Thracia (bivalve)

''Thracia'' is a genus of bivalve mollusc in the family Thraciidae.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2012). Thracia. In: MolluscaBase (2016). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138549 on 2016-05-25

Authority

The name is dated by Sherborn from Sowerby's "Mineral conchology of Great Britain" (1823: vol. 5 p. 20) but therein it is only a mention of a manuscript name by Leach, without a description. It is made available, with a full generic description, in Blainville's article "Mollusques" of "Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles" vol. 32, p. 347.

Type species

The designation of the type species of ''Thracia'' is far from straightforward. The description by Blainville (1824) includes two species: his own ''T. corbuloidea'' and ''T. pubescens'' Leach. However, at that time ''T. corbuloidea'' was still a nomen nudum, and not available nomenclaturally. Also Leach did ''not'' publish the name ''pubescens'', which is however available from Pulteney, 1799.

Later, Blainville (1827, p. 660, in the corrections and additions to his "Manuel de Malacologie") stated that ''Thracia pubescens'' should be excluded. However, ICZN article 69.4. says that "Elimination of all but one of the originally included nominal species from a nominal genus or subgenus does not in itself constitute type fixation".

The first formal fixation for this genus was by Deshayes (1830) in the entry for ''Thracia'' of "Dictionnaire classique d'histoire naturelle" vol. 16, where he wrote, "C'est de cette manière que nous avons su que cette belle espèce 'Thracia pubescens''était devenue le type d'un nouveau genre du zoologiste anglais." However, Deshayes also describes ''Thracia pubescens'' as a new species, based on a specimen in the Brongniart collection with a manuscript label by Leach, which makes it separately available, homonymous and synonymous with ''Thracia pubescens'' Pulteney, also based on Leach's unpublished name.

Description

The ovate shell is oblong, transverse, with unequal valves. The beaks are strongly recurved, that of the right valve notched to receive that of the opposite side. The right valve is more convex and larger than the left. The hinge has upon each valve a horizontal and narrow nympheal callosity, which sometimes expands into a spoon-shaped projection, and contains an internal ligament, which is prolonged, and slightly issues outwardly into the corselet. The shell shows two muscular impressions, the anterior depressed, elongated, contracted towards its middle, and united to the posterior, which is rounded, by a pallial impression, strongly notched at its posterior part.Kiener (1840). General species and iconography of recent shells : comprising the Massena Museum, the collection of Lamarck, the collection of the Museum of Natural History, and the recent discoveries of travellers; Boston :W.D. Ticknor,1837
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The animal is oval, thick, enveloped in a very delicate mantle, diaphanous upon its sides, through which is distinctly seen the branchiae and the abdominal mass. The edges are swollen, lobed, and united in almost the whole of the circumference, so that they present only three openings. The first is found at the anterior and lower third of the median line. It forms a slit for the passage of the foot. The two others are seen at the posterior part, and give passage to two distinct tubes or tracheae, cylindrical, fleshy, approaching each other towards their origin. These two tracheae can be extended far out of the shell. The lower is larger and longer, and serves to supply the branchiae with water. The upper, which is nearer to the hinge, is shorter and straighter. It serves for excrement evacuations. At its upper and internal extremity, it has two small tubercles, formed like teats, and armed with small papillae, whose use is probably to prevent the entrance of small foreign bodies. This trachea has no communication with the lower. It is prolonged, moreover, into the interior of the cavity, where it is continued by a delicate, transparent valve, which extends even to the opening of the anus. These tracheae can be drawn into the portion of the mantle which surrounds them, the covering of which is loose, and gives this part the appearance of a vulva. It is surrounded by a tendinous, solid, and elastic ring. A similar apparatus exists for the passage of the foot.

The abdominal mass is voluminous, and is terminated by a small, oval foot, compressed, fringed in the form of a crest, and sub-anterior. The branchiae are voluminous, unequal upon the same side, and united in the whole of their length, at the upper surface. At the lower and internal surface corresponding to this part, they are divided into two, by a very distinct furrow. They are thick, long and wide, of a slightly oval form at the posterior part, and truncated obliquely at the anterior part: the lower is longer; the upper adheres at its middle part in the two anterior thirds near the union of this part with the lower; this connexion is indicated at the upper part by a slight ridge. The posterior third of the two branchiae is floating and free, and is continued as far as the entrance of the siphon. The lamellae are fine and very contiguous, undulated, and a little oblique from behind, forwards.

The mouth is small, transverse and oval. The lips are simple, and the two pairs of labial appendages are straight and elongated. The retracting muscle of the trachea of the right side has an oval form, and is continued upon the abdomen by becoming thin and uniting with the mantle. That of the left side is of an irregular, oval form, and adheres by its internal surface to a membranous, elastic fold which arises from the internal opening of the large trachea, enlarging as it continues, and terminates by a semicircle which exceeds by many lines the retractor muscle of that trachea. There, it joins the mantle. This apparatus is singular and thus remarkable. It is supposed that the animal, by contracting it, employs it to throw out the water in the cavity of the trachea with more force.

Species

* '' Thracia adenensis'' Melvill, 1898
* '' Thracia anchoralis'' Kilburn, 1975
* '' Thracia anconensis'' Olsson, 1961
* '' Thracia angasiana'' E. A. Smith, 1876
* '' Thracia arienatoma'' Oliver & Holmes, 2004
* '' Thracia bereniceae'' Coan, 1990
* '' Thracia capensis'' G. B. Sowerby III, 1890
* '' Thracia challisiana'' Dall, 1915
* '' Thracia concinna'' Reeve, 1859
* '' Thracia condoni'' Dall, 1909
* '' Thracia conradi'' Couthouy, 1839
* ''Thracia convexa'' (W. Wood, 1815)
* '' Thracia corbuloidea'' Blainville, 1824
* '' Thracia cuneolus'' Reeve, 1859
* '' Thracia curta'' Conrad, 1837
* '' Thracia devexa'' G. O. Sars, 1878
* '' Thracia distorta'' (Montagu, 1808)
* '' Thracia gracilis'' Jeffreys, 1865
* '' Thracia hainanensis'' Xu, 1989
* '' Thracia imperfecta'' (Lamarck, 1818)
* '' Thracia itoi'' Habe, 1961
* '' Thracia kakumana'' (Yokoyama, 1927)
* '' Thracia kowiensis'' Turton, 1932
* '' Thracia koyamai'' (Habe, 1981)
* '' Thracia lincolnensis'' Verco, 1907
* † '' Thracia magna'' P. Marshall & R. Murdoch, 1921
* '' Thracia meridionalis'' Smith, 1885
* '' Thracia modesta'' Angas, 1868
* '' Thracia morrisoni'' R. E. Petit, 1964
* '' Thracia myodoroides'' E. A. Smith, 1885
* '' Thracia myopsis'' Møller, 1842
* '' Thracia phaseolina'' ( Lamarck, 1822)
* '' Thracia pubescens'' (Pulteney, 1799)
* '' Thracia roumei'' Cosel, 1995
* '' Thracia salsettensis'' (Melvill, 1893)
* '' Thracia septentrionalis'' Jeffreys, 1872
* '' Thracia similis'' Couthouy, 1849
* '' Thracia speciosa'' Angas, 1869
* '' Thracia squamosa'' Carpenter, 1856
* '' Thracia stimpsoni'' Dall, 1886
* '' Thracia stutchburyi'' M. Huber, 2010
* '' Thracia trapezoides'' Conrad, 1849
* '' Thracia vegrandis'' Marshall and Murdoch, 1919
* '' Thracia villosiuscula'' (MacGillivray, 1827)
* '' Thracia vitrea'' (Hutton, 1873)

;Species brought into synonymy:

* ''Thracia adamsi'' MacGinitie, 1959: synonym of '' Lampeia adamsi'' (MacGinitie, 1959)
* ''Thracia alciope'' Angas, 1872: synonym of ''Thracia imperfecta'' (Lamarck, 1818)
* ''Thracia anatinoides'' Reeve, 1859: synonym of '' Thracidentula anatinoides'' (Reeve, 1859)
* ''Thracia antarctica'' Melvill & Standen, 1898: synonym of ''Laternula elliptica'' (King, 1832)
* ''Thracia australica'' (Reeve, 1859): synonym of '' Hunkydora australica'' (Reeve, 1859)
* ''Thracia beaniana'' Récluz, 1845: synonym of ''Thracia phaseolina'' (Lamarck, 1818)
* ''Thracia beringi'' Dall, 1915: synonym of ''Thracia myopsis'' Møller, 1842
* ''Thracia brazieri'' G. B. Sowerby III, 1884: synonym of ''Thracia modesta'' Angas, 1868
* ''Thracia brevirostra'' Brown, 1844: synonym of '' Cuspidaria cuspidata'' (Olivi, 1792)
* ''Thracia brevis'' Deshayes, 1846: synonym of ''Thracia distorta'' (Montagu, 1803)
* ''Thracia carnea'' Mörch, 1860: synonym of '' Macoma siliqua'' (C. B. Adams, 1852)
* ''Thracia casani'' Aradas & Calcara, 1843: synonym of ''Thracia distorta'' (Montagu, 1803)
* ''Thracia colpoic''a Dall, 1915: synonym of '' Skoglundia colpoica'' (Dall, 1915)
* ''Thracia concentrica'' Récluz, 1853: synonym of ''Thracia distorta'' (Montagu, 1803)
* ''Thracia concinna'' Gould, 1861: synonym of ''Thracia concinna'' Reeve, 1859
* ''Thracia corbuloides'' Deshayes, 1830: synonym of ''Thracia corbuloidea'' Blainville, 1827
* ''Thracia couthouyi'' Stimpson, 1851: synonym of ''Thracia myopsis'' Møller, 1842
* ''Thracia crassa'' Becher, 1886: synonym of ''Thracia septentrionalis'' Jeffreys, 1872
* ''Thracia dalli'' Mansfield, 1929: synonym of '' Cyathodonta rugosa'' (Lamarck, 1818)
* ''Thracia declivis'' (Pennant, 1777) sensu Conrad, 1832: synonym of ''Thracia conradi'' Couthouy, 1839
* ''Thracia diegensis'' Dall, 1915: synonym of '' Asthenothaerus diegensis'' (Dall, 1915)
* ''Thracia dissimilis'' Guppy, 1869: synonym of '' Cyathodonta rugosa'' (Lamarck, 1818)
* ''Thracia durouchouxi'' Dautzenberg & H. Fischer, 1897: synonym of ''Thracia villosiuscula'' (MacGillivray, 1827)
* ''Thracia elongata'' Philippi, 1844: synonym of ''Tellimya ferruginosa'' (Montagu, 1808)
* ''Thracia fabula'' Philippi, 1844: synonym of ''Thracia distorta'' (Montagu, 1803)
* ''Thracia granulosa'' Adams & Reeve, 1850: synonym of '' Cyathodonta granulosa'' (Adams & Reeve, 1850)
* ''Thracia granulosa'' Hutton, 1873: synonym of '' Parilimya neozelanica'' (Suter, 1914)
* ''Thracia hiatelloides'' Brusina, 1886: synonym of ''Thracia distorta'' (Montagu, 1803)
* ''Thracia inequale'' C. B. Adams, 1842: synonym of '' Periploma inequale'' (C. B. Adams, 1842)
* ''Thracia jacksonensis'' G. B. Sowerby III, 1883: synonym of ''Thracia modesta'' Angas, 1868
* ''Thracia jacksoniana'' Smith, 1876: synonym of ''Thracia angasiana'' E. A. Smith, 1876
* ''Thracia kamayasikensis'' Hatai, 1940: synonym of ''Thracia trapezoides'' Conrad, 1849
* ''Thracia kanakoffi'' Hertlein & Grant, 1972: synonym of ''Thracia trapezoides'' Conrad, 1849
* ''Thracia kurosawaensis'' Hayasaka, 1957: synonym of ''Thracia trapezoides'' Conrad, 1849
* ''Thracia magnifica'' Jonas, 1850: synonym of '' Cyathodonta rugosa'' (Lamarck, 1818)
* ''Thracia maravignae'' Aradas & Calcara, 1843: synonym of ''Thracia convexa'' (W. Wood, 1815)
* ''Thracia mitella'' Gregorio, 1884: synonym of ''Thracia phaseolina'' (Lamarck, 1818)
* ''Thracia neozelanica'' Suter, 1914: synonym of '' Parilimya neozelanica'' (Suter, 1914)
* ''Thracia nitida'' A. E. Verrill, 1884: synonym of ''Cetoconcha bulla'' (Dall, 1881)
* ''Thracia nomurai'' Yamamoto & Habe, 1959: synonym of '' Trigonothracia pusilla'' (Gould, 1861)
* ''Thracia novozelandica'' Reeve, 1859: synonym of '' Hunkydora novozelandica'' (Reeve, 1859)
* ''Thracia oblonga'' Reeve, 1859: synonym of ''Thracia imperfecta'' (Lamarck, 1818)
* ''Thracia ovalis'' Philippi, 1840: synonym of ''Thracia corbuloidea'' Blainville, 1827
* ''Thracia ovata'' Brown, 1844: synonym of ''Thracia villosiuscula'' (MacGillivray, 1827)
* ''Thracia papyracea'' (Poli, 1791): synonym of ''Thracia phaseolina'' (Lamarck, 1818)
* ''Thracia papyracia'': synonym of ''Thracia papyracea'' (Poli, 1791): synonym of ''Thracia phaseolina'' (Lamarck, 1818)
* ''Thracia pholadomyoides'' Forbes, 1844: synonym of ''Thracia corbuloides'' Deshayes, 1830: synonym of ''Thracia corbuloidea'' Blainville, 1827
* ''Thracia plicata'' Deshayes, 1832: synonym of '' Cyathodonta plicata'' (Deshayes, 1832)
* ''Thracia praetenuis'': synonym of '' Cochlodesma praetenue'' (Pulteney, 1799)
* ''Thracia pusilla'' Gould, 1861: synonym of '' Trigonothracia pusilla'' (Gould, 1861)
* ''Thracia quentinensis'' Dall, 1921: synonym of ''Thracia curta'' Conrad, 1837
* ''Thracia rectangularis'' Soot-Ryen, 1941: synonym of ''Thracia gracilis'' Jeffreys, 1865
* ''Thracia reinga'' Crozier, 1966: synonym of '' Tellimya reinga'' (Crozier, 1966)
* ''Thracia rudis'' Reeve, 1859: synonym of '' Pelopina rudis'' (Reeve, 1859)
* ''Thracia rugosa'' d'Orbigny, 1846: synonym of ''Thracia similis'' Couthouy, 1839
* ''Thracia rushii'' Pilsbry, 1897: synonym of '' Asthenothaerus rushii'' (Pilsbry, 1897)
* ''Thracia scheepmakeri'' Dunker, 1852: synonym of ''Thracia convexa'' (W. Wood, 1815)
* Thracia sematana Yokoyama, 1922: synonym of '' Parvithracia sematana'' (Yokoyama, 1922)
* ''Thracia seminuda'' Scarlato, 1981: synonym of ''Thracia septentrionalis'' Jeffreys, 1872
* ''Thracia semirugosa'' Reeve, 1859: synonym of '' Cyathodonta rugosa'' (Lamarck, 1818)
* ''Thracia tenera'' Jeffreys, 1880: synonym of '' Cochlodesma tenerum'' Fischer, 1882
* ''Thracia tetragona'' Jonas, 1839: synonym of '' Periploma margaritaceum'' (Lamarck, 1801)
* ''Thracia transenna'' Suter, 1913: synonym of '' Hunkydora novozelandica'' (Reeve, 1859)
* ''Thracia transmontana'' Yokoyama, 1922: synonym of '' Myadoropsis transmontana'' (Yokoyama, 1922)
* ''Thracia trigona'' Aradas, 1847: synonym of Thracia convexa (W. Wood, 1815)
* ''Thracia trigonalis'' Adams & Reeve, 1850: synonym of '' Leptomya trigonalis'' (Adams & Reeve, 1850)
* ''Thracia truncata'' Mighels & C. B. Adams, 1842: synonym of ''Thracia septentrionalis'' Jeffreys, 1872
* ''Thracia turtoniana'' Récluz, 1845: synonym of ''Thracia distorta'' (Montagu, 1803)
* ''Thracia ventricosa'' Philippi, 1844: synonym of ''Thracia convexa'' (W. Wood, 1815)
* ''Thracia watsoni'' E. A. Smith, 1885: synonym of '' Phragmorisma watsoni'' (E. A. Smith, 1885)

References

* Spencer, H.G., Marshall, B.A. & Willan, R.C. (2009). Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. Pp 196-219. in: Gordon, D.P. (ed.) New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume one. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch.
* Coan, E. V.; Valentich-Scott, P. (2012). ''Bivalve seashells of tropical West America''. Marine bivalve mollusks from Baja California to northern Peru. 2 vols, 1258 pp.

External links

Blainville, H. M. D. de. (1824). Mollusques, Mollusca (Malacoz.), pp. 1-392. In: Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles (F. Cuvier, ed.), vol. 32. Levrault, Strasbourg et Paris, & Le Normant, Paris.

Fleuriau (de) Bellevue [L.B.
1802. Extrait d'un mémoire sur quelques nouveaux genres de mollusques et vers lithophages, et sur les facultés qu'ont ces animaux de percer les rochers; lu à l'Institut National, le 6 Ventose an 19. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Société Philomathique, Paris, 3(62): 105-109.]

Costa O. G. (1830 ("1829")) Catalogo sistematico e ragionato de' testacei delle Due Sicilie. Tipografia della Minerva, Napoli. pp. 1-8, i-cxxxii, pl. 1-3.

Leach, W. E. (1852). Molluscorum Britanniae Synopsis. A synopsis of the Mollusca of Great Britain arranged according to their natural affinities and anatomical structure. Van Voorst, London, viii + 376 pp. (edited posthumously by J. E. Gray)

Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca. in: Costello, M.J. et al. (eds), European Register of Marine Species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Patrimoines Naturels. 50: 180-213

{{Authority control

Thraciidae
Taxa named by Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville
Bivalve genera