Thomas Fleet (1685–1758) was an English printer who came to the British colonies in America and established himself as a
printer and publisher in
Boston
Boston (), officially the City of Boston, is the state capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the United States. It is the 24th- mo ...
. His decision to come to the colonies was prompted by people seeking retribution for what was considered his public display of disrespect for a popular member of the English clergy. Fleet produced works for various booksellers, printed pamphlets, ballads, children's stories and later established the ''
Boston Evening Post
The ''Boston Evening-Post'' (August 18, 1735 – April 24, 1775) was a newspaper printed in Boston, Massachusetts, in the 18th century. Publishers included Thomas Fleet (d.1758), Thomas Fleet Jr. (d.1797), and John Fleet (d.1806).Thomas, 1874 ...
''. In his earlier years fleet compiled his own version of ''
Mother Goose'' from stories told by his mother-in-law, Elizabeth Vergoose, to his children. When he published various controversial accounts about the colonial government and the clergy he was admonished, threatened with prosecution and subsequently became one of the first American printers to challenge royal authority and defend the idea of Freedom of the Press. Through his newspaper Fleet played an active role in the
Christian revival
Christian revivalism is increased spiritual interest or renewal in the life of a church congregation or society, with a local, national or global effect. This should be distinguished from the use of the term "revival" to refer to an evangelis ...
ist controversy that occurred in the colonies during the early eighteenth century.
Early life and family
Thomas Fleet was born on September 8, 1685, in Tilstock, a chapelry in the parish of Whitchurch, of
Shropshire
Shropshire (; alternatively Salop; abbreviated in print only as Shrops; demonym Salopian ) is a landlocked historic county in the West Midlands region of England. It is bordered by Wales to the west and the English counties of Cheshire to th ...
in England, the son of Thomas and Isabella Fleet. He learned the printing business in
Bristol
Bristol () is a city, ceremonial county and unitary authority in England. Situated on the River Avon, it is bordered by the ceremonial counties of Gloucestershire to the north and Somerset to the south. Bristol is the most populous city in ...
, England where he served as an apprentice and later worked as a journeyman.
[ Stephens & Fay, 1869, p. xiii]
Fleet's decision to emigrate to the American colonies came about under unusual circumstances. While he was working in Bristol one day "the notorious"
Henry Sacheverell, an English high church Anglican clergyman, was passing through on his way to his new home in Salatin. The townspeople gathered along the route, waving flags and cheering him on for preaching his controversial sermons against the established Congregationalists of England, which he also had printed. The House of Commons had ruled that their publication amounted to malicious and seditious libels. As the procession passed by the building where Fleet was working he accordingly concocted his own flag, hurriedly made from a halter-top fixed to a pole, and began waving it from a window. The crowd considered this a sign of contempt and disrespect and began throwing stones and other objects at the window where Fleet was standing, and then proceeded to storm the house in pursuit of Fleet. Fleet made his way to the roof of the building and made his escape running and hopping to other rooftops of the adjacent buildings, then disappeared down a quiet street and soon fled to London. After remaining there for a time he returned to Bristol with the hopes that his unintended offense had been forgotten about, but to no avail. Realizing he was no longer safe working at his former job and in his community he subsequently thought it was wise to distance himself from England altogether and made his way to Boston in the American colonies.
[ Stephens & Fay, 1869, pp. xiii-xiv][ Ringwalt, 1871, p. 32]
Fleet arrived at
Boston
Boston (), officially the City of Boston, is the state capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the United States. It is the 24th- mo ...
in 1712, and soon established his printing shop with T. Crump, on Pudding Lane, which later was renamed Devonshire Street. According to historian
Isaiah Thomas, Fleet and Crump printed several books together but never formed an actual partnership.
[ White, 1924, pp. 481-482]
Fleet married Elizabeth Goose on June 8, 1715, the daughter of a wealthy man, Isaac Vergoose, and his wife, Elizabeth, living in Boston.[ Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography, Vol. II, p. 479] Their wedding was conducted by the celebrated Cotton Mather
Cotton Mather (; February 12, 1663 – February 13, 1728) was a New England Puritan clergyman and a prolific writer. Educated at Harvard College, in 1685 he joined his father Increase as minister of the Congregationalist Old North Meeting H ...
.[ Their marriage brought four sons and three daughters. The first two siblings died young. Fleet's sons, Thomas Jr. and John, both born in Boston, went on to be printers who eventually took over their father's newspaper.][ Stephens & Fay, 1869, p. xviii][ Thomas, 1874, Vol. I, p. 144]
Printing career
Fleet began his printing trade by producing works for booksellers, and also pamphlets, ballads and similar material for his own business purposes.[ White, The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, Vol. XX, p. 481] Also a writer of children's fables, Fleet achieved an unusual place in American literary history in 1719 when he authored an American version of '' Mother Goose'', entitled ''Songs for the Nursery; or, Mother Goose's Melodies''. He obtained many of the rhymes and ditties listening to the constant recitals of nursery rhymes to his children, from his mother-in-law, named Elizabeth Vergoose, or Goose.[ The Oxford Reference] Fleet's collection of ''Mother Goose's Melodies'' proved to be a popular work and sold very well.[ Wilson & Fiske, 1900, p. 479]
Beginning in 1729 Fleet was the official printer for the Massachusetts House of Representatives
The Massachusetts House of Representatives is the lower house of the Massachusetts General Court, the state legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. It is composed of 160 members elected from 14 counties each divided into single-member ...
, performing in this capacity until 1731 when he removed from Pudding Lane to a house in Cornhill, which he eventually purchased in 1744. It was a spacious structure which afforded him a residence, printing shop and a store front, with a sign displaying his trade mark of the "Heart and Crown." Here he conducted evening auctions of books along with household goods and other wares.[ Malone & Allen, 1930, p. 457]
Fleet was introduced to the newspaper publishing business when he was the printer for a weekly newspaper in Boston called ''The Weekly Rehearsal'', owned and edited by Jeremy Gridley
Jeremiah Gridley or Jeremy Gridley (1702–1767) was a lawyer, editor, colonial legislator, and attorney general in Boston, Massachusetts, in the 18th century. He served as "Grand Master of the Masons in North America" around the 1760s, and w ...
, a young lawyer in Boston. The first issue was printed on September 27, 1731, with an inscription which read "Boston: Printed by J. Draper, for the Author". It accepted advertisements and featured essays of a moral and philosophical nature.[ White, 1924, National Cyclopaedia ... Vol. XX, p. 482] Upon commencement of his newly acquired newspaper Fleet published a declaration stating that he belonged to no political party, and that he would lend his newspaper to . . .
::
On August 21, 1732, Fleet assumed all the responsibility for the printing and management of the newspaper. By April 2, 1733, he became the sole proprietor of the newspaper and changed its name to the ''Boston Evening-Post
The ''Boston Evening-Post'' (August 18, 1735 – April 24, 1775) was a newspaper printed in Boston, Massachusetts, in the 18th century. Publishers included Thomas Fleet (d.1758), Thomas Fleet Jr. (d.1797), and John Fleet (d.1806).Thomas, 1874 ...
'', which was "printed ... at the Heart & Crown in Cornhill". Fleet managed ''The Post'' with energy, and it became a popular newspaper, with much attention given to local news, where Fleet would sometimes append critical or satirical comments.[ Malone & Allen, 1930, pp. 457-458] After his death its publication was continued to 1775 by Fleet's son and grandson, who changed the "obnoxious crown" on the sign to a Bible.[ They continued publication up until five days after the ]Battles of Lexington and Concord
The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War. The battles were fought on April 19, 1775, in Middlesex County, Province of Massachusetts Bay, within the towns of Lexington, Concord ...
during the American Revolutionary War
The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a major war of the American Revolution. Widely considered as the war that secured the independence of t ...
. Publication ended due to the accusations the Fleet brothers, as journalists, received from revolutionary proponents over the neutral position they took concerning the revolution.[ Hudson, 1873, pp. 80-81]
Attesting to his imprimatur, Fleet printed and published many works for notable people like Cotton Mather
Cotton Mather (; February 12, 1663 – February 13, 1728) was a New England Puritan clergyman and a prolific writer. Educated at Harvard College, in 1685 he joined his father Increase as minister of the Congregationalist Old North Meeting H ...
, while he also printed tracts relating to the George Whitefield
George Whitefield (; 30 September 1770), also known as George Whitfield, was an Anglican cleric and evangelist who was one of the founders of Methodism and the evangelical movement.
Born in Gloucester, he matriculated at Pembroke College at th ...
controversy. Other works included, ''The Soveraignty and Goodness of God...''(1720); ''The Redeemed Captive'', by John Williams (1720); ''The History of the Wars of New- England with the Eastern Indians'', by Samuel Penhallow (1726); ''The New England Primer Enlarged'', (1737–38); ''A Brief Narrative of the Case and Tryal of John Peter Zenger'', (1738); ''Cato'' by Joseph Addison (1750); and ''The Day of Doom'', (1751), by Michael Wigglesworth.[
In the 1730s there were few persons in Boston who could "cut" on wood or type metal. As the printer of the ''Boston Evening Post'', he became the rival of Zechariah Fowle in the printing of ballads. Fleet had a negro slave named Peter Fleet. Thomas illustrated his ballads using the cuts made by Peter. Fleet had tried his hand at crafting his own cuts, and once was compelled to using those used by Fowle, but they did not compare in quality with those that were crafted by Peter. He also taught Peter to work the press and to set type. Some of the children's books Fleet printed included decorative images made from the wood engravings cut for them by Peter. While working for Fleet, Peter had two sons, Crcsar and Pompey, who were born in Fleet's house, and who also became printers.][
On 9 March 1741, Fleet was summoned to appear before the Council Chamber in Boston to account for printing what was considered "a scandalous and libelous Reflection upon his Majesty's Administration" but nothing became of the matter on the grounds that his account was truthful. Fleet also had his indifferences with the clergy when he published a sermon made by ]John Wesley
John Wesley (; 2 March 1791) was an English people, English cleric, Christian theology, theologian, and Evangelism, evangelist who was a leader of a Christian revival, revival movement within the Church of England known as Methodism. The soci ...
on Free Grace. For this he was denounced from the pulpit by the Reverend John Morehead, who publicly derided Fleet and the liberty taken with his printing-press. Fleet in his own defense was effective in his "good-natured" reply to the charges made against him and in his defense of the liberty of the Press.[
]
Revivalist controversy
In 1743 a religious newspaper called ''The Christian History'' made its first appearance at Boston. The editors were Thomas Prince, a Boston clergyman, together with his two sons. It was printed by Samuel Kneeland and was published weekly on Saturday. ''The Christian History'', played an important role in the Great Awakening
Great Awakening refers to a number of periods of religious revival in American Christian history. Historians and theologians identify three, or sometimes four, waves of increased religious enthusiasm between the early 18th century and the late ...
by reporting on the religious revivals that were sweeping Europe and the American colonies in the early eighteenth century. Prince's primary critic was Thomas Fleet who emerged on the scene as Prince's nemesis during the public debates over religious revivalism. Fleet's inclination to publicly criticize Prince was prompted by more than one reason. Fleet was an Anglican
Anglicanism is a Western Christian tradition that has developed from the practices, liturgy, and identity of the Church of England following the English Reformation, in the context of the Protestant Reformation in Europe. It is one of th ...
, traditionally indifferent to the Congregationalists
Congregational churches (also Congregationalist churches or Congregationalism) are Protestant churches in the Calvinist tradition practising congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its ...
, and subsequently he was considered an outsider by the Congregationalist establishment. Also, Fleet was relatively new to the newspaper business, which at the time was dominated by two of Fleet's major newspaper competitors in Boston: Samuel Kneeland and Timothy Green, both senior members of Prince's parish and publishers of the rival newspaper, ''The Boston Gazette
The ''Boston Gazette'' (1719–1798) was a newspaper published in Boston, in the British North American colonies. It was a weekly newspaper established by William Brooker, who was just appointed Postmaster of Boston, with its first issue release ...
''.[ Gloege, 2013, p. 138]
Fleet considered Prince's ''Christian History'' as a highly partisan newspaper. Through his newspaper, the ''Boston Evening Post'', in the March 7, 1743, issue, Fleet published, what would be become his opening remarks in a series of articles criticizing Prince's newspaper, claiming that it was a "Party Paper . . . design'd only for the Use of special Friends, it being with great Difficulty that we could obtain one . . . ". On April 4, Fleet also published correspondence which challenged Prince's premise in explaining the recent religious revival.[ He also criticized ''The Christian History'' for remaining silent on some questionable financial affairs pertaining to ]George Whitefield
George Whitefield (; 30 September 1770), also known as George Whitfield, was an Anglican cleric and evangelist who was one of the founders of Methodism and the evangelical movement.
Born in Gloucester, he matriculated at Pembroke College at th ...
, another strong voice in the revivalist movement who openly criticized the "Anglican degeneracy".[ Gloege, 2013, p. 140] ''The Boston Gazette'' responded by accusing Fleet for using selective quotes they claimed were misleading to his readers. Fleet in turn responded with a "frontal attack" on Prince's ''Christian History''.[ The controversy between the two newspapers, along with other colonial newspapers, served to bring more attention to the revivalist issues and Prince finally achieved his goal of creating a Great Awakening in the colonies, although he did not live long enough to see it fully realized.
]
Final years and legacy
Thomas Fleet died after a long illness on 21 July 1758 in Boston at the age of 73 and is buried in the historic Granary Burying Ground
The Granary Burying Ground in Massachusetts is the city of Boston's third-oldest cemetery, founded in 1660 and located on Tremont Street. It is the final resting place for many notable Revolutionary War-era patriots, including Paul Revere, the ...
in Boston. In January of the following year Fleet's estate was appraised at £959 and presented at the Probate Office. Fleet's wife, Elizabeth, died in 1775 at the age of 81, surviving her husband by seventeen years.[
On the death of Fleet the ''Evening Post'' was carried on by his sons Thomas and John, and they continued to publish it until 1775.][ From
1779 until 1801 his sons published ''Fleet's Annual Register'' and later printed the first edition of
Thomas Hutchinson's ''History of Massachusetts''.][
Fleet has been credited for printing more than 250 books, pamphlets and tracts, aside from his newspapers, between 1713 and 1758.][ Malone & Allen, 1930, p. 458]
See also
* List of early American publishers and printers
* History of American newspapers
The history of American newspapers begins in the early 18th century with the publication of the first Thirteen Colonies, colonial newspapers. American newspapers began as modest affairs—a sideline for printers. They became a political force ...
* History of printing
The history of printing starts as early as 3000 BCE, when the proto-Elamite and Sumerian civilizations used cylinder seals to certify documents written in clay tablets . Other early forms include block seals, hammered coinage, pottery imprints, a ...
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
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External links
Thomas Fleet at Find a Grave
Hathitrust
Journals at JSTOR for Thomas Fleet
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fleet, Thomas
1685 births
1758 deaths
Printers from the Thirteen Colonies
Businesspeople from Boston
Newspapers published in Boston