de Posadas * Posadas makes Artigas an outlaw because of the creation of the Liga Federal. * Martín Miguel de Güemes starts the "Guerra Gaucha" * Montevideo is defeated * Artigas recovers his titles and the Banda Oriental becomes autonomous * San Martin is appointed governor of the Cuyo Province * Posadas resigns

1815

* Carlos María de Alvear is appointed Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. He is removed shortly after, and replaced by José Rondeau. * The

Assembly of Year XIII The Assembly of Year XIII ( es, Asamblea del Año XIII) was a meeting called by the Second Triumvirate governing the young republic of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (modern-day Argentina, Uruguay, part of Bolivia) on October 181 ...

ends its work. * Artigas creates the '' Liga de los Pueblos Libres'' * Argentineans defeated in the

Battle of Viluma The Battle of Viluma, also known as Battle of Sipe-Sipe, was a major battle in the South American wars of independence in which the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (formerly the Spanish Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata) were decisiv ...

1816

* March 10: A group of royalist scouts is captured during the action of Juncalito. * Only the region of the Río de la Plata remains under patriotic control. * The prince Juan raises Brazil to a kingdom and keeps the expansionist policy towards the Rio de la Plata. Their forces invade the Banda Oriental, and Artigas organizes the resistance * The Congress of Tucumán starts working ** It declares the independence of the United Provinces ** It designates Juan Martín de Pueyrredón as Supreme Director ** The flag created by Manuel Belgrano is chosen to be the

** San Martín is appointed head of the Army of the Andes, and Belgrano head of the Army of the North ** July 9, after years of battle on many different grounds the Congress of Tucumán formally declared the independence of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata from Spain.

1817

* José de San Martín leads the Crossing of the Andes, defeats the Chilean royalists at the Battle of Chacabuco, and triumphantly enters Santiago, Chile * Brazil completes the invasion of the Banda Oriental * The Congress of Tucumán moves to Buenos Aires * Royalists leave Salta and Jujuy, under the pressure of Martín Miguel de Güemes * Juan Martín de Pueyrredón sends armies to defeat Artigas in the Litoral, but gets defeated by Francisco Ramírez

1820

* Trienio Liberal disband the military Great Expedition against the Rio de la Plata * José de San Martin leaves Chile with the navy, aiming to defeat the royalists at Peru

1822

* The United States recognizes the independence of the former Spanish colonies * Bolívar and San Martin meet at Guayaquil * San Martin fails to defeat the royalists in Peru, resigns from power and leaves Lima

Bibliography

* {{cite book , title= La independencia argentina y americana , last= Luna , first= Félix , authorlink= Félix Luna , year= 2003 , publisher= Planeta , location= Buenos Aires , language= Spanish , isbn= 950-49-1110-2 Argentine War of Independence Argentina history-related lists