''Tierra y Libertad'' (meaning ''Land and Freedom'') was an

anarchist Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is skeptical of all justifications for authority and seeks to abolish the institutions it claims maintain unnecessary coercion and hierarchy, typically including, though not necessari ...

periodical that was published initially in

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = '' Plus ultra'' ( Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , ...

and later in

Mexico Mexico ( Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guate ...

As an anarchist magazine

In 1888, a periodical named ''Tierra y Libertad'' started being published in Gracia by Sebastián Suñé on a biweekly basis, but its circulation was very low. Without apparent continuity with the previous newspaper, a periodical with the same name started being published again in

Madrid Madrid ( , ) is the capital and most populous city of Spain. The city has almost 3.4 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.7 million. It is the second-largest city in the European Union (EU), an ...

, from May 20, 1899 firstly as a supplement to '' La Revista Blanca'' and two years later independently. It was directed by Federico Urales, González Solá and Saavedra in its first decade and editors included Rafael Urbano, Pahissa, Rodríguez Romero, Urales, Eliseo Reclus,

Charles Malato Charles Malato (1857–1938) was a French anarchist and writer. He was born to a noble Neapolitan family, his grandfather Count Malato being a Field Marshal and the Commander-in-Chief of the army of the last King of Naples. Though Count Mala ...

and others. It was published on a weekly basis, although in 1903 it temporarily became daily. It moved to

Barcelona Barcelona ( , , ) is a city on the coast of northeastern Spain. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain. With a population of 1.6 million within ...

in 1906, where it was published quite continuously until 1919, when it was suppressed. It reappeared in 1923 but was suppressed again by the

dictatorship of Primo de Rivera General Miguel Primo de Rivera's dictatorship over Spain began with a coup on 13 September 1923 and ended with his resignation on 28 January 1930. It took place during the wider reign of King Alfonso XIII. In establishing his dictatorship, ...

. In these years it was directed by Herreros, Cardenal, Basón and

Soledad Gustavo Soledad, Spanish for "solitude", often refers to María de la Soledad (Our Lady of Solitude), a variant name of Mary the mother of Jesus in Roman Catholic tradition. Soledad may refer to: People * Chalon people or Soledad, a Native American peop ...

and editors included Víctor García, Emilio Boal, Eduardo Gilimón, Federico Urales,

Fernando Tarrida del Mármol Fernando Tarrida del Mármol (August 2, 1861 – 1915) was a mathematics professor born in Cuba and raised in Catalonia best known for proposing "anarchism without adjectives", the idea that anarchists should set aside their debates over th ...

Anselmo Lorenzo Anselmo Lorenzo Asperilla (21 April 1841, in Toledo, Spain – 30 November 1914) was a defining figure in the early Spanish Anarchist movement, earning the often quoted sobriquet "the grandfather of Spanish anarchism," in the words of Murray ...

, Fermín Salvochea and others.

As an organ of FAI

''Tierra y Libertad'' reappeared in 1930 in Valencia edited by the Federación Anarquista Ibérica (FAI). It was suspended and relaunched many times due to government persecution. In April 1931 it bore the subtitle ''Órgano de la revolución social de España (Organ of the social revolution in Spain''). It contained various opinion articles, mostly on current affairs, as well as information on events and publications on libertarian issues. The magazine, like all anarchist publications, was self-managed by the FAI, refusing to receive subsidies from the State or institutions. In the 1930s it was one of the most widely read newspapers in Spain, with a circulation that reached 30,000 copies, the largest for a political press organ. Many anarchist thinkers and revolutionaries of the 20th century have written in it, including as

Federica Montseny Frederica Montseny i Mañé (; 1905–1994) was a Catalan anarchist and intellectual who served as Minister of Health and Social Assistance in the Government of the Spanish Republic during the Civil War. She is known as a novelist and essayist ...

, Federico Urales,

Piotr Kropotkin Pyotr Alexeyevich Kropotkin (; russian: link=no, Пётр Алексе́евич Кропо́ткин ; 9 December 1842 – 8 February 1921) was a Russian anarchist, socialist, revolutionary, historian, scientist, philosopher, and activist ...

Rudolf Rocker Johann Rudolf Rocker (March 25, 1873 – September 19, 1958) was a German anarchist writer and activist. He was born in Mainz to a Roman Catholic artisan family. His father died when he was a child, and his mother when he was in his teens, so he ...

, Francisco Ascaso, Luigi Fabbri, Juan García Oliver, Max Nettlau, Melchor Rodríguez or

Ramón Acín Ramón Acín Aquilué (30 August 1888, Huesca, Aragon, Spain – 6 August 1936) was a Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, teacher, painter, sculptor, writer and avant-garde artist who was murdered by fascists in the first year of the Spanish Civil ...

. Some of its directors were Alaiz, Juanel, Jacobo Maguid and

Diego Abad de Santillán Diego Abad de Santillán (20 May 1897 – 18 October 1983), also known as his born name Sinesio Baudilio García Fernández, was an anarcho-syndicalist activist and economist. Selected works * ''After the Revolution: Economic Reconstructi ...

; Its administrators included Josep Peirats, Juanel and Ecorza. It stopped coming out after the end of the

Spanish Civil War The Spanish Civil War ( es, Guerra Civil Española)) or The Revolution ( es, La Revolución, link=no) among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War ( es, Cuarta Guerra Carlista, link=no) among Carlism, Carlists, and The Rebellion ( es, La Rebeli ...

(during the war it was published as a newspaper).

Ramón Rufat Ramón Rufat Llop (1916–1993) was a Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, agent of the Republican secret services, and anti-Franco fighter. Biography Anarcho-syndicalist commitment Son of an Aragonese mason, his mother died of the Spanish flu in ...

started publishing it clandestinely from 1944 in Madrid and Barcelona. Since its relaunch in Spain in 1977 (after the

Francoist dictatorship Francoist Spain ( es, España franquista), or the Francoist dictatorship (), was the period of Spanish history between 1939 and 1975, when Francisco Franco ruled Spain after the Spanish Civil War with the title . After his death in 1975, Spani ...

) it is published in a monthly basis.

In Mexico

Between 1944 and 1988 it was also edited and published in Mexico by exiled Spanish anarchists.

External links

Historical archive of the newspaper (1904-1939)

References

{{Reflist Defunct newspapers Anarchist periodicals