''Tierra y Libertad'' (meaning ''Land and Freedom'') was an
anarchist
Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is skeptical of all justifications for authority and seeks to abolish the institutions it claims maintain unnecessary coercion and hierarchy, typically including, though not neces ...
periodical that was published initially in
Spain
, image_flag = Bandera de España.svg
, image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg
, national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond")
, national_anthem = (English: "Royal March")
, i ...
and later in
Mexico
Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
.
As an anarchist magazine
In 1888, a periodical named ''Tierra y Libertad'' started being published in
Gracia by Sebastián Suñé on a biweekly basis, but its circulation was very low. Without apparent continuity with the previous newspaper, a periodical with the same name started being published again in
Madrid
Madrid ( , ) is the capital and most populous city of Spain. The city has almost 3.4 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.7 million. It is the second-largest city in the European Union (EU), and ...
, from May 20, 1899 firstly as a supplement to ''
La Revista Blanca
''La Revista Blanca'' was a Spanish individualist anarchist magazine of sociology and arts published in Madrid by Joan Montseny (Federico Urales) and Teresa Mañé (Soledad Gustavo) from 1898 to 1905 and in Barcelona from 1 June 1923 till 15 Aug ...
'' and two years later independently.
It was directed by
Federico Urales
Joan Montseny i Carret (1864–1942), who also wrote under the pseudonym Federico Urales, was a Catalan anarchist activist and journalist from Spain.
Early life and career
Joan Montseny was born in Reus, Spain, in 1864. He was originally a ...
, González Solá and Saavedra in its first decade and editors included Rafael Urbano, Pahissa, Rodríguez Romero, Urales,
Eliseo Reclus,
Charles Malato
Charles Malato (1857–1938) was a French anarchist and writer.
He was born to a noble Neapolitan family, his grandfather Count Malato being a Field Marshal and the Commander-in-Chief of the army of the last King of Naples. Though Count Malat ...
and others. It was published on a weekly basis, although in 1903 it temporarily became daily.
It moved to
Barcelona
Barcelona ( , , ) is a city on the coast of northeastern Spain. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain. With a population of 1.6 million within ci ...
in 1906, where it was published quite continuously until 1919, when it was suppressed. It reappeared in 1923 but was suppressed again by the
dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
General Miguel Primo de Rivera's dictatorship over Spain began with a coup on 13 September 1923 and ended with his resignation on 28 January 1930. It took place during the wider reign of King Alfonso XIII. In establishing his dictatorship, ...
.
In these years it was directed by Herreros, Cardenal, Basón and
Soledad Gustavo and editors included Víctor García, Emilio Boal, Eduardo Gilimón, Federico Urales,
Fernando Tarrida del Mármol
Fernando Tarrida del Mármol (August 2, 1861 – 1915) was a mathematics professor born in Cuba and raised in Catalonia best known for proposing "anarchism without adjectives", the idea that anarchists should set aside their debates over th ...
,
Anselmo Lorenzo
Anselmo Lorenzo Asperilla (21 April 1841, in Toledo, Spain – 30 November 1914) was a defining figure in the early Spanish Anarchist movement, earning the often quoted sobriquet "the grandfather of Spanish anarchism," in the words of Murray B ...
,
Fermín Salvochea
Fermín Salvochea y Álvarez (1 March 1842, in Cádiz – 27 September 1907, in Cádiz) was a mayor of the city of Cádiz and a president of the province of Cádiz. He was one of the main propagators of anarchist thought in that area in the ...
and others.
As an organ of FAI
''Tierra y Libertad'' reappeared in 1930 in Valencia edited by the
Federación Anarquista Ibérica
The Iberian Anarchist Federation ( es, Federación Anarquista Ibérica, FAI) is a Spanish organization of anarchist militants active within affinity groups in the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) anarcho-syndicalist union. It is often ...
(FAI).
It was suspended and relaunched many times due to government persecution. In April 1931 it bore the subtitle ''Órgano de la revolución social de España (Organ of the social revolution in Spain''). It contained various opinion articles, mostly on current affairs, as well as information on events and publications on libertarian issues.
The magazine, like all anarchist publications, was self-managed by the FAI, refusing to receive subsidies from the State or institutions. In the 1930s it was one of the most widely read newspapers in Spain, with a circulation that reached 30,000 copies, the largest for a political press organ.
Many anarchist thinkers and revolutionaries of the 20th century have written in it, including as
Federica Montseny
Frederica Montseny i Mañé (; 1905–1994) was a Catalan Anarchism, anarchist and intellectual who served as Ministry of Health (Spain), Minister of Health and Social Assistance in the Government of the Second Spanish Republic, Spanish Republi ...
,
Federico Urales
Joan Montseny i Carret (1864–1942), who also wrote under the pseudonym Federico Urales, was a Catalan anarchist activist and journalist from Spain.
Early life and career
Joan Montseny was born in Reus, Spain, in 1864. He was originally a ...
,
Piotr Kropotkin
Pyotr Alexeyevich Kropotkin (; russian: link=no, Пётр Алексе́евич Кропо́ткин ; 9 December 1842 – 8 February 1921) was a Russian anarchist, socialist, revolutionary, historian, scientist, philosopher, and activ ...
,
Rudolf Rocker
Johann Rudolf Rocker (March 25, 1873 – September 19, 1958) was a German anarchist writer and activist. He was born in Mainz to a Roman Catholic artisan family.
His father died when he was a child, and his mother when he was in his teens, so he ...
,
Francisco Ascaso
Francisco Ascaso Abadía (Almudévar April 1, 1901 – Barcelona July 20, 1936) was the cousin of Joaquín Ascaso, the President of the Regional Defence Council of Aragon,Jesús Mestre i Campi, ''Diccionari d'Història de Catalunya'', Edicions ...
,
Luigi Fabbri
Luigi Fabbri (1877–1935) was an Italian anarchist, writer, and educator, who was charged with defeatism during World War I. He was the father of Luce Fabbri.
Selected works
*''Life of Malatesta'', translated by Adam Wight (originally publis ...
,
Juan García Oliver
Joan Garcia i Oliver (1901–1980) was a Catalan anarcho-syndicalist revolutionary and Minister of Justice of the Second Spanish Republic. He was a leading figure of anarchism in Spain.
Career Childhood and family
Joan Garcia i Oliver was ...
,
Max Nettlau
Max Heinrich Hermann Reinhardt Nettlau (; 30 April 1865 – 23 July 1944) was a German anarchist and historian. Although born in Neuwaldegg (today part of Vienna) and raised in Vienna, he lived there until the anschluss to Nazi Germany in 193 ...
,
Melchor Rodríguez or
Ramón Acín. Some of its directors were Alaiz, Juanel, Jacobo Maguid and
Diego Abad de Santillán
Diego Abad de Santillán (20 May 1897 – 18 October 1983), also known as his born name Sinesio Baudilio García Fernández, was an anarcho-syndicalist activist and economist.
Selected works
* ''After the Revolution: Economic Reconstructi ...
; Its administrators included
Josep Peirats, Juanel and Ecorza.
It stopped coming out after the end of the
Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil War ( es, Guerra Civil Española)) or The Revolution ( es, La Revolución, link=no) among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War ( es, Cuarta Guerra Carlista, link=no) among Carlists, and The Rebellion ( es, La Rebelión, lin ...
(during the war it was published as a newspaper).
Ramón Rufat started publishing it clandestinely from 1944 in Madrid and Barcelona.
Since its relaunch in Spain in 1977 (after the
Francoist dictatorship
Francoist Spain ( es, España franquista), or the Francoist dictatorship (), was the period of Spanish history between 1939 and 1975, when Francisco Franco ruled Spain after the Spanish Civil War with the title . After his death in 1975, Spai ...
) it is published in a monthly basis.
In Mexico
Between 1944 and 1988 it was also edited and published in Mexico by exiled Spanish anarchists.
External links
Historical archive of the newspaper (1904-1939)
References
{{Reflist
Defunct newspapers
Anarchist periodicals