This is a timeline of
quantum computing.
1960s
1968
*
Stephen Wiesner invents
conjugate coding. (published in ACM SIGACT News 15(1):78–88)
1970s
1970
*
James Park articulates the
no-cloning theorem In physics, the no-cloning theorem states that it is impossible to create an independent and identical copy of an arbitrary unknown quantum state, a statement which has profound implications in the field of quantum computing among others. The theore ...
.
1973
*
Alexander Holevo publishes a paper showing that ''n''
qubit
In quantum computing, a qubit () or quantum bit is a basic unit of quantum information—the quantum version of the classic binary bit physically realized with a two-state device. A qubit is a two-state (or two-level) quantum-mechanical system, ...
s can carry more than ''n'' classical bits of information, but at most ''n'' classical bits are accessible (a result known as "
Holevo's theorem" or "Holevo's bound").
*
Charles H. Bennett shows that computation can be done
reversibly.
1975
* R. P. Poplavskii publishes "Thermodynamical models of information processing" (in Russian)
which showed the computational infeasibility of simulating quantum systems on classical computers, due to the
superposition principle.
1976
* Polish mathematical physicist
Roman Stanisław Ingarden
Roman Stanisław Ingarden (1 October 1920 in Zakopane – 12 July 2011 in Kraków) was a Polish physicist, specialised mainly in optics and statistical mechanics, son of the Polish philosopher Roman Witold Ingarden.
In 1938 he began his physi ...
publishes the paper "Quantum Information Theory" in Reports on Mathematical Physics, vol. 10, 43–72, 1976. (The paper was submitted in 1975.) It is one of the first attempts at creating a
quantum information theory
Quantum information is the information of the quantum state, state of a quantum system. It is the basic entity of study in quantum information theory, and can be manipulated using quantum information processing techniques. Quantum information re ...
, showing that
Shannon information theory cannot directly be generalized to the
quantum case, but rather that it is possible to construct a quantum information theory, which is a generalization of Shannon's theory, within the formalism of a generalized quantum mechanics of open systems and a generalized concept of observables (the so-called semi-observables).
1980s
1980
*
Paul Benioff
Paul Anthony Benioff (May 1, 1930 – March 29, 2022) was an American physicist who helped pioneer the field of quantum computing. Benioff was best known for his research in quantum information theory during the 1970s and 80s that demo ...
describes the first quantum mechanical model of a computer. In this work, Benioff showed that a computer could operate under the laws of quantum mechanics by describing a Schrödinger equation description of
Turing machines
A Turing machine is a mathematical model of computation describing an abstract machine that manipulates symbols on a strip of tape according to a table of rules. Despite the model's simplicity, it is capable of implementing any computer algor ...
, laying a foundation for further work in quantum computing. The paper was submitted in June 1979 and published in April 1980.
*
Yuri Manin
Yuri Ivanovich Manin (russian: Ю́рий Ива́нович Ма́нин; born 16 February 1937) is a Russian mathematician, known for work in algebraic geometry and diophantine geometry, and many expository works ranging from mathematical log ...
briefly motivates the idea of quantum computing.
*
Tommaso Toffoli
Tommaso Toffoli () is an Italian-American professor of electrical and computer engineering at Boston University where he joined the faculty in 1995. He has worked on cellular automata and the theory of artificial life (with Edward Fredkin and oth ...
introduces the reversible
Toffoli gate
In logic circuits, the Toffoli gate (also CCNOT gate), invented by Tommaso Toffoli, is a universal reversible logic gate, which means that any classical reversible circuit can be constructed from Toffoli gates. It is also known as the "control ...
, which (together with initialized
ancilla bit
Ancilla bits are some extra bits being used to achieve some specific goals in computation (e.g. reversible computation). In classical computation, any memory bit can be turned on or off at will, requiring no prior knowledge or extra complexity. ...
s) is
functionally complete for
reversible classical computation.
1981
* At the First Conference on the Physics of Computation, held at MIT in May,
Paul Benioff
Paul Anthony Benioff (May 1, 1930 – March 29, 2022) was an American physicist who helped pioneer the field of quantum computing. Benioff was best known for his research in quantum information theory during the 1970s and 80s that demo ...
and
Richard Feynman
Richard Phillips Feynman (; May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist, known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, the physics of the superfl ...
give talks on quantum computing. Benioff's built on his earlier 1980 work showing that a computer can operate under the laws of quantum mechanics. The talk was titled “Quantum mechanical Hamiltonian models of discrete processes that erase their own histories: application to Turing machines”. In Feynman's talk, he observed that it appeared to be impossible to efficiently simulate an evolution of a quantum system on a classical computer, and he proposed a basic model for a quantum computer.
1982
* Paul Benioff further develops his original model of a quantum mechanical Turing machine.
*
William Wootters
William "Bill" Kent Wootters () is an American theoretical physicist, and one of the founders of the field of quantum information theory. In a 1982 joint paper with Wojciech H. Zurek, Wootters proved the no cloning theorem, at the same time as D ...
and
Wojciech Zurek, and independently
Dennis Dieks
Dennis Geert Bernardus Johan Dieks (born 1 June 1949, in Amsterdam) is a Dutch physicist and philosopher of physics.
Work
In 1982 he proved the no-cloning theorem (independently discovered in the same year by William Wootters and Wojciech H. ...
rediscover the
no-cloning theorem In physics, the no-cloning theorem states that it is impossible to create an independent and identical copy of an arbitrary unknown quantum state, a statement which has profound implications in the field of quantum computing among others. The theore ...
.
1984
*
Charles Bennett and
Gilles Brassard
Gilles Brassard, is a faculty member of the Université de Montréal, where he has been a Full Professor since 1988 and Canada Research Chair since 2001.
Education and early life
Brassard received a Ph.D. in Computer Science from Cornell Unive ...
employ Wiesner's conjugate coding for distribution of cryptographic keys.
1985
*
David Deutsch
David Elieser Deutsch ( ; born 18 May 1953) is a British physicist at the University of Oxford. He is a Visiting Professor in the Department of Atomic and Laser Physics at the Centre for Quantum Computation (CQC) in the Clarendon Laboratory of ...
, at the University of Oxford, describes the first
universal quantum computer
A quantum Turing machine (QTM) or universal quantum computer is an abstract machine used to model the effects of a quantum computer. It provides a simple model that captures all of the power of quantum computation—that is, any quantum algorith ...
. Just as a
Universal Turing machine
In computer science, a universal Turing machine (UTM) is a Turing machine that can simulate an arbitrary Turing machine on arbitrary input. The universal machine essentially achieves this by reading both the description of the machine to be simu ...
can simulate any other Turing machine efficiently (
Church-Turing thesis), so the universal quantum computer is able to simulate any other quantum computer with at most a
polynomial
In mathematics, a polynomial is an expression consisting of indeterminates (also called variables) and coefficients, that involves only the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and positive-integer powers of variables. An example ...
slowdown.
*
Asher Peres
Asher Peres ( he, אשר פרס; January 30, 1934 – January 1, 2005) was an Israeli physicist. He is well known for his work relating quantum mechanics and information theory. He helped to develop the Peres–Horodecki criterion for quantum en ...
points out need for quantum error correction schemes and discusses a
repetition code
In coding theory, the repetition code is one of the most basic error-correcting codes. In order to transmit a message over a noisy channel that may corrupt the transmission in a few places, the idea of the repetition code is to just repeat the me ...
for amplitude errors.
1988
*
Yoshihisa Yamamoto and K. Igeta propose the first physical realization of a quantum computer, including Feynman's
CNOT
In computer science, the controlled NOT gate (also C-NOT or CNOT), controlled-''X'' gate'','' controlled-bit-flip gate, Feynman gate or controlled Pauli-X is a quantum logic gate that is an essential component in the construction of a gate-base ...
gate.
[K. Igeta and Y. Yamamoto. "Quantum mechanical computers with single atom and photon fields." International Quantum Electronics Conference (1988) https://www.osapublishing.org/abstract.cfm?uri=IQEC-1988-TuI4] Their approach uses atoms and photons and is the progenitor of modern quantum computing and networking protocols using photons to transmit qubits and atoms to perform two-qubit operations.
1989
*
Gerard J. Milburn proposes a quantum-optical realization of a
Fredkin gate
The Fredkin gate (also CSWAP gate and conservative logic gate) is a computational circuit suitable for reversible computing, invented by Edward Fredkin. It is ''universal'', which means that any logical or arithmetic operation can be constructed e ...
.
[G. J. Milburn. "Quantum optical Fredkin gate." Physical Review Letters 62, 2124 (1989) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.62.2124]
*
Bikas K. Chakrabarti & collaborators from
Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics
The Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics (SINP) is an institution of basic research and training in physical and biophysical sciences located in Bidhannagar, Kolkata, India. The institute is named after the famous Indian physicist Meghnad Saha.
...
, Kolkata, propose the idea that quantum fluctuations could help explore rugged energy landscapes by escaping from local minima of glassy systems having tall but thin barriers by tunneling (instead of climbing over using thermal excitations), suggesting the effectiveness of
quantum annealing
Quantum annealing (QA) is an optimization process for finding the global minimum of a given objective function over a given set of candidate solutions (candidate states), by a process using quantum fluctuations. Quantum annealing is used mainl ...
over classical
simulated annealing
Simulated annealing (SA) is a probabilistic technique for approximating the global optimum of a given function. Specifically, it is a metaheuristic to approximate global optimization in a large search space for an optimization problem. ...
.
1990s
1991
*
Artur Ekert
Artur Konrad Ekert FRS (born 19 September 1961) is a Polish professor of quantum physics at the Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, professorial fellow in quantum physics and cryptography at Merton College, Oxford, Lee Kong Chian C ...
at the University of Oxford, proposes
entanglement-based secure communication.
1992
* David Deutsch and Richard Jozsa propose a computational problem that can be solved efficiently with the determinist
Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm on a quantum computer, but for which no deterministic classical algorithm is possible. This was perhaps the earliest result in the
computational complexity of quantum computers, proving that they were capable of performing ''some'' well-defined computational task more efficiently than any classical computer.
1993
*
Dan Simon, at
Université de Montréal
The Université de Montréal (UdeM; ; translates to University of Montreal) is a French-language public research university in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The university's main campus is located in the Côte-des-Neiges neighborhood of Côte- ...
, invents an
oracle problem,
Simon's problem, for which a quantum computer would be
exponentially faster than a conventional computer. This
algorithm
In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm () is a finite sequence of rigorous instructions, typically used to solve a class of specific problems or to perform a computation. Algorithms are used as specifications for performing ...
introduces the main ideas which were then developed in
Peter Shor's factorization algorithm.
1994
*
Peter Shor
Peter Williston Shor (born August 14, 1959) is an American professor of applied mathematics at MIT. He is known for his work on quantum computation, in particular for devising Shor's algorithm, a quantum algorithm for factoring exponentially f ...
, at AT&T's
Bell Labs
Nokia Bell Labs, originally named Bell Telephone Laboratories (1925–1984),
then AT&T Bell Laboratories (1984–1996)
and Bell Labs Innovations (1996–2007),
is an American industrial Research and development, research and scientific developm ...
in
New Jersey
New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York; on the east, southeast, and south by the Atlantic Ocean; on the west by the Delaware ...
, publishes
Shor's algorithm
Shor's algorithm is a quantum computer algorithm for finding the prime factors of an integer. It was developed in 1994 by the American mathematician Peter Shor.
On a quantum computer, to factor an integer N , Shor's algorithm runs in polynom ...
. It allows a quantum computer to factor large integers quickly. It solves both the
factoring problem and the
discrete log
In mathematics, for given real numbers ''a'' and ''b'', the logarithm log''b'' ''a'' is a number ''x'' such that . Analogously, in any group ''G'', powers ''b'k'' can be defined for all integers ''k'', and the discrete logarithm log''b' ...
problem. The algorithm can theoretically break many of the
cryptosystems in use today. Its invention sparked a tremendous interest in quantum computers.
* First
United States Government
The federal government of the United States (U.S. federal government or U.S. government) is the national government of the United States, a federal republic located primarily in North America, composed of 50 states, a city within a feder ...
workshop on quantum computing is organized by
NIST in
Gaithersburg, Maryland
Gaithersburg ( ), officially the City of Gaithersburg, is a city in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. At the time of the 2020 U.S. Census, Gaithersburg had a population of 69,657, making it the ninth-largest location in the state. Gai ...
, in autumn.
*
Isaac Chuang
Isaac L. Chuang is an American electrical engineer and physicist. He leads the quanta research group at the Center for Ultracold Atoms at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He received his undergraduate degrees in physics (1990) and elec ...
and
Yoshihisa Yamamoto propose a quantum-optical realization of a quantum computer to implement Deutsch's algorithm.
[Isaac L. Chuang and Yoshihisa Yamamoto. "Simple quantum computer." Physical Review A 52, 3489 (1995)] Their work introduces dual-rail encoding for photonic qubits.
* In December,
Ignacio Cirac, at
University of Castilla-La Mancha at
Ciudad Real, and
Peter Zoller
Peter may refer to:
People
* List of people named Peter, a list of people and fictional characters with the given name
* Peter (given name)
** Saint Peter (died 60s), apostle of Jesus, leader of the early Christian Church
* Peter (surname), a su ...
at the
University of Innsbruck
The University of Innsbruck (german: Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck; la, Universitas Leopoldino Franciscea) is a public research university in Innsbruck, the capital of the Austrian federal state of Tyrol, founded on October 15, 1669. ...
propose an experimental realization of the
controlled-NOT gate with
cold trapped ions.
1995
* The first
United States Department of Defense
The United States Department of Defense (DoD, USDOD or DOD) is an executive branch department of the federal government charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government directly related to national sec ...
workshop on quantum computing and
quantum cryptography
Quantum cryptography is the science of exploiting quantum mechanical properties to perform cryptographic tasks. The best known example of quantum cryptography is quantum key distribution which offers an information-theoretically secure solution ...
is organized by
United States Army
The United States Army (USA) is the land warfare, land military branch, service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight Uniformed services of the United States, U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army o ...
physicists Charles M. Bowden,
Jonathan P. Dowling, and
Henry O. Everitt; it takes place in February at the
University of Arizona
The University of Arizona (Arizona, U of A, UArizona, or UA) is a public land-grant research university in Tucson, Arizona. Founded in 1885 by the 13th Arizona Territorial Legislature, it was the first university in the Arizona Territory.
T ...
in
Tucson
, "(at the) base of the black ill
, nicknames = "The Old Pueblo", "Optics Valley", "America's biggest small town"
, image_map =
, mapsize = 260px
, map_caption = Interactive map ...
.
*
Peter Shor
Peter Williston Shor (born August 14, 1959) is an American professor of applied mathematics at MIT. He is known for his work on quantum computation, in particular for devising Shor's algorithm, a quantum algorithm for factoring exponentially f ...
proposes the first schemes for
quantum error correction.
*
Christopher Monroe and
David Wineland
David Jeffrey Wineland (born February 24, 1944) is an American Nobel-laureate physicist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) physics laboratory. His work has included advances in optics, specifically laser-cooling trap ...
at
NIST (
Boulder, Colorado) experimentally realize the first quantum logic gate – the controlled-NOT gate – with trapped ions, following the Cirac-Zoller proposal.
1996
*
Lov Grover, at Bell Labs, invents the
quantum database search algorithm. The
quadratic speedup is not as dramatic as the speedup for factoring, discrete logs, or physics simulations. However, the algorithm can be applied to a much wider variety of problems. Any problem that can be solved by random, brute-force search, may take advantage of this quadratic speedup (in the number of search queries).
* The
United States Government
The federal government of the United States (U.S. federal government or U.S. government) is the national government of the United States, a federal republic located primarily in North America, composed of 50 states, a city within a feder ...
, particularly in a joint partnership of the Army Research Office (now part of the
Army Research Laboratory
The U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Army Research Laboratory (DEVCOM ARL) is the U.S. Army's foundational research laboratory. ARL is headquartered at the Adelphi Laboratory Center (ALC) in Adelphi, Maryland. Its largest sing ...
) and the
National Security Agency
The National Security Agency (NSA) is a national-level intelligence agency of the United States Department of Defense, under the authority of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI). The NSA is responsible for global monitoring, collect ...
, issues the first public call for research proposals in quantum information processing.
*
Andrew Steane
Andrew Martin Steane is Professor of physics at the University of Oxford. He is also a fellow of Exeter College, Oxford.
He was a student at St Edmund Hall, Oxford where he obtained his MA and DPhil.
His major works to date are on error correc ...
designs Steane codes for error correction.
*
David P. DiVincenzo, from IBM, proposes a list of minimal requirements for creating a quantum computer, now called
DiVincenzo's criteria
The DiVincenzo criteria are conditions necessary for constructing a quantum computer, conditions proposed in 2000 by the theoretical physicist David P. DiVincenzo, as being those necessary to construct such a computer—a computer first proposed b ...
.
1997
*
David Cory, Amr Fahmy and
Timothy Havel, and at the same time
Neil Gershenfeld
Neil Adam Gershenfeld (born December 1, 1959) is an American professor at MIT and the director of MIT's Center for Bits and Atoms, a sister lab to the MIT Media Lab. His research studies are predominantly focused in interdisciplinary studies ...
and
Isaac L. Chuang at
MIT
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private land-grant research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Established in 1861, MIT has played a key role in the development of modern technology and science, and is one of the m ...
publish the first papers realizing gates for quantum computers based on bulk nuclear
spin resonance, or thermal ensembles. The technology is based on a
nuclear magnetic resonance
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon in which nuclei in a strong constant magnetic field are perturbed by a weak oscillating magnetic field (in the near field) and respond by producing an electromagnetic signal with a ...
(NMR) machine, which is similar to the medical
magnetic resonance imaging machine.
*
Alexei Kitaev
Alexei Yurievich Kitaev (russian: Алексей Юрьевич Китаев; born August 26, 1963) is a Russian–American professor of physics at the California Institute of Technology and permanent member of the Kavli Institute for Theoretical ...
describes the principles of
topological quantum computation
A topological quantum computer is a theoretical quantum computer proposed by Russian-American physicist Alexei Kitaev in 1997. It employs quasiparticles in two-dimensional systems, called anyons, whose world lines pass around one another to form ...
as a method for dealing with the problem of
decoherence
Quantum decoherence is the loss of quantum coherence. In quantum mechanics, particles such as electrons are described by a wave function, a mathematical representation of the quantum state of a system; a probabilistic interpretation of the wa ...
.
*
Daniel Loss and David P. DiVincenzo propose the
Loss-DiVincenzo quantum computer, using as
qubits
In quantum computing, a qubit () or quantum bit is a basic unit of quantum information—the quantum version of the classic binary bit physically realized with a two-state device. A qubit is a two-state (or two-level) quantum-mechanical system, ...
the intrinsic
spin-1/2
In quantum mechanics, spin is an intrinsic property of all elementary particles. All known fermions, the particles that constitute ordinary matter, have a spin of . The spin number describes how many symmetrical facets a particle has in one full ...
degree of freedom of individual electrons confined to
quantum dots
Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor particles a few nanometres in size, having optical and electronic properties that differ from those of larger particles as a result of quantum mechanics. They are a central topic in nanotechnology. When the ...
.
1998
* First experimental demonstration of a quantum algorithm. A working 2-qubit
NMR
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon in which nuclei in a strong constant magnetic field are perturbed by a weak oscillating magnetic field (in the near field) and respond by producing an electromagnetic signal with ...
quantum computer is used to solve Deutsch's problem by
Jonathan A. Jones
Jonathan A. Jones (born 1967) is a professor in atomic and laser physics at the University of Oxford, and a fellow and tutor in physics at Brasenose College, Oxford.
Education
Jones studied at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, from 1985 to 198 ...
and
Michele Mosca at Oxford University and shortly after by
Isaac L. Chuang at
IBM's
Almaden Research Center
IBM Research is the research and development division for IBM, an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York, with operations in over 170 countries. IBM Research is the largest industrial research org ...
and Mark Kubinec and the University of California, Berkeley together with coworkers at
Stanford University and
MIT
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private land-grant research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Established in 1861, MIT has played a key role in the development of modern technology and science, and is one of the m ...
.
* First working 3-qubit NMR computer.
* Bruce Kane proposes a silicon-based
nuclear spin quantum computer, using nuclear spins of individual phosphorus atoms in silicon as the qubits and donor electrons to mediate the coupling between qubits.
* First execution of
Grover's algorithm
In quantum computing, Grover's algorithm, also known as the quantum search algorithm, refers to a quantum algorithm for unstructured search that finds with high probability the unique input to a black box function that produces a particular output ...
on an NMR computer.
* Hidetoshi Nishimori & colleagues from
Tokyo Institute of Technology
is a national research university located in Greater Tokyo Area, Japan. Tokyo Tech is the largest institution for higher education in Japan dedicated to science and technology, one of first five Designated National University and selected as ...
showed that a
quantum annealing
Quantum annealing (QA) is an optimization process for finding the global minimum of a given objective function over a given set of candidate solutions (candidate states), by a process using quantum fluctuations. Quantum annealing is used mainl ...
algorithm can perform better than classical
simulated annealing
Simulated annealing (SA) is a probabilistic technique for approximating the global optimum of a given function. Specifically, it is a metaheuristic to approximate global optimization in a large search space for an optimization problem. ...
under certain conditions.
*
Daniel Gottesman
Daniel Gottesman is a physicist, known for his work regarding quantum error correction, in particular the invention of the stabilizer formalism for quantum error-correcting codes, and the Gottesman–Knill theorem. He is a faculty member at th ...
and Emanuel Knill independently prove that a certain subclass of quantum computations can be efficiently emulated with classical resources (
Gottesman–Knill theorem In quantum computing, the Gottesman–Knill theorem is a theoretical result by Daniel Gottesman and Emanuel Knill that states that stabilizer circuits, circuits that only consist of gates from the normalizer of the qubit Pauli group, also ca ...
).
1999
*
Samuel L. Braunstein and collaborators show that none of the bulk NMR experiments performed to date contained any entanglement, the quantum states being too strongly mixed. This is seen as evidence that NMR computers would likely not yield a benefit over classical computers. It remains an open question, however, whether entanglement is necessary for quantum computational speedup.
*
Gabriel Aeppli
Gabriel Aeppli, PhD FRS (born 25 November 1956 in Zurich) is a Swiss-American electrical engineer, co-founder of the London Centre for Nanotechnology and professor of physics at ETH Zürich and EPF Lausanne, and head of the Synchrotron and N ...
,
Thomas Felix Rosenbaum
Thomas Felix Rosenbaum (born February 20, 1955) is an American physicist and the current President of the California Institute of Technology. Earlier he served as Provost and on the faculty of the University of Chicago, and was the Vice Presiden ...
and colleagues demonstrate experimentally the basic concepts of
quantum annealing
Quantum annealing (QA) is an optimization process for finding the global minimum of a given objective function over a given set of candidate solutions (candidate states), by a process using quantum fluctuations. Quantum annealing is used mainl ...
in a condensed matter system.
*
Yasunobu Nakamura and
Jaw-Shen Tsai demonstrate that a
superconducting circuit can be used as a
qubit
In quantum computing, a qubit () or quantum bit is a basic unit of quantum information—the quantum version of the classic binary bit physically realized with a two-state device. A qubit is a two-state (or two-level) quantum-mechanical system, ...
.
[Y. Nakamura, Yu. A. Pashkin and J. S. Tsai. "Coherent control of macroscopic quantum states in a single-Cooper-pair box." Nature 398, 786–788 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1038/19718]
2000s
2000
*
Arun K. Pati and
Samuel L. Braunstein proved the
quantum no-deleting theorem. This is dual to the no-cloning theorem which shows that one cannot delete a copy of an unknown qubit. Together with the stronger no-cloning theorem, the no-deleting theorem has important implication, i.e., quantum information can neither be created nor be destroyed.
* First working 5-qubit NMR computer demonstrated at the
Technical University of Munich
The Technical University of Munich (TUM or TU Munich; german: Technische Universität München) is a public research university in Munich, Germany. It specializes in engineering, technology, medicine, and applied and natural sciences.
Establis ...
.
* First execution of order finding (part of Shor's algorithm) at
IBM's
Almaden Research Center
IBM Research is the research and development division for IBM, an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York, with operations in over 170 countries. IBM Research is the largest industrial research org ...
and
Stanford University.
* First working 7-qubit NMR computer demonstrated at the
Los Alamos National Laboratory
Los Alamos National Laboratory (often shortened as Los Alamos and LANL) is one of the sixteen research and development laboratories of the United States Department of Energy (DOE), located a short distance northwest of Santa Fe, New Mexico, ...
.
* The standard textbook, ''
Quantum Computation and Quantum Information
''Quantum Computation and Quantum Information'' is a textbook about quantum information science written by Michael Nielsen and Isaac Chuang, regarded as a standard text on the subject. It is informally known as "Mike and Ike", after the Mike an ...
'', by
Michael Nielsen
Michael Aaron Nielsen (born January 4, 1974) is a quantum physicist, science writer, and computer programming researcher living in San Francisco.
Work
In 1998, Nielsen received his PhD in physics from the University of New Mexico. In 2004, he w ...
and
Isaac Chuang
Isaac L. Chuang is an American electrical engineer and physicist. He leads the quanta research group at the Center for Ultracold Atoms at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He received his undergraduate degrees in physics (1990) and elec ...
is published.
2001
* First execution of Shor's algorithm at
IBM's
Almaden Research Center
IBM Research is the research and development division for IBM, an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York, with operations in over 170 countries. IBM Research is the largest industrial research org ...
and
Stanford University. The number 15 was factored using 10
18 identical molecules, each containing seven active nuclear spins.
*
Noah Linden
Noah ''Nukh''; am, ኖህ, ''Noḥ''; ar, نُوح '; grc, Νῶε ''Nôe'' () is the tenth and last of the pre-Flood patriarchs in the traditions of Abrahamic religions. His story appears in the Hebrew Bible (Book of Genesis, chapters 5– ...
and
Sandu Popescu
Sandu Popescu (born 1956 in Oradea, Romania) is a Romanian-British physicist working in the foundations of quantum mechanics and quantum information.
Career and research
Popescu has been Professor of Physics at the University of Bristol sinc ...
proved that the presence of entanglement is a necessary condition for a large class of quantum protocols. This, coupled with Braunstein's result (see 1999 above), called the validity of NMR quantum computation into question.
* Emanuel Knill, Raymond Laflamme, and Gerard Milburn show that
optical quantum computing is possible with single-photon sources, linear optical elements, and single-photon detectors, launching the field of linear optical quantum computing.
* Robert Raussendorf and
Hans Jürgen Briegel propose
measurement-based quantum computation.
2002
* The Quantum Information Science and Technology Roadmapping Project, involving some of the main participants in the field, laid out th
Quantum computation roadmap
** The
Institute for Quantum Computing
The Institute for Quantum Computing (IQC) is an affiliate scientific research institute of the University of Waterloo located in Waterloo, Ontario with a multidisciplinary approach to the field of quantum information processing. IQC was founde ...
was established at the
University of Waterloo
The University of Waterloo (UWaterloo, UW, or Waterloo) is a public research university with a main campus in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. The main campus is on of land adjacent to "Uptown" Waterloo and Waterloo Park. The university also operates ...
in Waterloo, Ontario by
Mike Lazaridis
Mihal "Mike" Lazaridis (born March 14, 1961) is a Canadian businessman, investor in quantum computing technologies, and founder of BlackBerry, which created and manufactured the BlackBerry wireless handheld device. With an estimated net worth of ...
,
Raymond Laflamme and
Michele Mosca.
2003
* Implementation of the
Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm on an ion-trap quantum computer at the
University of Innsbruck
The University of Innsbruck (german: Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck; la, Universitas Leopoldino Franciscea) is a public research university in Innsbruck, the capital of the Austrian federal state of Tyrol, founded on October 15, 1669. ...
*
Todd D. Pittman and collaborators at
Johns Hopkins University
Johns Hopkins University (Johns Hopkins, Hopkins, or JHU) is a private research university in Baltimore, Maryland. Founded in 1876, Johns Hopkins is the oldest research university in the United States and in the western hemisphere. It consi ...
,
Applied Physics Laboratory
The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (Applied Physics Laboratory, or APL) is a not-for-profit university-affiliated research center (UARC) in Howard County, Maryland. It is affiliated with Johns Hopkins University and emplo ...
and independently
Jeremy L. O'Brien and collaborators at the
University of Queensland
, mottoeng = By means of knowledge and hard work
, established =
, endowment = A$224.3 million
, budget = A$2.1 billion
, type = Public research university
, chancellor = Peter Varghese
, vice_chancellor = Deborah Terry
, city = B ...
, demonstrate quantum controlled-not gates using only linear optical elements.
* First implementation of a CNOT quantum gate according to the Cirac–Zoller proposal by a group at the
University of Innsbruck
The University of Innsbruck (german: Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck; la, Universitas Leopoldino Franciscea) is a public research university in Innsbruck, the capital of the Austrian federal state of Tyrol, founded on October 15, 1669. ...
led by
Rainer Blatt
Rainer Blatt (born 8 September 1952) is a German-Austrian experimental physicist. His research centres on the areas of quantum optics and quantum information. He and his team performed one of the first experiments to teleport atoms, the other wa ...
.
*
DARPA
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is a research and development agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of emerging technologies for use by the military.
Originally known as the Ad ...
Quantum Network
Quantum networks form an important element of quantum computing and quantum communication systems. Quantum networks facilitate the transmission of information in the form of quantum bits, also called qubits, between physically separated quantum ...
becomes fully operational on October 23, 2003.
* The
Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) was established in Innsbruck and Vienna, Austria, by the founding directors
Rainer Blatt
Rainer Blatt (born 8 September 1952) is a German-Austrian experimental physicist. His research centres on the areas of quantum optics and quantum information. He and his team performed one of the first experiments to teleport atoms, the other wa ...
,
Hans Jürgen Briegel,
Rudolf Grimm
Rudolf Grimm (born 10 November 1961) is an experimental physicist from Austria. His work centres on ultracold atoms and quantum gases. He was the first scientist worldwide who, with his team, succeeded in realizing a Bose–Einstein condensation ...
,
Anton Zeilinger
Anton Zeilinger (; born 20 May 1945) is an Austrian quantum physicist and Nobel laureate in physics of 2022. Zeilinger is professor of physics emeritus at the University of Vienna and senior scientist at the Institute for Quantum Optics and ...
and
Peter Zoller
Peter may refer to:
People
* List of people named Peter, a list of people and fictional characters with the given name
* Peter (given name)
** Saint Peter (died 60s), apostle of Jesus, leader of the early Christian Church
* Peter (surname), a su ...
.
2004
* First working
pure state
In quantum physics, a quantum state is a mathematical entity that provides a probability distribution for the outcomes of each possible measurement on a system. Knowledge of the quantum state together with the rules for the system's evolution in t ...
NMR quantum computer (based on
parahydrogen
Molecular hydrogen occurs in two isomeric forms, one with its two proton nuclear spins aligned parallel (orthohydrogen), the other with its two proton spins aligned antiparallel (parahydrogen).P. Atkins and J. de Paula, Atkins' ''Physical Chemist ...
) demonstrated at Oxford University and
University of York.
* Physicists at the
University of Innsbruck
The University of Innsbruck (german: Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck; la, Universitas Leopoldino Franciscea) is a public research university in Innsbruck, the capital of the Austrian federal state of Tyrol, founded on October 15, 1669. ...
show deterministic quantum-state teleportation between a pair of trapped calcium ions.
* First five-photon entanglement demonstrated by
Jian-Wei Pan
Pan Jianwei (; born 11 March 1970) is a Chinese quantum physicist, university administrator and professor of physics at the University of Science and Technology of China. Pan is known for his work in the field of quantum entanglement, quantum inf ...
's group at the University of Science and Technology of China, the minimal number of qubits required for universal quantum error correction.
2005
*
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
The University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (U of I, Illinois, University of Illinois, or UIUC) is a public land-grant research university in Illinois in the twin cities of Champaign and Urbana. It is the flagship institution of the Univer ...
scientists demonstrate quantum entanglement of multiple characteristics, potentially allowing multiple qubits per particle.
* Two teams of physicists measured the capacitance of a
Josephson junction
In physics, the Josephson effect is a phenomenon that occurs when two superconductors are placed in proximity, with some barrier or restriction between them. It is an example of a macroscopic quantum phenomenon, where the effects of quantum mec ...
for the first time. The methods could be used to measure the state of quantum bits in a quantum computer without disturbing the state.
* In December,
W-states of
quantum register In quantum computing, a quantum register is a system comprising multiple qubits. It is the quantum analogue of the classical processor register. Quantum computers perform calculations by manipulating qubits within a quantum register.
Definition ...
s with up to 8 qubits implemented using
trapped ions are demonstrated at the
Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information and the
University of Innsbruck
The University of Innsbruck (german: Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck; la, Universitas Leopoldino Franciscea) is a public research university in Innsbruck, the capital of the Austrian federal state of Tyrol, founded on October 15, 1669. ...
in Austria.
*
Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of high ...
and
Georgia Institute of Technology researchers succeeded in transferring quantum information between "quantum memories" – from atoms to photons and back again.
2006
* Materials Science Department of Oxford University, cage a qubit in a "buckyball" (a molecule of
buckminsterfullerene
Buckminsterfullerene is a type of fullerene with the formula C60. It has a cage-like fused-ring structure (truncated icosahedron) made of twenty hexagons and twelve pentagons, and resembles a soccer ball. Each of its 60 carbon atoms is bonded ...
), and demonstrated quantum "bang-bang" error correction.
* Researchers from the
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
The University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (U of I, Illinois, University of Illinois, or UIUC) is a public land-grant research university in Illinois in the twin cities of Champaign and Urbana. It is the flagship institution of the Univer ...
use the
Zeno Effect
The quantum Zeno effect (also known as the Turing paradox) is a feature of quantum-mechanical systems allowing a particle's time evolution to be slowed down by measuring it frequently enough with respect to some chosen measurement setting.
Som ...
, repeatedly measuring the properties of a photon to gradually change it without actually allowing the photon to reach the program, to search a database without actually "running" the quantum computer.
*
Vlatko Vedral of the University of Leeds and colleagues at the universities of Porto and Vienna found that the photons in ordinary laser light can be quantum mechanically entangled with the vibrations of a macroscopic mirror.
*
Samuel L. Braunstein at the
University of York along with the University of Tokyo and the Japan Science and Technology Agency gave the first experimental demonstration of quantum telecloning.
* Professors at the
University of Sheffield
, mottoeng = To discover the causes of things
, established = – University of SheffieldPredecessor institutions:
– Sheffield Medical School – Firth College – Sheffield Technical School – University College of Sheffield
, type = Pu ...
develop a means to efficiently produce and manipulate individual photons at high efficiency at room temperature.
* New error checking method theorized for Josephson junction computers.
* First 12 qubit quantum computer benchmarked by researchers at the
Institute for Quantum Computing
The Institute for Quantum Computing (IQC) is an affiliate scientific research institute of the University of Waterloo located in Waterloo, Ontario with a multidisciplinary approach to the field of quantum information processing. IQC was founde ...
and the
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (PI, Perimeter, PITP) is an independent research centre in foundational theoretical physics located in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. It was founded in 1999. The institute's founding and major benefactor i ...
in Waterloo, as well as
MIT
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private land-grant research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Established in 1861, MIT has played a key role in the development of modern technology and science, and is one of the m ...
, Cambridge.
* Two dimensional ion trap developed for quantum computing.
* Seven atoms placed in stable line, a step on the way to constructing a quantum gate, at the University of Bonn.
* A team at
Delft University of Technology
Delft University of Technology ( nl, Technische Universiteit Delft), also known as TU Delft, is the oldest and largest Dutch public technical university, located in Delft, Netherlands. As of 2022 it is ranked by QS World University Rankings among ...
in the Netherlands created a device that can manipulate the "up" or "down" spin-states of electrons on quantum dots.
*
University of Arkansas
The University of Arkansas (U of A, UArk, or UA) is a public land-grant research university in Fayetteville, Arkansas. It is the flagship campus of the University of Arkansas System and the largest university in the state. Founded as Arkansas ...
develops quantum dot molecules.
* Spinning new theory on particle spin brings science closer to quantum computing.
*
University of Copenhagen
The University of Copenhagen ( da, Københavns Universitet, KU) is a prestigious public research university in Copenhagen, Denmark. Founded in 1479, the University of Copenhagen is the second-oldest university in Scandinavia after Uppsala Unive ...
develops quantum teleportation between photons and atoms.
[October 4, 2006 '']New Scientist
''New Scientist'' is a magazine covering all aspects of science and technology. Based in London, it publishes weekly English-language editions in the United Kingdom, the United States and Australia. An editorially separate organisation publish ...
''
*
University of Camerino
The University of Camerino ( it, Università degli Studi di Camerino) is a university located in Camerino, Italy. It is the best university of Italy among those with fewer than 10,000 students, according to the Guida Censis Repubblica 2011 and 201 ...
scientists develop theory of macroscopic object entanglement, which has implications for the development of
quantum repeaters.
* Tai-Chang Chiang, at Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, finds that quantum coherence can be maintained in mixed-material systems.
* Cristophe Boehme, University of Utah, demonstrates the feasibility of reading spin-data on a
silicon-phosphorus quantum computer.
2007
* Subwavelength waveguide developed for light.
* Single-photon emitter for optical fibers developed.
* Six-photon
one-way quantum computer
The one-way or measurement-based quantum computer (MBQC) is a method of quantum computing that first prepares an entangled ''resource state'', usually a cluster state or graph state, then performs single qubit measurements on it. It is "one- ...
is created in lab.
* New material proposed for quantum computing.
* Single-atom single-photon server devised.
* First use of Deutsch's Algorithm in a cluster state quantum computer.
* University of Cambridge develops electron quantum pump.
* Superior method of qubit coupling developed.
* Successful demonstration of controllably
coupled qubits.
* Breakthrough in applying
spin-based electronics to
silicon
Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14. It is a hard, brittle crystalline solid with a blue-grey metallic luster, and is a tetravalent metalloid and semiconductor. It is a member of group 14 in the periodic ta ...
.
* Scientists demonstrate quantum state exchange between light and matter.
* Diamond quantum register developed.
* Controlled-NOT quantum gates on a pair of superconducting quantum bits realized.
* Scientists contain, study hundreds of individual atoms in 3D array.
* Nitrogen in
buckyball molecule used in quantum computing.
* Large number of electrons quantum coupled.
*
Spin–orbit interaction
In quantum physics, the spin–orbit interaction (also called spin–orbit effect or spin–orbit coupling) is a relativistic interaction of a particle's spin with its motion inside a potential. A key example of this phenomenon is the spin–or ...
of electrons measured.
* Atoms quantum manipulated in laser light.
* Light pulses used to control electron spins.
* Quantum effects demonstrated across tens of nanometers.
* Light pulses used to accelerate quantum computing development.
* Quantum RAM blueprint unveiled.
* Model of quantum transistor developed.
* Long distance entanglement demonstrated.
* Photonic quantum computing used to factor number by two independent labs.
* Quantum bus developed by two independent labs.
* Superconducting quantum cable developed.
* Transmission of qubits demonstrated.
* Superior qubit material devised.
* Single-electron qubit memory.
* Bose–Einstein condensate
quantum memory
In quantum computing, quantum memory is the quantum-mechanical version of ordinary computer memory. Whereas ordinary memory stores information as binary states (represented by "1"s and "0"s), quantum memory stores a quantum state for later ...
developed.
*
D-Wave Systems
D-Wave Systems Inc. is a Canadian quantum computing company, based in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. D-Wave was the world's first company to sell computers to exploit quantum effects in their operation. D-Wave's early customers include Loc ...
demonstrates use of a 28-qubit
quantum annealing
Quantum annealing (QA) is an optimization process for finding the global minimum of a given objective function over a given set of candidate solutions (candidate states), by a process using quantum fluctuations. Quantum annealing is used mainl ...
computer.
* New cryonic method reduces decoherence and increases interaction distance, and thus quantum computing speed.
* Photonic quantum computer demonstrated.
* Graphene quantum dot spin qubits proposed.
2008
* The
HHL algorithm for solving linear equations was published
* Graphene quantum dot qubits
* Quantum bit stored
* 3D qubit-qutrit entanglement demonstrated
* Analog quantum computing devised
* Control of quantum tunneling
* Entangled memory developed
* Superior NOT gate developed
* Qutrits developed
* Quantum logic gate in optical fiber
* Superior quantum Hall Effect discovered
* Enduring spin states in quantum dots
* Molecular magnets proposed for quantum RAM
* Quasiparticles offer hope of stable quantum computer
* Image storage may have better storage of qubits
* Quantum entangled images
* Quantum state intentionally altered in molecule
* Electron position controlled in silicon circuit
* Superconducting electronic circuit pumps microwave photons
* Amplitude spectroscopy developed
* Superior quantum computer test developed
* Optical frequency comb devised
* Quantum Darwinism supported
* Hybrid qubit memory developed
* Qubit stored for over 1 second in atomic nucleus
* Faster electron spin qubit switching and reading developed
* Possible non-entanglement quantum computing
*
D-Wave Systems
D-Wave Systems Inc. is a Canadian quantum computing company, based in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. D-Wave was the world's first company to sell computers to exploit quantum effects in their operation. D-Wave's early customers include Loc ...
claims to have produced a 128 qubit computer chip, though this claim has yet to be verified.
2009
* Carbon 12 purified for longer coherence times
* Lifetime of qubits extended to hundreds of milliseconds
* Quantum control of photons
* Quantum entanglement demonstrated over 240 micrometres
* Qubit lifetime extended by factor of 1000
* First electronic quantum processor created
* Six-photon graph state entanglement used to simulate the fractional statistics of anyons living in artificial spin-lattice models
* Single-molecule optical transistor
* NIST reads, writes individual qubits
* NIST demonstrates multiple computing operations on qubits
* First large-scale topological cluster state quantum architecture developed for atom-optics
* A combination of all of the fundamental elements required to perform scalable quantum computing through the use of qubits stored in the internal states of trapped atomic ions shown
* Researchers at University of Bristol demonstrate Shor's algorithm on a silicon photonic chip
* Quantum Computing with an Electron Spin Ensemble
* Photon machine gun developed for quantum computing
* First universal programmable quantum computer unveiled
* Scientists electrically control quantum states of electrons
* Google collaborates with D-Wave Systems on image search technology using quantum computing
* A method for synchronizing the properties of multiple coupled CJJ rf-SQUID flux qubits with a small spread of device parameters due to fabrication variations was demonstrated
* Realization of Universal Ion Trap Quantum Computation with Decoherence Free Qubits
* First chip-scale quantum computer
2010s
2010
* Ion trapped in optical trap
* Optical quantum computer with three qubits calculated the energy spectrum of molecular hydrogen to high precision
* First germanium laser brings us closer to optical computers
* Single-electron qubit developed
* Quantum state in macroscopic object
* New quantum computer cooling method developed
* Racetrack ion trap developed
* Evidence for a Moore-Read state in the
quantum Hall plateau, which would be suitable for topological quantum computation
* Quantum interface between a single photon and a single atom demonstrated
* LED quantum entanglement demonstrated
* Multiplexed design speeds up transmission of quantum information through a quantum communications channel
* Two photon optical chip
* Microfabricated planar ion traps
*
Boson sampling
Boson sampling is a restricted model of non-universal quantum computation introduced by Scott Aaronson and Alex Arkhipov after the original work of Lidror Troyansky and Naftali Tishby, that explored possible usage of boson scattering to evaluat ...
technique proposed by Aaronson and Arkhipov.
*
Quantum dot qubits manipulated electrically, not magnetically
2011
* Entanglement in a solid-state spin ensemble
* NOON photons in superconducting quantum integrated circuit
* Quantum antenna
* Multimode quantum interference
* Magnetic Resonance applied to quantum computing
* Quantum pen
* Atomic "Racing Dual"
* 14 qubit register
* D-Wave claims to have developed quantum annealing and introduces their product called D-Wave One. The company claims this is the first commercially available quantum computer
* Repetitive error correction demonstrated in a quantum processor
* Diamond quantum computer memory demonstrated
* Qmodes developed
* Decoherence suppressed
* Simplification of controlled operations
* Ions entangled using microwaves
* Practical error rates achieved
* Quantum computer employing
Von Neumann architecture
The von Neumann architecture — also known as the von Neumann model or Princeton architecture — is a computer architecture based on a 1945 description by John von Neumann, and by others, in the '' First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC''. T ...
* Quantum spin Hall topological insulator
* Two Diamonds Linked by Quantum Entanglement could help develop photonic processors
2012
* D-Wave claims a quantum computation using 84 qubits.
* Physicists create a working transistor from a single atom
* A method for manipulating the charge of nitrogen vacancy-centres in diamond
* Reported creation of a 300 qubit/particle quantum simulator.
* Demonstration of topologically protected qubits with an eight-photon entanglement, a robust approach to practical quantum computing
*
1QB Information Technologies (1QBit) founded. World's first dedicated quantum computing software company.
* First design of a quantum repeater system without a need for quantum memories
* Decoherence suppressed for 2 seconds at room temperature by manipulating Carbon-13 atoms with lasers.
* Theory of Bell-based randomness expansion with reduced assumption of measurement independence.
* New low overhead method for fault-tolerant quantum logic developed, called lattice surgery
2013
* Coherence time of 39 minutes at room temperature (and 3 hours at cryogenic temperatures) demonstrated for an ensemble of impurity-spin qubits in isotopically purified silicon.
* Extension of time for qubit maintained in superimposed state for ten times longer than what has ever been achieved before
* First resource analysis of a large-scale quantum algorithm using explicit fault-tolerant, error-correction protocols was developed for factoring
2014
* Documents leaked by
Edward Snowden confirm the
Penetrating Hard Targets project, by which the
National Security Agency
The National Security Agency (NSA) is a national-level intelligence agency of the United States Department of Defense, under the authority of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI). The NSA is responsible for global monitoring, collect ...
seeks to develop a quantum computing capability for
cryptography
Cryptography, or cryptology (from grc, , translit=kryptós "hidden, secret"; and ''graphein'', "to write", or ''-logia'', "study", respectively), is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of adver ...
purposes.
* Researchers in Japan and Austria publish the first large-scale quantum computing architecture for a diamond-based system
* Scientists at the
University of Innsbruck
The University of Innsbruck (german: Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck; la, Universitas Leopoldino Franciscea) is a public research university in Innsbruck, the capital of the Austrian federal state of Tyrol, founded on October 15, 1669. ...
do quantum computations on a topologically encoded qubit which is encoded in entangled states distributed over seven trapped-ion qubits
* Scientists transfer data by
quantum teleportation over a distance of 10 feet (3.048 meters) with zero percent error rate, a vital step towards a quantum Internet.
2015
* Optically addressable nuclear spins in a solid with a six-hour coherence time.
* Quantum information encoded by simple electrical pulses.
* Quantum error detection code using a square lattice of four superconducting qubits.
* D-Wave Systems Inc. announced on June 22 that it had broken the 1,000-qubit barrier.
* A two-qubit silicon logic gate is successfully developed.
* A quantum computer, along with quantum superposition and entanglement, is emulated by a classical analog computer, with the result that the fully classical system behaves like a true quantum computer.
2016
* Physicists led by
Rainer Blatt
Rainer Blatt (born 8 September 1952) is a German-Austrian experimental physicist. His research centres on the areas of quantum optics and quantum information. He and his team performed one of the first experiments to teleport atoms, the other wa ...
joined forces with scientists at MIT, led by
Isaac Chuang
Isaac L. Chuang is an American electrical engineer and physicist. He leads the quanta research group at the Center for Ultracold Atoms at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He received his undergraduate degrees in physics (1990) and elec ...
, to efficiently implement Shor's algorithm in an ion-trap-based quantum computer.
* IBM releases the Quantum Experience, an online interface to their superconducting systems. The system is immediately used to publish new protocols in quantum information processing
* Google, using an array of 9 superconducting qubits developed by the
Martinis group and
UCSB
The University of California, Santa Barbara (UC Santa Barbara or UCSB) is a public land-grant research university in Santa Barbara, California with 23,196 undergraduates and 2,983 graduate students enrolled in 2021–2022. It is part of the U ...
, simulates a
hydrogen
Hydrogen is the chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1. Hydrogen is the lightest element. At standard conditions hydrogen is a gas of diatomic molecules having the formula . It is colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic ...
molecule.
* Scientists in Japan and Australia invent the quantum version of a
Sneakernet
Sneakernet, also called sneaker net, is an informal term for the transfer of electronic information by physically moving media such as magnetic tape, floppy disks, optical discs, USB flash drives or external hard drives between computers, rather ...
communications system
2017
* D-Wave Systems Inc. announces general commercial availability of the D-Wave 2000Q quantum annealer, which it claims has 2000 qubits.
* Blueprint for a microwave trapped ion quantum computer published.
* IBM unveils 17-qubit quantum computer—and a better way of benchmarking it.
* Scientists build a microchip that generates two entangled
qudits each with 10 states, for 100 dimensions total.
* Microsoft reveals
Q#, a quantum programming language integrated with Visual Studio. Programs can be executed locally on a 32-qubit simulator, or a 40-qubit simulator on Azure.
* Rubayet Hossain (Omi), the former intelligent systems advisor of
DARPA
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is a research and development agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of emerging technologies for use by the military.
Originally known as the Ad ...
in collaboration with the researchers of
QuAIL
Quail is a collective name for several genera of mid-sized birds generally placed in the order Galliformes. The collective noun for a group of quail is a flock, covey, or bevy.
Old World quail are placed in the family Phasianidae, and New ...
develop the world's first user-interactive operating system to be used in commercial quantum computers. And Intel confirms development of a 17-qubit superconducting test chip.
* IBM reveals a working 50-qubit quantum computer that can maintain its quantum state for 90 microseconds.
* First
teleportation
Teleportation is the hypothetical transfer of matter or energy from one point to another without traversing the physical space between them. It is a common subject in science fiction literature and in other popular culture. Teleportation is oft ...
using a satellite, connecting ground stations over a distance of 1400 km apart. Previous experiments was at
Earth
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. While large volumes of water can be found throughout the Solar System, only Earth sustains liquid surface water. About 71% of Earth's surfa ...
, at shorter distances.
2018
* MIT scientists report the discovery of a new triple-photon form of
light
Light or visible light is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived by the human eye. Visible light is usually defined as having wavelengths in the range of 400–700 nanometres (nm), corresponding to frequencies of 750–420 te ...
.
* Oxford researchers successfully use a trapped-ion technique, where they place two charged atoms in a state of quantum entanglement to speed up logic gates by a factor of 20 to 60 times, as compared with the previous best gates, translated to 1.6 microseconds long, with 99.8% precision.
* QuTech successfully tests a silicon-based 2-spin-qubit processor.
* Google announces the creation of a 72-qubit quantum chip, called "Bristlecone", achieving a new record.
* Intel begins testing a silicon-based spin-qubit processor manufactured in the company's D1D Fab in Oregon.
* Intel confirms development of a 49-qubit superconducting test chip, called "Tangle Lake".
* Japanese researchers demonstrate universal holonomic quantum gates.
* Integrated photonic platform for quantum information with continuous variables.
* On December 17, 2018, the company IonQ introduced the first commercial trapped-ion quantum computer, with a program length of over 60 two-qubit gates, 11 fully connected qubits, 55 addressable pairs, one-qubit gate error <0.03% and two-qubit gate error <1.0%
* On December 21, 2018, the
National Quantum Initiative Act
The National Quantum Initiative Act is an Act of Congress passed on December 13, 2018, and signed into law on December 21, 2018. The law gives the United States a plan for advancing quantum technology, particularly quantum computing. It was passe ...
was signed into law by
President
President most commonly refers to:
*President (corporate title)
* President (education), a leader of a college or university
* President (government title)
President may also refer to:
Automobiles
* Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ...
Donald Trump
Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021.
Trump graduated from the Wharton School of the University of P ...
, establishing the goals and priorities for a 10-year plan to accelerate the development of quantum information science and technology applications in the
United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
.
2019
![IBM Q system (Fraunhofer 2)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/IBM_Q_system_%28Fraunhofer_2%29.jpg)
* IBM unveils its first commercial quantum computer, the
IBM Q System One
IBM Quantum System One is the first circuit-based commercial quantum computer, introduced by IBM in January 2019.
This integrated quantum computing system is housed in a 2.7x2.7x2.7 m airtight glass cube that maintains a controlled physical en ...
, designed by UK-based
Map Project Office and Universal Design Studio and manufactured by Goppion.
* Austrian physicists demonstrate self-verifying, hybrid, variational quantum simulation of lattice models in condensed matter and high-energy physics using a feedback loop between a classical computer and a quantum co-processor.
*
Quantum Darwinism
Quantum Darwinism is a theory meant to explain the emergence of the classical world from the quantum world as due to a process of Darwinian natural selection induced by the environment interacting with the quantum system; where the many possible q ...
observed in diamond at room temperature.
* A paper by Google's quantum computer research team was briefly available in late September 2019, claiming the project has reached
quantum supremacy.
* IBM reveals its biggest quantum computer yet, consisting of 53 qubits. The system goes online in October 2019.
*
University of Science and Technology of China
A university () is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. In the United States, the ...
researchers demonstrate boson sampling with 14 detected photons.
2020s
2020
* UNSW Sydney develops a way of producing 'hot qubits' – quantum devices that operate at 1.5 kelvins.
* Griffith University, UNSW and UTS, in partnership with seven universities in the United States, develop noise cancelling for quantum bits via machine learning, taking quantum noise in a quantum chip down to 0%.
* UNSW performs electric nuclear resonance to control single atoms in electronic devices.
* University of Tokyo and Australian scientists create and successfully test a solution to the quantum wiring problem, creating a 2D structure for qubits. Such structure can be built using existing integrated circuit technology and has a considerably lower cross-talk.
* 16 January – Quantum physicists report the first direct splitting of one photon into three using
spontaneous parametric down-conversion
Spontaneous parametric down-conversion (also known as SPDC, parametric fluorescence or parametric scattering) is a nonlinear instant optical process that converts one photon of higher energy (namely, a pump photon), into a pair of photons (namely, ...
and which may have applications in
quantum technology.
* 11 February – Quantum engineers report that they have created
artificial atom
Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor particles a few nanometres in size, having optical and electronic properties that differ from those of larger particles as a result of quantum mechanics. They are a central topic in nanotechnology. When the q ...
s in
silicon quantum dots Silicon quantum dots are metal-free biologically compatible quantum dots with photoluminescence emission maxima that are tunable through the visible to near-infrared spectral regions. These quantum dots have unique properties arising from their in ...
for
quantum computing and that artificial atoms with a higher number of electrons can be more stable
qubit
In quantum computing, a qubit () or quantum bit is a basic unit of quantum information—the quantum version of the classic binary bit physically realized with a two-state device. A qubit is a two-state (or two-level) quantum-mechanical system, ...
s than previously thought possible. Enabling
silicon-based quantum computers may make it possible to reuse the manufacturing technology of "classical" modern-day computer chips among other advantages.
* 14 February – Quantum physicists develop a novel
single-photon source Single-photon sources are light sources that emit light as single particles or photons. These sources are distinct from coherent light sources (lasers) and thermal light sources such as incandescent light bulbs. The Heisenberg uncertainty principl ...
which may allow to bridge semiconductor-based quantum-computers that use photons by converting the state of an electron
spin to the
polarisation of a photon. They show that they can generate a single photon in a controlled way without the need for
random
In common usage, randomness is the apparent or actual lack of pattern or predictability in events. A random sequence of events, symbols or steps often has no order and does not follow an intelligible pattern or combination. Individual ra ...
ly formed
quantum dots
Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor particles a few nanometres in size, having optical and electronic properties that differ from those of larger particles as a result of quantum mechanics. They are a central topic in nanotechnology. When the ...
or structural defects in diamonds.
* 25 February – Scientists visualize a
quantum measurement
In quantum physics, a measurement is the testing or manipulation of a physical system to yield a numerical result. The predictions that quantum physics makes are in general probabilistic. The mathematical tools for making predictions about what ...
: by taking snapshots of ion states at different times of measurement via coupling of a trapped ion
qutrit
A qutrit (or quantum trit) is a unit of quantum information that is realized by a 3-level quantum system, that may be in a superposition of three mutually orthogonal quantum states.
The qutrit is analogous to the classical radix-3 trit, just as ...
to the photon environment they show that the changes of the degrees of
superpositions and therefore of
probabilities of states after measurement happens gradually under the measurement influence.
* 2 March – Scientists report to have achieved repeated
quantum nondemolition measurements of an electron's
spin in a silicon
quantum dot: measurements that don't change the electron's spin in the process.
* 11 March – Quantum engineers report to have managed to control the nucleus of a single atom using only electric fields. This was first suggested to be possible in 1961 and may be used for silicon
quantum computers that use single-atom spins without needing oscillating magnetic fields which may be especially useful for
nanodevice
A molecular machine, nanite, or nanomachine is a molecular component that produces quasi-mechanical movements (output) in response to specific stimuli (input). In cellular biology, macromolecular machines frequently perform tasks essential for ...
s, for precise sensors of electric and magnetic fields as well as for fundamental inquiries into
quantum nature.
* 19 March – A US Army laboratory announces that its scientists analysed a
Rydberg sensor's sensitivity to oscillating electric fields over an enormous range of frequencies—from (the spectrum to 0.3 mm wavelength). The Rydberg sensor may potentially be used detect communications signals as it could reliably detect signals over the entire spectrum and compare favourably with other established electric field sensor technologies, such as electro-optic crystals and dipole antenna-coupled passive electronics.
[Scientists create quantum sensor that covers entire radio frequency spectrum](_blank)
Phys.org
Phys.org is an online science, research and technology news aggregator offering briefs from press releases and reports from news agencies (a form of journalism sometimes pejoratively called churnalism). The website also produces its own science jo ...
/United States Army Research Laboratory
The U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Army Research Laboratory (DEVCOM ARL) is the U.S. Army's foundational research laboratory. ARL is headquartered at the Adelphi Laboratory Center (ALC) in Adelphi, Maryland. Its largest sing ...
, 2020-03-19
* 23 March – Researchers report that they have found a way to correct for
signal loss in a prototype quantum
node
In general, a node is a localized swelling (a "knot") or a point of intersection (a vertex).
Node may refer to:
In mathematics
* Vertex (graph theory), a vertex in a mathematical graph
*Vertex (geometry), a point where two or more curves, lines ...
that can catch, store and entangle bits of quantum information. Their concepts could be used for key components of
quantum repeaters in
quantum network
Quantum networks form an important element of quantum computing and quantum communication systems. Quantum networks facilitate the transmission of information in the form of quantum bits, also called qubits, between physically separated quantum ...
s and extend their longest possible range.
* 15 April – Researchers demonstrate a proof-of-concept silicon quantum processor unit cell which works at 1.5 kelvins – many times warmer than common quantum processors that are being developed. It may enable integrating classical control electronics with the
qubit
In quantum computing, a qubit () or quantum bit is a basic unit of quantum information—the quantum version of the classic binary bit physically realized with a two-state device. A qubit is a two-state (or two-level) quantum-mechanical system, ...
array and reduce costs substantially. The cooling requirements necessary for
quantum computing have been called one of the toughest roadblocks in the field.
* 16 April – Scientists prove the existence of the
Rashba effect in bulk
perovskite
Perovskite (pronunciation: ) is a calcium titanium oxide mineral composed of calcium titanate (chemical formula ). Its name is also applied to the class of compounds which have the same type of crystal structure as (XIIA2+VIB4+X2−3), known a ...
s. Previously researchers have hypothesized that the materials' extraordinary electronic, magnetic and optical properties – which make it a commonly used material
for solar cells and
quantum electronics – are related to this effect which to date hasn't been proven to be present in the material.
* 8 May – Researchers report to have developed a proof-of-concept of a
quantum radar using
quantum entanglement
Quantum entanglement is the phenomenon that occurs when a group of particles are generated, interact, or share spatial proximity in a way such that the quantum state of each particle of the group cannot be described independently of the state of ...
and
microwave
Microwave is a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from about one meter to one millimeter corresponding to frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz respectively. Different sources define different frequency ra ...
s which may potentially be useful for the development of improved radar systems, security scanners and medical imaging systems.
* 12 May – Researchers report to have developed a method to selectively manipulate a layered
manganite
Manganite is a mineral composed of manganese oxide-hydroxide, MnO(OH), crystallizing in the monoclinic system (pseudo-orthorhombic). Crystals of manganite are prismatic and deeply striated parallel to their length; they are often grouped togethe ...
's
correlated electrons' spin state while leaving its
orbital state intact using
femtosecond X-ray laser
An X-ray laser is a device that uses stimulated emission to generate or amplify electromagnetic radiation in the near X-ray or extreme ultraviolet region of the spectrum, that is, usually on the order of several tens of nanometers (nm) wavelength ...
pulses. This may indicate that
orbitronics – using variations in the orientations of orbitals – may be used as the
basic unit of information in novel IT devices.
* 19 May – Researchers report to have developed the first integrated silicon on-chip low-noise
single-photon source Single-photon sources are light sources that emit light as single particles or photons. These sources are distinct from coherent light sources (lasers) and thermal light sources such as incandescent light bulbs. The Heisenberg uncertainty principl ...
compatible with large-scale
quantum photonics.
* 11 June – Scientists report the generation of
rubidium Bose–Einstein condensate
In condensed matter physics, a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that is typically formed when a gas of bosons at very low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero (−273.15 °C or −459.6 ...
s (BECs) in the
Cold Atom Laboratory
The Cold Atom Laboratory (CAL) is an experimental instrument on board the ISS, which launched in 2018. It creates an extremely cold microgravity environment in order to study behaviour of atoms in these conditions.
Timeline
The CAL was developed ...
aboard the
International Space Station
The International Space Station (ISS) is the largest modular space station currently in low Earth orbit. It is a multinational collaborative project involving five participating space agencies: NASA (United States), Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA ( ...
under
microgravity which could enable improved research of BECs and
quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory in physics that provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles. It is the foundation of all quantum physics including quantum chemistr ...
, whose physics are scaled to macroscopic scales in BECs, support long-term investigations of
few-body physics, support the development of techniques for
atom-wave interferometry and
atom laser
An atom laser is a coherent state of propagating atoms. They are created out of a Bose–Einstein condensate of atoms that are output coupled using various techniques. Much like an optical laser, an atom laser is a coherent beam that behaves like ...
s and has verified the successful operation of the laboratory.
* 15 June – Scientists report the development of the smallest
synthetic molecular motor
Synthetic molecular motors are molecular machines capable of continuous directional rotation under an energy input. Although the term "molecular motor" has traditionally referred to a naturally occurring protein that induces motion (via protein ...
, consisting of 12 atoms and a rotor of 4 atoms, shown to be capable of being powered by an electric current using an electron scanning microscope and moving even with very low amounts of energy due to
quantum tunneling
In physics, a quantum (plural quanta) is the minimum amount of any physical entity (physical property) involved in an interaction. The fundamental notion that a physical property can be "quantized" is referred to as "the hypothesis of quantizati ...
.
* 17 June – Quantum scientists report the development of a system that entangles two photon
quantum communication nodes through a microwave cable that can send information inbetween without the photons ever being sent through, or occupying, the cable. On 12 June it was reported that they also, for the first time,
entangled two
phonons as well as erase information from their measurement after the measurement has been completed using
delayed-choice quantum erasure.
* 13 August – Universal coherence protection is reported to have been achieved in a solid-state spin
qubit
In quantum computing, a qubit () or quantum bit is a basic unit of quantum information—the quantum version of the classic binary bit physically realized with a two-state device. A qubit is a two-state (or two-level) quantum-mechanical system, ...
, a modification that allows quantum systems to stay operational (or "
coherent") for 10,000 times longer than before.
* 26 August – Scientists report that ionizing radiation from environmental radioactive materials and
cosmic ray
Cosmic rays are high-energy particles or clusters of particles (primarily represented by protons or atomic nuclei) that move through space at nearly the speed of light. They originate from the Sun, from outside of the Solar System in our own ...
s may substantially limit the
coherence times of
qubit
In quantum computing, a qubit () or quantum bit is a basic unit of quantum information—the quantum version of the classic binary bit physically realized with a two-state device. A qubit is a two-state (or two-level) quantum-mechanical system, ...
s if they aren't
shielded adequately.
* 28 August – Quantum engineers working for Google report the largest chemical simulation on a
quantum computer – a
Hartree–Fock approximation with
Sycamore
Sycamore is a name which has been applied to several types of trees, but with somewhat similar leaf forms. The name derives from the ancient Greek ' (''sūkomoros'') meaning "fig-mulberry".
Species of trees known as sycamore:
* ''Acer pseudoplata ...
paired with a classical computer that analyzed results to provide new parameters for the 12-qubit system.
* 2 September – Researchers present an eight-user city-scale
quantum communication network, located in
Bristol
Bristol () is a city, ceremonial county and unitary authority in England. Situated on the River Avon, it is bordered by the ceremonial counties of Gloucestershire to the north and Somerset to the south. Bristol is the most populous city in ...
, using already deployed fibres without active switching or trusted nodes.
* 21 September – Researchers report the achievement of
quantum entanglement
Quantum entanglement is the phenomenon that occurs when a group of particles are generated, interact, or share spatial proximity in a way such that the quantum state of each particle of the group cannot be described independently of the state of ...
between the
motion of a millimetre-sized mechanical oscillator and a disparate distant
spin system of a cloud of atoms.
* 3 December – Chinese researchers claim to have achieved
quantum supremacy, using a
photonic
Photonics is a branch of optics that involves the application of generation, detection, and manipulation of light in form of photons through emission, transmission, modulation, signal processing, switching, amplification, and sensing. Though ...
peak 76-
qubit
In quantum computing, a qubit () or quantum bit is a basic unit of quantum information—the quantum version of the classic binary bit physically realized with a two-state device. A qubit is a two-state (or two-level) quantum-mechanical system, ...
system (43 average) known as ''
Jiuzhang'', which performed calculations at 100 trillion times the speed of classical supercomputers.
* 21 December – Publication of research of "
counterfactual quantum communication" – whose first achievement was reported in 2017 – by which information can be exchanged without any physical particle traveling between observers and without
quantum teleportation. The research suggests that this is based on some form of relation between the properties of modular angular momentum.
2021
* 6 January – Chinese researchers report that they have built the world's largest integrated
quantum communication network, combining over 700 optical fibers with two
QKD-ground-to-satellite links for a total distance between nodes of the network of networks of up to ~4,600 km.
* 13 January – Austrian researchers report the first realization of an
entangling gate between two
logical qubits encoded in
topological quantum error-correction codes using a
trapped-ion quantum computer with 10 ions.
* 15 January – Researchers in China report the successful transmission of entangled photons between
drones, used as nodes for the development of mobile
quantum network
Quantum networks form an important element of quantum computing and quantum communication systems. Quantum networks facilitate the transmission of information in the form of quantum bits, also called qubits, between physically separated quantum ...
s or flexible network extensions, marking the first work in which entangled particles were sent between two moving devices.
* 28 January – Swiss and German researchers report the development of a highly efficient
single-photon source Single-photon sources are light sources that emit light as single particles or photons. These sources are distinct from coherent light sources (lasers) and thermal light sources such as incandescent light bulbs. The Heisenberg uncertainty principl ...
for quantum IT with a system of gated
quantum dots in a tunable microcavity which captures photons released from these excited "artificial atoms".
* 5 February – Researchers demonstrate a first prototype of quantum-logic gates for
distributed quantum computers.
* 13 April – In a
preprint, an astronomer describes for the first time how one could search for
quantum communication
Quantum information science is an interdisciplinary field that seeks to understand the analysis, processing, and transmission of information using quantum mechanics principles. It combines the study of Information science with quantum effects in p ...
transmissions sent by
extraterrestrial intelligence
Extraterrestrial intelligence (often abbreviated ETI) refers to hypothetical intelligent extraterrestrial life. The question of whether other inhabited worlds might exist has been debated since ancient times. The modern form of the concept emerged ...
using existing telescope and receiver technology. He also provides arguments for why future searches of
SETI
The search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) is a collective term for scientific searches for intelligent extraterrestrial life, for example, monitoring electromagnetic radiation for signs of transmissions from civilizations on other pl ...
should also target interstellar quantum communications.
* 7 May – Two studies complement research published September 2020 by
quantum-entangling two mechanical oscillators.
* 8 June – A Japanese tech company achieves
quantum communications
Quantum information science is an interdisciplinary field that seeks to understand the analysis, processing, and transmission of information using quantum mechanics principles. It combines the study of Information science with quantum mechanics, qu ...
over optical fibres exceeding 600 km in length, a new world record distance.
![Simplified scale model of the quantum computing demonstrator housed in two 19-inch racks with major components labeled](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Simplified_scale_model_of_the_quantum_computing_demonstrator_housed_in_two_19-inch_racks_with_major_components_labeled.png)
* 17 June – Austrian, German and Swiss researchers present a two 19-inch
rack
Rack or racks may refer to:
Storage and installation
* Amp rack, short for amplifier rack, a piece of furniture in which amplifiers are mounted
* Bicycle rack, a frame for storing bicycles when not in use
* Bustle rack, a type of storage bi ...
quantum computing demonstrator, the world's first quality standards-meeting compact quantum computer.
* 7 July – American researchers present a programmable
quantum simulator
Quantum simulators permit the study of a quantum system in a programmable fashion. In this instance, simulators are special purpose devices designed to provide insight about specific physics problems.
Note: This manuscript is a contribution ...
that can operate with 256
qubit
In quantum computing, a qubit () or quantum bit is a basic unit of quantum information—the quantum version of the classic binary bit physically realized with a two-state device. A qubit is a two-state (or two-level) quantum-mechanical system, ...
s, and on the same date and journal another team presented quantum simulator of 196 Rydeberg atoms trapped in
optical tweezers
* 25 October – Chinese researchers reported that they have developed the world's fastest programmable quantum computers. The photon-based ''Jiuzhang 2'' is claimed to be able to calculate a task in one millisecond, that would otherwise had taken a conventional computer 30 trillion years to complete. And ''Zuchongzhi 2'' is a 66-qubit programmable superconducting quantum computer that is claimed to be the current world's fastest quantum computer that can run a calculation task one million times more complex than Google’s
Sycamore
Sycamore is a name which has been applied to several types of trees, but with somewhat similar leaf forms. The name derives from the ancient Greek ' (''sūkomoros'') meaning "fig-mulberry".
Species of trees known as sycamore:
* ''Acer pseudoplata ...
, as well as being 10 million times faster.
* 11 November – The first simulation of
baryons
In particle physics, a baryon is a type of composite subatomic particle which contains an odd number of valence quarks (at least 3). Baryons belong to the hadron family of particles; hadrons are composed of quarks. Baryons are also classified ...
on a quantum computer is reported by
University of Waterloo
The University of Waterloo (UWaterloo, UW, or Waterloo) is a public research university with a main campus in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. The main campus is on of land adjacent to "Uptown" Waterloo and Waterloo Park. The university also operates ...
.
* 16 November – IBM claims that it has created a new 127 quantum bit processor, '
IBM Eagle', which according to a report is the most powerful quantum processor known. According to the report, the company has not yet published an academic paper describing its metrics, performance or abilities.
2022
* 18 January – Europe's first
quantum annealer with more than 5,000
qubits
In quantum computing, a qubit () or quantum bit is a basic unit of quantum information—the quantum version of the classic binary bit physically realized with a two-state device. A qubit is a two-state (or two-level) quantum-mechanical system, ...
is launched in Jülich, Germany.
* 24 March – The first prototype, photonic, quantum
memristive device, for
neuromorphic (quantum-)computers and
artificial neural network
Artificial neural networks (ANNs), usually simply called neural networks (NNs) or neural nets, are computing systems inspired by the biological neural networks that constitute animal brains.
An ANN is based on a collection of connected unit ...
s, that is "able to produce memristive dynamics on single-photon states through a scheme of measurement and classical feedback" is invented.
* 14 April – The Quantinuum System Model H1-2 doubled its performance claiming to be the first commercial quantum computer to pass
quantum volume 4096.
* 22 June – The world's first
quantum computer integrated circuit is demonstrated.
*28 June – Physicists report that
interstellar quantum communication by other civilizations could be possible and may be advantageous, identifying some potential challenges and factors for detecting such. They may use, for example, X-ray photons for remotely established
quantum communication
Quantum information science is an interdisciplinary field that seeks to understand the analysis, processing, and transmission of information using quantum mechanics principles. It combines the study of Information science with quantum effects in p ...
s and
quantum teleportation as the communication mode.
* 15 August – ''
Nature Materials
''Nature Materials'', is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Nature Publishing Group. It was launched in September 2002. Vincent Dusastre is the launching and current chief editor.
Aims and scope
''Nature Materials'' is focused on all ...
'' publishes the first work showing optical initialization and coherent control of nuclear spin
qubit
In quantum computing, a qubit () or quantum bit is a basic unit of quantum information—the quantum version of the classic binary bit physically realized with a two-state device. A qubit is a two-state (or two-level) quantum-mechanical system, ...
s in 2D materials (an ultrathin hexagonal boron nitride).
* 24 August – ''Nature'' publishes the first research related to a set of 14 photons entangled with high efficiency and in a defined way.
* 26 August – Created photon pairs at several different frequencies using optical ultra-thin resonant
metasurfaces made up of arrays of
nanoresonators.
* 29 August – Researchers generated up to 14 stable photons in an optical resonator nearly half the time and through "a scalable and freely programmable source."
* 29 August – Physicists at the Max Planck Institute entangled 14 photons together, starting from an atom of
rubidium, trapped in an optical cavity that bounces electromagnetic waves around in certain patterns.
* 2 September – Researchers from The University of Tokyo and other Japanese institutions developed a systematic method that applies optimal control theory (GRAPE algorithm) to identify the theoretically optimal sequence from among all conceivable quantum operation sequences. It is necessary to complete the operations within the time that the coherent quantum state is maintained.
* 30 September – Researchers at
University of New South Wales
The University of New South Wales (UNSW), also known as UNSW Sydney, is a public research university based in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is one of the founding members of Group of Eight, a coalition of Australian research-intensiv ...
achieved a coherence time of two milliseconds, 100 times higher than the previous benchmark in the same quantum processor.
See also
*
List of companies involved in quantum computing or communication
*
List of quantum processors
This list contains quantum processors, also known as quantum processing units (QPUs). Some devices listed below have only been announced at press conferences so far, with no actual demonstrations or scientific publications characterizing the per ...
*
:Quantum information scientists
*
Timeline of computing 2020–present
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline Of Quantum Computing
Quantum computing
Quantum
Quantum
Quantum information science