Thillaanaa Mohanambal

''Thillana Mohanambal'' () is a 1968 Indian Tamil-language musical drama film written, directed and produced by A. P. Nagarajan. The film stars Sivaji Ganesan, Padmini and T. S. Balaiah, with A. V. M. Rajan, Nagesh and Manorama in supporting roles. It tells the story of Shanmugasundaram, a ''nadaswaram'' player who falls in love with Mohanambal, a ''Bharatanatyam'' dancer who reciprocates his feelings, but unfortunate circumstances and their egoistic nature prevents them from confessing their love for one another. How they overcome their self-created obstacles and those created by the people around them forms the rest of the story.

The film was adapted from Kothamangalam Subbu's novel of the same name, which was serialised in the Tamil magazine ''Ananda Vikatan'' in 1957–58. The film was mostly shot in Thanjavur, Thiruvarur and Madurai. Its original soundtrack was composed by K. V. Mahadevan, and songs like "Nalandhana", "Maraindhirundhu" and "Pandian Naanirukka" became immensely popular among the Tamil diaspora.

''Thillana Mohanambal'' was released on 27 July 1968. Critically acclaimed for subtly portraying the socio-cultural environment and the Thanjavur culture of dance and music prevailing at that time, it was also a commercial success, with a theatrical run of over 175 days. The film won two National Film Awards Best Feature Film in Tamil (President's silver medal) and Best Cinematography and five Tamil Nadu State Film Awards. ''Thillana Mohanambal'' has since acquired cult status in Tamil cinema, and inspired several later films with similar themes of music and dance.

Plot

"Sikkal" Shanmugasundaram is a devoted ''nadaswaram'' player, but is short-tempered and sensitive. He meets Mohanambal, a ''Bharatanatyam'' dancer, and they fall in love with each other. Sundaram's ego prevents him from developing his relationship with Mohana, who asks him to play a ''Thillana'' on his ''nadaswaram'' while she dances. Mohana's mother Vadivambal, an influential but greedy woman, wants her daughter to marry a wealthy man so that she can settle down in life properly. Blinded by love, she disobeys Vadivambal, creating a rift between them.

Unaware of Mohana's feelings, Sundaram decides to leave the country along with Karuppayi, a folk dancer whom he considers to be his sister. Mohana calls him a coward and challenges him to stay, which he readily accepts. In a temple, Sundaram plays the ''Thillana'' and Mohana dances. Sundaram, impressed with Mohana's performance, bestows upon her the title of "Thillana Mohanambal". Suddenly Nagalingam, a landlord who wanted to marry Mohana, stabs Sundaram with a poisoned knife out of jealousy.

Sundaram is admitted to a hospital but recovers from the incident with the help of Mary, a nurse who works there. Later, he and Mohana meet in a concert programme where they perform, against Vadivambal's wishes. For his personal gains, "Savadal" Vaithi, a cunning man, befriends the Maharaja of Madhanpur, who is the programme's chief guest. Vaithi promises to make Mohana the Maharaja's mistress. Vaithi traps Mohana by telling her that the Maharaja has invited ''nadaswaram'' and ''Bharatanatyam'' performers to perform in his palace, and that Sundaram has also decided to attend. Mohana immediately accepts the offer and the two visit Madhanpur. Vaithi treats Sundaram's group badly and Sundaram decides to leave. He sees Mohana visiting the Maharaja's room.

The Maharaja asks Mohana to be his mistress. but she rejects his advances and is rescued by the Maharaja's wife, the Maharani. Sundaram decides that Mohana does not love him, despite her repeated denial of the Maharaja's offer. Depressed, Mohana runs away. The Maharaja reveals the truth to Sundaram that Mohana had refused his offer and she only loves Sundaram. Realising his mistake, Sundaram rushes to apologise to Mohana, but sees her trying to hang herself from the ceiling of a room in which she had locked herself. He screams to her to stop and promises he will never doubt her love again. Sundaram breaks the door and saves Mohana. They then get married with Vadivambal's approval. Vaithi is arrested for his crimes.

Cast

;Male cast
* Sivaji Ganesan as Nadaswara Chakravarthi "Sikkal" Shanmugasundaram (Sundaram)
* T. S. Balaiah as Muthurakku
* A. V. M. Rajan as Thangarathnam
* K. Balaji as "Singapuram Minor" Chelladurai
* M. N. Nambiar as the Maharaja of Madhanpur
* Nagesh as "Savadal" Vaithi / Vaithiyanathan Iyer
* K. A. Thangavelu as Nattuvanar Muthukumara Swamy
* T. R. Ramachandran as Varathan
* V. Nagayya as Sundaram's ''Nadaswaram'' teacher
* S. V. Sahasranamam as a Saint living in Thiruvarur
* K. Sarangapani as Sakthivel
* E. R. Sahadevan as 'Minor' Nagalingam
* A. Karunanidhi as Sudalai
* P. D. Sambandam as a ''Thaalam'' player in Sundaram's troupe
* Senthamarai as Kadambavanam

;Female cast
* Padmini as Mohanambal (Mohana)
* Manorama as Karuppayi / "Jil Jil" Ramamani / Roja Rani
* Ambika as Ashalata Devi, Queen of Madhanpur
* C. K. Saraswathi as Vadivambal, Mohana's mother
* M. Saroja as Abaranji Vethalai Petti
* Udaya Chandrika as Maragatham, Singapuram Minor’s Wife
* M. Bhanumathi as Mary
* Shanmugasundari as a ''Veena'' player in Mohana's troupe

;Male support cast
* S. Rama Rao, M. K. Moorthy, Kallapart Natarajan, Balasundaram,
T. N. Sivathanu, Chandranbabu, S. R. Dhasarathan,
S. V. Rajagopal, Siva Sooriyan, and A. M. Maruthappa.

Production

Development

''Thillana Mohanambal'' was a novel written by Kothamangalam Subbu under the pseudonym "Kalaimani". It was serialised in the Tamil magazine ''Ananda Vikatan'' in 1957–58. The story portrayed the relationship between Mohanambal, a celebrated dancer, and Shanmugasundaram, a ''nadaswaram'' musician. The illustrations for the novel were done by sketch artist and cartoonist, Gopulu.

S. S. Vasan, who held the rights to the book, twice refused to allow director A. P. Nagarajan to make a film adaptation of it because Vasan wanted to produce a film adaptation himself under his banner Gemini Studios. When Nagarajan approached him for the third time, Vasan gave him the rights without any consideration. Nagarajan paid Vasan (about US$3,300 in 1968), but also went to visit Subbu with an additional (about US$1,300 in 1968). Subbu declined the money, saying that Vasan had forwarded him the money Nagarajan had paid earlier. Nagarajan's version of the film had a few creative differences from the novel; one of the significant ones was where the film ended with Mohana and Shanmugasundaram's marriage while the novel, in contrast, had a tragic ending.

Nagarajan produced the film under his production company, Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures. K. S. Prasad was in charge of the film's cinematography, M. N. Rajan and T. R. Natarajan jointly handled the editing, and Ganga was the film's art director. R. Rangasamy was lead actor Sivaji Ganesan's make-up artist.

Casting

Padmini was cast as Mohanambal, the title character. A younger artist was suggested instead of Padmini for the role, but Nagarajan refused to replace her. Ganesan attended Carnatic music concerts, and consulted Carnatic musicians in preparation for his role. T. S. Balaiah portrayed Muthurakku, the ''Thavil'' player. Tiruvidaimarudur Venkatesan played the instrument ''thavil'' off-screen for Balaiah. Balaiah had additional training for playing the instrument. Madurai T. Srinivasan played the ''Mridangam'' off-screen for the song "Maraindhirundhe Paarkum".

A. V. M. Rajan portrayed Thangarathnam, the second ''nadaswaram'' player in Sundaram's troupe. According to playwright Crazy Mohan, Gopulu's caricature of the character Vaithi in Subbu's novel was similar to Nagesh, who portrayed Vaithi in the film. Manorama played the wildly expressive, loud-talking but tender-hearted folk dancer Karuppayi, who has to contend with living under the shadows of landlords; she changes her identity every now and then to escape from them. In an interview with ''Maalai Malar'', Manorama stated that she was initially nervous acting in front of Ganesan and Balaiah, but Nagarajan assured her that whenever her character appeared she would be the centre of attention, which gave her the confidence to play her role.

Serial and theatre artist M. L. Bhanumathi played the nurse who treats Shanmugasundaram. Other supporting actors included K. Sarangapani, S. Ramarao, M. K. Murthy, Balusundaram, T. N. Sivadhanu, S. R. Dasarathan, Sivasooriyan, Senthamarai, Kallapart Natarajan, Gundu Karuppaiah, Chandranbabu, S. V. Rajagopal, A. M. Maruthappa, Udayachandrika, Ambika and Kalpalatha.

Filming

''Thillana Mohanambal'', shot in Eastmancolor, was filmed in Thanjavur, Thiruvarur and Madurai, in the Cauvery delta. Many of the film's aesthetics were borrowed from Indian theatre, of which Nagarajan was an artist. The competition sequence between Ganesan and Padmini took about nine takes to be filmed. The film presented a ''mise-en-scène'' feel, mostly using frontal shots. The actors were lined up to face the camera and deliver their dialogue. Nagarajan, a former employee of the T. K. S. drama company, paid tribute to Shankardas Swamigalfrom whom the company had its ancestral rootsby naming a drama company in the film after the company's name. Snippets of the film's behind-the-scenes production were filmed by French film director Louis Malle as a part of his 378-minute, seven-part documentary series, '' L'Inde fantôme: Reflexions sur un voyage'' (1969), when he visited Madras (now Chennai).

As Sundaram, Ganesan did not actually play the ''Nadaswaram''; he moved his fingers on the surface of the instrument, held his breath intermittently, and created an illusion on the screen with his facial expressions. The ''Nadaswaram'' played by Sundaram and Thangarathnam was played off-screen by the brothers, M. P. N. Sethuraman and M. P. N. Ponnusamy. Nagarajan had seen the duo performing at a wedding reception in Karaikudi and asked them to come to Chennai. Their rehearsals took place over 15 days in Mahadevan's recording studio in Chennai. Nagarajan then listened to a radio recital by the duo, and was impressed with their rendition of Tyagaraja's Keerthana, "Nagumomu Ganaleni". The Keerthana was later selected as one of the soundtrack instrumentals in the film.

The film shows the traditions exhibited by courtesans, ''zamindars'' in coaches drawn by horses, and palaces that resembled 19th century architecture. The contemporary areas of Madurai and Thanjavur, especially their railway junctions, gave the film a sense of ambiguity that was then very common in Tamil cinema. The film recreated the manner in which the ''Devadasis'' were portrayed in the early 20th century, and also depicts the social conditions and the upper class milieu in Thanjavur. Real locations were mixed with the fictional town of Madhanpur. The film also had undertones of the Chithirai festival. Its final length was .

Music

The film's soundtrack and score were composed by K. V. Mahadevan, while the lyrics were written by Kannadasan. The instrumental pieces "English Notes" and "Nadaswaram Bit" were originally composed by Muthiah Bhagavatar. After performing them at Ganesan's 42nd birthday celebrations, Ponnusamy and Sethuraman were asked to play them in the film. "Maraindhirundhu" was based on ''Shanmukhapriya'' raga. It is said that the director insisted on this raga, as the heroine is someone who falls in love with the hero whose name is Shanmugasundaram, and hence the raga whose name translates to "Adorer of Shanmukha". "Nalandhana" was based on ''Nilamani'' raga, which closely resembles ''Shivaranjani'' raga. The first line of "Nalandhana" was later used in the film ''Silambattam'' (2008). Under Mahadevan's supervision, Pugazhendi set the ''Sangatis'' for the film's soundtrack and score.

The soundtrack received positive reviews from critics. Singer Charulatha Mani wrote for ''The Hindu'' on "Nalandhana" that, " ... one can feel the proximity in musicality. The Thavil beats, Nadaswara refrains and the honeyed voice all blend into an inviting melody composed by K.V. Mahadevan." For "Maraindhirundhu" she said, "The nadaswaram and thavil back-ups for this song and the ''jathi''-s give it its typical classical flavour. 'Thooyane mayavaa mayane velava ennai aalum Shanmuga vaa' – these lines represent the ideal confluence of ''raga'', ''bhava'' and lyric, a perfect foil to each other." According to film critic Randor Guy, "Nalandhana" became "one of the memorable song sequences with Sivaji Ganesan and AVM Rajan, playing the 'Nadaswaram''on screen". He added, "In one song, the famous Tyagaraja kriti in Abheri, ‘Nagumomu Kanaleni’, Balaiah played the thavil in excellent sync with the background song that was recorded earlier in the studio, revealing how adept he really was with the instrument".

Release

''Thillana Mohanambal'' was released on 27 July 1968. It was released with English subtitles in overseas countries. The film was shown for six weeks at theatres in Pondicherry, and ran for 100 days in Ganesan's family-owned Shanti Theatre in Chennai. It also completed 100-day runs in theatres in Kovai, Madurai and Trichy, and was eventually shown for over 175 days.

''Thillana Mohanambal'' was screened in Chennai on 21 April 2010 at the South Indian Film Chamber Theatre for the Dignity Film Festival. In November 2011, it was shown at the International Tamil Film Festival held in Uglich, Russia, alongside '' Chandramukhi'' (2005), '' Sivaji: The Boss'' (2007), ''Angadi Theru'' (2010), ''Boss Engira Bhaskaran'' (2010), ''Thenmerku Paruvakaatru'' (2010) and '' Ko'' (2011).

Reception

The film received critical acclaim in India and abroad for its song and dance sequences, humour and portrayal of the prevailing socio-cultural milieu at that time. The Tamil magazine ''Ananda Vikatan'' carried an 11-page review of ''Thillana Mohanambal'' with a discussion among several prominent people, which included IAS officers, professors and actors who unanimously appreciated the film and the people associated with it. The review's conclusion was that the director should be given a prize for making such a film. In its original review, ''The Hindu'' said the film "encompasses all the traditional wealth of the culture of amil Nadu" The magazine ''Screen'' called the film "a brilliantly made entertainer". ''Dina Thanthi'' wrote "Not one would not have been mesmerized by the "Thillana" dance sequence".

In 2011, film historian S. Theodore Baskaran criticised ''Thillana Mohanambal'' for depicting a Tamil king as wearing a Marathi costume: "The film-makers completely neglect the aspects of dress, jewels and weapons that are depicted in our sculptures. They do not even do basic research."

Accolades

Legacy

''Thillana Mohanambal'' became a cult film for bringing the traditional arts of South India into prominence and achieving more popularity than the novel. It became a landmark film for Sivaji Ganesan. Padmini's titular role become so iconic that the film was identified as her ''pièce de résistance