Thomas Cooper (brewer)

Coopers Brewery Limited, the largest Australian-owned brewery, is based in the Adelaide suburb of Regency Park. Coopers is known for making a variety of beers, the most famous of which are its Pale Ale and Sparkling Ale. In the twelve months to 30 June 2020 total beer sales, excluding non-alcoholic beverages, rose to 79.8 million litres, an increase of 3.9% from the previous year. It is also the world's largest producer of homebrewing beer concentrate in cans. Cooper's also manufactures DIY kits, reusable plastic bottles and boxed brew enhancers. Its shares are primarily owned by the extended Cooper family, and the company's constitution and classes of shares makes it difficult to sell shares outside the family.

History

1862 - Norwood

The brewery was established by Thomas Cooper in 1862 at his home in the Adelaide suburb of Norwood. He brewed his first recorded batch on 13 May 1862.

1881 - Leabrook

In 1881 the brewery relocated to larger, commercial facilities at Leabrook.

1897 - Partnership

Thomas died in 1897. In his will, after bequests to his wife, daughters and youngest sons, he left all his property to his four eldest surviving sons, John, Christopher, Samuel and Stanley, under instructions to "carry on my business as Brewers under the form of 'Thomas Cooper & Sons' as partners".

1923 - Incorporation

Each time one of the partners retired or died, a new partnership agreement needed to be drawn up. This became unwieldy, so in 1923, the partners decided to incorporate with limited liability. An agreement was drawn up where the capital of the company was declared as £39,000, and 39,000 £1 shares were distributed. 15,953 of the shares were designated as class "A", and 15,953 as class "B". Directors were to be appointed equally by holders of "A" and "B" shares.Painter (1998), p. 65

Changes of the 1960s

The company went through the doldrums during the recession of the late 1880s, a boom time in the 1920s, the doldrums during the Great Depression, and mixed fortunes through World War II and the 1950s. By the 1960s, the brewery was still producing much the same products as in the 1880s, but the brewing environment, and consumer demand, had changed.

1962 - SA Brewing share swap

There had been much consolidation of breweries in South Australia since Coopers was established, and the South Australian Brewing Company and Coopers & Sons were the only breweries remaining in Adelaide. As both were attractive takeover targets, in 1962 (after 100 years of Cooper family sole ownership), the two companies decided to do a mutually beneficial share swap in order to reduce the risk of takeover. The traditional South Australian market leader had been the South Australian Brewing Company. The share swap gave SA Brewing a 25% interest in Coopers ("C" and "D" class shares), and Coopers received 291,404 SA Brewing shares (2.65%). The Coopers board of directors was increased from four to five, with SA Brewing's "D" shares having the right to elect the fifth director.Painter (1998), p. 106 After consulting the SA Brewing board and receiving their support, Coopers sold their SA Brewing shares in 1984, (at a substantial profit). SA Brewing continued to hold their 25% interest in Coopers.Painter (1998), p. 128

1968 - Gold Crown Lager

In the early 1960s, demand for Coopers Ales was flat, had been for years in the past, and looked like it would be for years into the future. The company strongly considered adding a Lager to their range. The older members of the board were highly resistant to such change, and, as this would be in competition with SA Brewing, the new board member was also resistant. It was not until 1967 that the board voted to go ahead with the new plant, with the SA Brewing representative not voting. After 105 years of only brewing ale and stout, "Gold Crown", Coopers first Lager, was available for sale in 1968.

1970 - Profitability

In 1970, the retail price of a bottle of Coopers ale was 41 cents:
*11.82 cents (28.8%) was brewery costs
*19.55 cents (47.7%) was excise and taxes
*8.75 cents (21.34%) went to the retailer
*0.88 cents (2.16%) was the brewery profit.

1987 - 125th anniversary

To celebrate the 125th anniversary, the board commissioned Adelaide historian Alison Painter,Alison Painter
Professional Historians Association (SA) (wife of John Painter, an engineer employed by Coopers in 1968 to oversee the upgrading of the brewery plant and the reduction in plant maintenance costs), to write "Jolly Good Ale and Old : The history of the Coopers Brewery 1862–1987".

1993-1995 Lion Nathan takeover of SA Brewing and Coopers' reclamation of family ownership

SA Brewing Holdings subsequently diversified into manufacturing and wine, and then refocused to form Southcorp, Southcorp Wines, and SA Brewing. SA Brewing was acquired by trans-Tasman Lion Nathan in 1993. After two years of negotiations, in 1995 family members purchased all of the "D" class shares (with their right to elect a director), and some of the "C" class shares, and Coopers Brewery Ltd purchased the remainder of the "C" class shares.Painter (1998), p. 156

Thus, SA Brewing had a seat on the Cooper's board of Directors from 1962 to 1995, but in 1995 the Cooper family once again became sole owners of the company.Alison Painter (1987) ''Jolly Good Ale and Old : The History of Coopers Brewery 1862–1987'', published to commemorate 125 years of brewing by the Cooper family in South Australia.
Alison Painter (1998) ''Jolly Good Ale and Old : The History of Coopers Brewery 1862–1998''
A further updated third edition is due to be published "soon" - 13 May 2012 is the 150th anniversary of Thomas's first recorded brew.

2001 - Regency Park

In 2001, the brewery relocated to much larger premises at Regency Park.

Since 2003, the Regency Park brewery has used a gas turbine based cogeneration plant to supply steam and electric power requirements. Fired with natural gas with a thermal efficiency of 80%, the $6.2 million plant produces power with a 90% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions compared to a separate electricity generation and steam production plant. The plant is operated by AGL Energy and is rated at 4.4 MW. Generation above the brewery's electrical load of 1.2 MW is fed back into the grid.

2005 - Lion Nathan takeover bid

In late 2005, Lion Nathan made an unsolicited takeover bid for Coopers, which was strongly opposed by the board and by the Cooper family. It was ultimately rejected at an Extraordinary General Meeting when the holders of 93.4% of the shares voted in favour of permanently removing the 3rd tier purchasing rights of Lion Nathan, effectively preventing any current or future takeover bid.Verity Edwards (2005
Woman controls brewery's destiny
''The Australian'', 1 October 2005 (Copy available a
homebrewandbeer.com

Prince Alfred College held 70,000 shares (5%) in Coopers Brewery, which had been received in a bequest. At the time of the unsolicited takeover bid by Lion Nathan, these shares were valued at between $18 million and $22 million and considered to be a possible blocking stake.

Liquidity of shares

Due to various restrictions imposed by the company's constitution, the selling of Coopers' shares is a tedious and complicated exercise. The constitution restricts and defines who can buy shares. Shares may not be owned by competitors, there are "Tiers" of rights to buy shares, and the constitution also imposes other terms and conditions. A further complication is that although all shares have the same voting rights on the floor of a general meeting, the four classes of shares have different rights to nominate directors.

The process of selling involves several steps:
* A seller declares to the board that they wish to sell x shares of class y
* The first tier rights of purchase are to existing shareholders. If there are no first tier buyers,
* The second tier rights of purchase are to the Coopers employees superannuation fund.
* From 1962 to 1995, the third tier rights of purchase were to SA Brewing.
* From 1995 to 2005, the third tier rights of purchase were to Lion Nathan.
* (At an Extraordinary General Meeting in 2005, the third tier rights were removed from the constitution.)
* The price of the shares is determined by an independent valuation. (i.e. NOT by negotiation between seller and buyer.)

A significant issue of the takeover bid was that the offer was five times the last price determined by an independent valuation.

As a result of the Lion Nathan saga, the company has improved the liquidity of shares by offering regular buy-backs.

Prior to the takeover offer, there were 117 shareholders of 1,353,358 shares.

By the end of 2010, the number of shares on issue had reduced by about 20% to 1.15 million, held by 129 shareholders.

2011 - Largest Australian-owned brewery

With Lion Nathan wholly owned by Kirin Brewing Company since 2009, and Fosters owned by SABMiller since 2011, Coopers is the only wholly Australian-owned major brewery.pdf

2012 - 150th anniversary

Coopers released a limited-edition "Celebration Ale" to celebrate the 150th anniversary, as well as celebratory labels on their other beers.

2017 - Bible Society / same-sex marriage issue

On 9 March 2017 Coopers Brewery launched a limited edition premium beer (in both can and carton) to commemorate the bicentenary of the Bible Society. Public outcry arose over the use of the Coopers Brewery branded beer in a video of the Bible Society debate over the issue of same-sex marriage. Coopers Brewery issued two statements on 12 March 2017 in response to the backlash and also posted a tweet saying they were not trying to push a religious message. Various venues in Melbourne and Sydney subsequently announced they would no longer be stocking Coopers beers. On 14 March Coopers issued a further statement and accompanying video declaring they were cancelling the release of the Bible Society commemorative cans and joining Australian Marriage Equality. On 15 March the Bible Society replaced the original video of the debate between Federal MPs Tim Wilson and Andrew Hastie with a four-second clip advising "We have decided to remove this video. Thank you for your understanding."

Beers

Coopers beers are widely available on tap in South Australia, Victoria and New South Wales, and in some bars in the rest of Australia as speciality beers. They are widely available in bottles and (to a lesser extent) cans around Australia and New Zealand, and occasionally at specialist importers in other countries. The distribution of the beers outside of South Australia has been largely promoted since 2003 by the subsidiary Premium Beverages Pty Ltd.

Coopers bottled beers are characterised by their secondary fermentation technique - some yeast remains in the bottle after bottling - thus the bottled beer contains some sediment. There are three schools of thought with regard to the sediment - some drinkers like to mix the sediment throughout the beer by tipping or rolling the beer before drinking, while others prefer to decant the beer into a glass leaving (most of) the sediment at the base of the bottle. Coopers have made such choice a strong element in their marketing strategy. Some find that mixing the sediment results in a shaken beer and prefer not to mix the sediment at all, simply opening the bottle and drinking. The action of drinking from the bottle serves to distribute the sediment anyway without shaking one's beer up.

Coopers also produce a large range of homebrew kits. Among these are, English Bitter, Dark Ale, Real Ale and Lager, as well as several others. Coopers homebrew kits provide the starting place for many new homebrewers across the world and are a highly successful brand.

The company also produces a range of malt extracts and concentrate for homebrewers.

Pale Ale

In the twenty-first century Pale Ale is Coopers' most heavily marketed, most recognised, and most successful beer. Although it has only been produced under this name since 1989, it did have a number of similar predecessors from which it can claim a pedigree, with names including "Light Brew Sparkling Ale" (brewed in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century before being discontinued due to poor sales), and "Light Dinner Ale" (brewed from the 1960s with some changes to the recipe). The beer occupies a unique place in the local market - it is seen as being somewhere between a 'craft beer' and the traditional mass-produced lagers.

Distribution

Coopers distributes Carlsberg, Kronenbourg, Mythos, and Sapporo in Australia.

The Cooper Family

To date, six generations of the family have been involved in the brewery.Coopers now operating for six generations
''Australian Brews News'', 17 November 2009 In addition to those who served as Partners and/or Directors, many other family members have worked in the brewery.

Thomas married twice, leading to two branches of the family, known as the "A side" and "B side" of the family. This has led to the company having multiple classes of shares with different voting rights.Painter (1998), inside front cover

Thomas Cooper

Thomas Cooper (17 December 1826 – 30 December 1897) was born in Carleton, North Yorkshire, the youngest of 12 children of Christopher and Sarah (née Booth). His parents died when he was young (Sarah in 1830 and Christopher in 1832), and he was raised by his sister Ann. Thomas was apprenticed to a shoe-maker, and by the late 1840s, six of the seven living children had moved to Skipton. John, a shuttlemaker, lived in Bradford; Jane and Mary married; Ann was a housekeeper; Elizabeth and Martha were domestic servants.

In 1849 he married Ann Laycock Brown (1827–1872) in the Wesleyan Chapel in Skipton. Their first child, William (1850–1882), was born in 1850, and Sarah Ann (1851–1852) in 1851. In 1852, Thomas, the pregnant Ann, and their two children emigrated to South Australia, setting sail from Plymouth on the SS ''Omega'' on 29 May 1852. During the 86-day voyage, Sarah Ann was one of the six children who died, but their third child was born as they rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and was named Sarah Ann (1852–1854) in memory of her sister. The family arrived in Port Adelaide on 24 August 1852. Their first home was a rented two-room cottage near the Rising Sun Inn on Bridge Sreett in the then village of Kensington, about three miles east of the city. In the ten years before he commenced brewing in Norwood, Thomas worked initially as a shoemaker, then as a mason, and then as a dairyman, while Ann bore four more children: Mary Ann (1855–1856); John Thomas (1857–1935); Christopher (1859–1910); and Annie Elizabeth (1861–1921). In 1856 he purchased land in George Street, Norwood, and using his new skills as a mason, built a house which he described to his brother as having "6 rooms & Cellar & Passage" and 12 ft ceilings "on acct of Sumr heat".Letter from Thomas Cooper to his brother John, written in 1857. In the same letter, and many others, he urged his brother and family to join him in South Australia, but this never eventuated.

On 13 May 1862, Thomas brewed his first recorded batch. He did all the work himself (purchasing, calling for orders, brewing, washing, filling, corking and wiring the bottles, delivering the finished product), possibly with the help of then 12-year-old son William, while continuing to attend the cows, run the dairy, and do the daily milk deliveries. Being unlicensed, in early June he sought "professional advice on the sale of beer" from a solicitor, which his ledger records as having cost 7s 6d. Towards the end of 1862 Thomas realised that to make a living as a brewer, he would need to increase his brewing capacity, so he mortgaged his property to Frederick Scarfe, the Mayor of Norwood, a butcher, and a customer of Thomas's ale, for £300, and built a new brewhouse. In January 1863 he sold his cows and the milk delivery run. Although with half-a-dozen breweries in Adelaide, there was a lot of competition, Thomas's ale was unique in that he used no sugar, "consequently, ours being pure, the Doctors recommend it to their patients".Letter from Thomas Cooper to his brother John, written in 1864. Although one of the smaller South Australian brewers, Thomas gained a reputation for quality. By 1867 he had over 120 customers, some quite notable (e.g. Samuel Davenport, John Barton Hack, George Hawker, Dr Penfold and the Lord Bishop of Adelaide, but he did not supply public houses, "apparently because it was against his principles".

Ann bore four more children before dying suddenly in 1872: Joseph Brown (1863–1888); Jane Amelia (1865–1943); Margaret Alice (1868–1869) and Samuel (1871–1921). She was survived by all five of her sons, and two of her six daughters.

Thomas remarried in 1874, and Sarah Louisa Perry bore eight children: Stanley Reasey (1875–1938); Thomas Perry (1876–1876); Francis Scowby (1877–1878) Frederic (1878–1952); Edward Booth (1880–1881); Charles Edward (1881–1936); Lily Louise (1881–1893); and Walter Astley (1882–1909).

When he died in 1897, Thomas was survived by his wife, and nine of his nineteen children - seven of his sons, and two of his daughters.

Tim Cooper

Dr Tim Cooper AM MBBS MD MSc MBA MRCP(UK), the brewery's Managing Director and Chief Brewer, is a fifth generation family member from the "B" side of the family. Tim entered the family business in 1990 after training as a medical doctor and surgeon. At the University of Adelaide, he was reprimanded by the Vice-Chancellor for his role in rigging the vote that secured the election of Nick Xenophon as editor of On Dit in 1976. He gained qualifications in medicine (MBBS, Adelaide), (MD, Bristol)), before acquiring qualifications in brewing science (MSc, Birmingham) and business administration (MBA, Adelaide). Tim was responsible for, and was the driving force behind, the design and construction of the new brewery development at Regency Park. In 2004 the company introduced the (world's?) first naturally conditioned beer in an aluminum can, Dr Tim's Traditional Ale, which was named after him.

Glenn Cooper

Glenn Cooper AM, is chairman of the company and a fifth-generation family member from the "A" side of the family. He is a third half-cousin of Tim. Glenn entered the business in 1990, having previously worked in IT and marketing roles for both Anderson Digital Equipment and his own Adelaide-based business. Glenn is credited with the highly successful marketing campaign which has increased the market share of Cooper's beers from well below, to well above, that of historical South Australian market leader "West End".

Company structure

Cooper & Sons - 1862-1897

Thomas started recording his brews in 1862, and by the late 1860s he was employing one man, and his teenage son William. After initial success and expansion, in the late 1860s Thomas had many problems with the quality of the brews, and the business did not fare well for the next decade. In 1870 he sold all his property to meet his debts, and moved to rented premises in High Street, Kensington. By 1877, Thomas had resolved many of the quality problems, and in 1878 sales were back up to the level of the good years of the 1860s. In 1878, second son John went to work in the brewery full-time.

Although Thomas continued to refuse to sell to public houses, and the licensing laws required his minimum sale to be five gallons, his customer base continued to expand, and on 23 July 1881, the first ale was brewed at the much larger newly purchased and built premises in Statenborough Street, Leabrook. Although eldest son William died in 1882 (aged 32), by this time second and third sons Thomas and Christopher were working in the brewery, and fourth son Joseph joined them when he finished his schooling. Under John's influence and monitoring, there was greater uniformity of the materials used, and the quality of the products steadily improved. In 1882, production increased to 30,000 gallons, and in the mid-1880s, 48,000 gallons, with the brewery employing seven men. The South Australian economic depression of the 1880s and 1890s suppressed demand, and for the next 10 years, production was level at around 30,000 gallons per year. Thomas retired from general work in the early 1890s, with John running the business with Christopher. Joseph died in 1888 (aged 25). Fifth son Samuel and sixth son Stanley (the eldest of second wife Sarah's children) came to the brewery when they finished school, as did William's son, Will, and younger sons Frederic, Charles and Walter.

Thos Cooper & Sons - Partnership - 1897-1923

Thomas died on 30 December 1897. After bequests to his wife, daughters and youngest sons, his will left all of his property to his four eldest surviving sons, (John, Christopher, Samuel and Stanley), under instructions to "carry on my business as Brewers under the form of 'Thos Cooper & Sons' as partners". Younger sons Frederic, (who spent all of his working life at the brewery), and Charles, (who worked at the brewery for many years), received no interest in the business. Nor did grandson Will, who also worked at the brewery. Youngest son Walter was bequeathed an interest in the business when he reached age 25, but died of malaria aged 26.

Cooper & Sons Ltd - 1923-1988

Each time one of the partners retired or died, a new partnership agreement needed to be drawn up. This became unwieldy, so in 1923, the partners decided to incorporate with limited liability. An agreement was drawn up where the capital of the company was declared as £39,000, and the 39,000 £1 shares were distributed:

Directors were to be appointed equally by holders of "A" and "B" shares.

In 1962, when the two remaining Adelaide brewers were fearing takeover, SA Brewing and Coopers did a share swap. This gave SA Brewing a 25% interest in Coopers ("C" and "D" class shares) and Coopers received 291,404 SA Brewing shares (2.65%). The Coopers board of directors was increased from four to five, with SA Brewing's "D" shares having the right to elect the fifth director. At the time, a total of 486,750 new shares were issued, being made up of 87,751 "D" class shares and the remainder, along with other unclassified shares, becoming "C" class shares.

After discussions with, and receiving support from, SA Brewing, Coopers sold their SA Brewing shares in 1984, at a substantial profit.

Directors

The directors of Cooper & Sons Ltd were:

Coopers Brewery Ltd - since 1988

With Melanie joining the company in 1985, (and subsequently becoming Company Secretary, and a Director), the name "Cooper & Sons" was no longer appropriate. She lobbied for a change in the company's name, and was eventually successful.

SA Brewing was acquired by trans-Tasman Lion Nathan in 1993. After two years of negotiations, in 1995 Cooper family members purchased all of the "D" class shares (with their right to elect a director), and some of the "C" class shares, and Coopers Brewery Ltd purchased the remainder of the "C" class shares held by SA Brewing. In return the Coopers constitution was amended to give Lion Nathan "third tier" rights to buy Coopers shares.

This resulted in Max and Bill owning more than 50% of the "D" class shares. They agreed that Bill would sell Max his "D" class shares, and Max would sell Bill his "B" class shares, resulting in Max owning the majority of the "D"s, and Bill owning the majority of the "B"s.

In 2005, Lion Nathan launched a hostile takeover of Coopers, offering to buy Coopers shares at five times the price at which they had last traded. Although the 1995 negotiations resulted in Lion Nathan owning no Coopers shares, the section of the Coopers constitution, (which stated the circumstances under which shares could be sold), appeared to give Lion Nathan the avenue to buy Coopers shares. The constitution stated three tiers of purchasing rights:
:The shares must first be offered to an existing shareholder. ("first rights agreement");
:If existing shareholders choose not to buy, the shares must then be offered to the Coopers Superannuation Fund. ("second rights agreement");
:If the Fund chooses not to buy, the shares must then be offered to Lion Nathan. ("third rights agreement")
Lots of legal activity, injunctions, claims and counter-claims followed. Eventually the Coopers Board gained a ruling that allowed them to call an Extraordinary General Meeting to decide a motion which would remove the "third rights agreement" from the constitution. At the meeting, the holders of 93.4% of the shares voted to remove the "third rights agreement" from the constitution.

At the time (November 2005), Coopers had 117 Shareholders, and 4 classes of shares.ATP 22 (2005)
Takeovers Panel, www.takeovers.gov.au The Coopers Constitution and the 2005 Buy-Back Offer stated:
:(a) the holders of (the 15,553) A Class shares may elect two directors to the board of Coopers (A Class directors);
:(b) the holders of (the 15,953) B Class shares may elect two directors to the board of Coopers (B Class directors);
:(c) the holders of (the 1,234,761) C Class shares, with the holders of Classes A, B and D Class shares, may elect one director to the board of Coopers if that director is nominated by a unanimous resolution of all directors appointed by the holders of A, B and D shares (C Class director); and
:(d) the holders of (the 87,091) D Class shares may elect one director to the board of Coopers (D Class director).
The total number of shares, of all classes, was 1,353,358. If the Buy-Back was fully subscribed, 203,003 shares would be cancelled, and the total number of shares would be reduced to 1,150,335.

The Takeovers Panel stated that the directors' holdings were:
*Glenn and James (or interests closely associated with them) controlled 4,834 A Class shares or approximately 31% of the A Class shares
*Bill, (or interests closely associated with him), controlled 9,456 B Class shares or approximately 59% of the B Class shares.
*M. Cooper Nominees Pty. Ltd., a company associated with Max, controlled 49,271 D Class shares or approximately 57% of the D Class shares.
*The other Coopers directors (or persons closely associated with them) owned 10,420 or approximately 11.7% of the D Class shares.
*The Coopers directors' voting power was 28.2%.

In the chairman's address to the 2006 AGM, Glenn noted that the costs incurred by Coopers in addressing the offer were $8 million.Chairman's address
to the Coopers AGM, 30 November 2006

In 2009, Coopers Brewery Ltd appointed its first female director.

Directors

The directors of Coopers Brewery Ltd have been:

See also

*Australian pub
* Beer in Australia
*List of breweries in Australia
*South Australian food and drink

References

Notes

Bibliography

*

External links

*

Tim Cooper interview

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Manufacturing companies based in Adelaide
Culture of Adelaide
Food and drink companies established in 1862
Privately held companies of Australia
Australian beer brands
Breweries in Australia
Australian companies established in 1862
Beer brewing companies based in South Australia
Family-owned companies of Australia