Theory Of Plates And Shells

In continuum mechanics, plate theories are mathematical descriptions of the mechanics of flat plates that draws on the theory of beams. Plates are defined as plane structural elements with a small thickness compared to the planar dimensions.Timoshenko, S. and Woinowsky-Krieger, S. "Theory of plates and shells". McGraw–Hill New York, 1959. The typical thickness to width ratio of a plate structure is less than 0.1. A plate theory takes advantage of this disparity in length scale to reduce the full three-dimensional solid mechanics problem to a two-dimensional problem. The aim of plate theory is to calculate the deformation and stresses in a plate subjected to loads.

Of the numerous plate theories that have been developed since the late 19th century, two are widely accepted and used in engineering. These are
* the Kirchhoff–Love theory of plates (classical plate theory)
* The Uflyand-Mindlin theory of plates (first-order shear plate theory)

Kirchhoff–Love theory for thin plates

The Kirchhoff–Love theory is an extension of Euler–Bernoulli beam theory to thin plates. The theory was developed in 1888 by Love using assumptions proposed by Kirchhoff. It is assumed that a mid-surface plane can be used to represent the three-dimensional plate in two-dimensional form.

The following kinematic assumptions are made in this theory:Reddy, J. N., 2007, Theory and analysis of elastic plates and shells, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis.
* straight lines normal to the mid-surface remain straight after deformation
* straight lines normal to the mid-surface remain normal to the mid-surface after deformation
* the thickness of the plate does not change during a deformation.

Displacement field

The Kirchhoff hypothesis implies that the displacement field has the form

where $x_1$ and $x_2$ are the Cartesian coordinates on the mid-surface of the undeformed plate, $x_3$ is the coordinate for the thickness direction, $u^0_1, u^0_2$ are the in-plane displacements of the mid-surface, and $w^0$ is the displacement of the mid-surface in the $x_3$ direction.

If $\varphi_\alpha$ are the angles of rotation of the normal to the mid-surface, then in the Kirchhoff–Love theory
$\varphi_\alpha = w^0_ \,.$

Strain-displacement relations

For the situation where the strains in the plate are infinitesimal and the rotations of the mid-surface normals are less than 10° the strains-displacement relations are
:$\begin \varepsilon_ & = \tfrac(u^0_+u^0_) - x_3~w^0_ \\ \varepsilon_ & = - w^0_ + w^0_ = 0 \\ \varepsilon_ & = 0 \end$
Therefore, the only non-zero strains are in the in-plane directions.

If the rotations of the normals to the mid-surface are in the range of 10° to 15°, the strain-displacement relations can be approximated using the von Kármán strains. Then the kinematic assumptions of Kirchhoff-Love theory lead to the following strain-displacement relations
:$\begin \varepsilon_ & = \frac(u^0_+u^0_+w^0_~w^0_) - x_3~w^0_ \\ \varepsilon_ & = - w^0_ + w^0_ = 0 \\ \varepsilon_ & = 0 \end$
This theory is nonlinear because of the quadratic terms in the strain-displacement relations.

Equilibrium equations

The equilibrium equations for the plate can be derived from the principle of virtual work. For the situation where the strains and rotations of the plate are small, the equilibrium equations for an unloaded plate are given by
:$\begin N_ & = 0 \\ M_ & = 0 \end$
where the stress resultants and stress moment resultants are defined as
:$N_ := \int_^h \sigma_~dx_3 ~;~~ M_ := \int_^h x_3~\sigma_~dx_3$
and the thickness of the plate is $2h$. The quantities $\sigma_$ are the stresses.

If the plate is loaded by an external distributed load $q(x)$ that is normal to the mid-surface and directed in the positive $x_3$ direction, the principle of virtual work then leads to the equilibrium equations

For moderate rotations, the strain-displacement relations take the von Karman form and the equilibrium equations can be expressed as
:
\begin
N_ & = 0 \\
M_ + _~w^0_ - q & = 0
\end

Boundary conditions

The boundary conditions that are needed to solve the equilibrium equations of plate theory can be obtained from the boundary terms in the principle of virtual work.

For small strains and small rotations, the boundary conditions are
:$\begin n_\alpha~N_ & \quad \mathrm \quad u^0_\beta \\ n_\alpha~M_ & \quad \mathrm \quad w^0 \\ n_\beta~M_ & \quad \mathrm \quad w^0_ \end$
Note that the quantity $n_\alpha~M_$ is an effective shear force.

Stress–strain relations

The stress–strain relations for a linear elastic Kirchhoff plate are given by
:$\begin\sigma_ \\ \sigma_ \\ \sigma_ \end = \begin C_ & C_ & C_ \\ C_ & C_ & C_ \\ C_ & C_ & C_ \end \begin\varepsilon_ \\ \varepsilon_ \\ \varepsilon_ \end$
Since $\sigma_$ and $\sigma_$ do not appear in the equilibrium equations it is implicitly assumed that these quantities do not have any effect on the momentum balance and are neglected.

It is more convenient to work with the stress and moment resultants that enter the equilibrium equations. These are related to the displacements by
:$\beginN_ \\ N_ \\ N_ \end = \left\ \begin u^0_ \\ u^0_ \\ \frac~(u^0_+u^0_) \end$
and
:$\beginM_ \\ M_ \\ M_ \end = -\left\ \begin w^0_ \\ w^0_ \\ w^0_ \end \,.$
The extensional stiffnesses are the quantities
:$A_ := \int_^h C_~dx_3$
The bending stiffnesses (also called flexural rigidity) are the quantities
:$D_ := \int_^h x_3^2~C_~dx_3$

Isotropic and homogeneous Kirchhoff plate

For an isotropic and homogeneous plate, the stress–strain relations are
:$\begin\sigma_ \\ \sigma_ \\ \sigma_ \end = \cfrac \begin 1 & \nu & 0 \\ \nu & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1-\nu \end \begin\varepsilon_ \\ \varepsilon_ \\ \varepsilon_ \end \,.$
The moments corresponding to these stresses are
:$\beginM_ \\ M_ \\ M_ \end = -\cfrac~\begin 1 & \nu & 0 \\ \nu & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1-\nu \end \begin w^0_ \\ w^0_ \\ w^0_ \end$

Pure bending

The displacements $u^0_1$ and $u^0_2$ are zero under pure bending conditions. For an isotropic, homogeneous plate under pure bending the governing equation is
:$\frac + 2 \frac + \frac = 0 \quad \text \quad w := w^0\,.$
In index notation,
:$w^0_ + 2~w^0_ + w^0_ = 0 \,.$
In direct tensor notation, the governing equation is

Transverse loading

For a transversely loaded plate without axial deformations, the governing equation has the form
:$\frac + 2 \frac + \frac = -\frac$
where
:$D := \cfrac \,.$
In index notation,
:$w^0_ + 2\,w^0_ + w^0_ = -\frac$
and in direct notation

In cylindrical coordinates $(r, \theta, z)$, the governing equation is
:
\frac\cfrac\left \cfrac\left\\right= - \frac\,.

Orthotropic and homogeneous Kirchhoff plate

For an orthotropic plate
:$\begin C_ & C_ & C_ \\ C_ & C_ & C_ \\ C_ & C_ & C_ \end = \cfrac \begin E_1 & \nu_E_2 & 0 \\ \nu_E_1 & E_2 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 2G_(1-\nu_\nu_) \end \,.$
Therefore,
:$\begin A_ & A_ & A_ \\ A_ & A_ & A_ \\ A_ & A_ & A_ \end = \cfrac \begin E_1 & \nu_E_2 & 0 \\ \nu_E_1 & E_2 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 2G_(1-\nu_\nu_) \end$
and
:$\begin D_ & D_ & D_ \\ D_ & D_ & D_ \\ D_ & D_ & D_ \end = \cfrac \begin E_1 & \nu_E_2 & 0 \\ \nu_E_1 & E_2 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 2G_(1-\nu_\nu_) \end \,.$

Transverse loading

The governing equation of an orthotropic Kirchhoff plate loaded transversely by a distributed load $q$ per unit area is
:$D_x w^0_ + 2 D_ w^0_ + D_y w^0_ = -q$
where
:$\begin D_x & = D_ = \frac \\ D_y & = D_ = \frac \\ D_ & = D_ + \tfrac(\nu_ D_ + \nu_ D_) = D_ + \nu_ D_ = \frac + \frac \,. \end$

Dynamics of thin Kirchhoff plates

The dynamic theory of plates determines the propagation of waves in the plates, and the study of standing waves and vibration modes.

Governing equations

The governing equations for the dynamics of a Kirchhoff–Love plate are

where, for a plate with density $\rho = \rho(x)$,
:$J_1 := \int_^h \rho~dx_3 = 2~\rho~h ~;~~ J_3 := \int_^h x_3^2~\rho~dx_3 = \frac~\rho~h^3$
and
:$\dot_i = \frac ~;~~ \ddot_i = \frac ~;~~ u_ = \frac ~;~~ u_ = \frac$

The figures below show some vibrational modes of a circular plate.

Image:Drum vibration mode01.gif, mode ''k'' = 0, ''p'' = 1
Image:Drum vibration mode12.gif, mode ''k'' = 1, ''p'' = 2

Isotropic plates

The governing equations simplify considerably for isotropic and homogeneous plates for which the in-plane deformations can be neglected and have the form
:$D\,\left(\frac + 2\frac + \frac\right) = -q(x_1, x_2, t) - 2\rho h\, \frac \,.$
where $D$ is the bending stiffness of the plate. For a uniform plate of thickness $2h$,
:$D := \cfrac \,.$
In direct notation

Uflyand-Mindlin theory for thick plates

In the theory of thick plates, or theory of Yakov S. Uflyand (see, for details, Elishakoff's handbook), Raymond Mindlin R. D. Mindlin, ''Influence of rotatory inertia and shear on flexural motions of isotropic, elastic plates'', Journal of Applied Mechanics, 1951, Vol. 18 p. 31–38. and Eric Reissner, the normal to the mid-surface remains straight but not necessarily perpendicular to the mid-surface. If $\varphi_1$ and $\varphi_2$ designate the angles which the mid-surface makes with the $x_3$ axis then
:$\varphi_1 \ne w_ ~;~~ \varphi_2 \ne w_$

Then the Mindlin–Reissner hypothesis implies that

Strain-displacement relations

Depending on the amount of rotation of the plate normals two different approximations for the strains can be derived from the basic kinematic assumptions.

For small strains and small rotations the strain-displacement relations for Mindlin–Reissner plates are
:$\begin \varepsilon_ & = \frac(u^0_+u^0_) - \frac~(\varphi_ + \varphi_)\\ \varepsilon_ & = \cfrac\left(w^0_- \varphi_\alpha\right) \\ \varepsilon_ & = 0 \end$
The shear strain, and hence the shear stress, across the thickness of the plate is not neglected in this theory. However, the shear strain is constant across the thickness of the plate. This cannot be accurate since the shear stress is known to be parabolic even for simple plate geometries. To account for the inaccuracy in the shear strain, a shear correction factor ($\kappa$) is applied so that the correct amount of internal energy is predicted by the theory. Then
:$\varepsilon_ = \cfrac~\kappa~\left(w^0_- \varphi_\alpha\right)$

Equilibrium equations

The equilibrium equations have slightly different forms depending on the amount of bending expected in the plate. For the situation where the strains and rotations of the plate are small the equilibrium equations for a Mindlin–Reissner plate are

The resultant shear forces in the above equations are defined as
:$Q_\alpha := \kappa~\int_^h \sigma_~dx_3 \,.$

Boundary conditions

The boundary conditions are indicated by the boundary terms in the principle of virtual work.

If the only external force is a vertical force on the top surface of the plate, the boundary conditions are
:$\begin n_\alpha~N_ & \quad \mathrm \quad u^0_\beta \\ n_\alpha~M_ & \quad \mathrm \quad \varphi_\alpha \\ n_\alpha~Q_\alpha & \quad \mathrm \quad w^0 \end$

Constitutive relations

The stress–strain relations for a linear elastic Mindlin–Reissner plate are given by
:$\begin \sigma_ & = C_~\varepsilon_ \\ \sigma_ & = C_~\varepsilon_ \\ \sigma_ & = C_~\varepsilon_ \end$
Since $\sigma_$ does not appear in the equilibrium equations it is implicitly assumed that it do not have any effect on the momentum balance and is neglected. This assumption is also called the plane stress assumption. The remaining stress–strain relations for an orthotropic material, in matrix form, can be written as
:$\begin\sigma_ \\ \sigma_ \\ \sigma_ \\ \sigma_ \\ \sigma_ \end = \begin C_ & C_ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ C_ & C_ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & C_ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & C_ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & C_\end \begin\varepsilon_ \\ \varepsilon_ \\ \varepsilon_ \\ \varepsilon_ \\ \varepsilon_\end$
Then,
:$\beginN_ \\ N_ \\ N_ \end = \left\ \begin u^0_ \\ u^0_ \\ \frac~(u^0_+u^0_) \end$
and
:$\beginM_ \\ M_ \\ M_ \end = -\left\ \begin \varphi_ \\ \varphi_ \\ \frac~(\varphi_+\varphi_) \end$
For the shear terms
:$\beginQ_1 \\ Q_2 \end = \cfrac\left\ \begin w^0_ - \varphi_1 \\ w^0_ - \varphi_2 \end$
The extensional stiffnesses are the quantities
:$A_ := \int_^h C_~dx_3$
The bending stiffnesses are the quantities
:$D_ := \int_^h x_3^2~C_~dx_3$

Isotropic and homogeneous Uflyand-Mindlin plates

For uniformly thick, homogeneous, and isotropic plates, the stress–strain relations in the plane of the plate are
:$\begin\sigma_ \\ \sigma_ \\ \sigma_ \end = \cfrac \begin 1 & \nu & 0 \\ \nu & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1-\nu \end \begin\varepsilon_ \\ \varepsilon_ \\ \varepsilon_ \end \,.$
where $E$ is the Young's modulus, $\nu$ is the Poisson's ratio, and $\varepsilon_$ are the in-plane strains. The through-the-thickness shear stresses and strains are related by
:$\sigma_ = 2G\varepsilon_ \quad \text \quad \sigma_ = 2G\varepsilon_$
where $G = E/(2(1+\nu))$ is the shear modulus.

Constitutive relations

The relations between the stress resultants and the generalized displacements for an isotropic Mindlin–Reissner plate are:
:$\beginN_ \\ N_ \\ N_ \end = \cfrac \begin 1 & \nu & 0 \\ \nu & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1-\nu \end \begin u^0_ \\ u^0_ \\ \frac~(u^0_+u^0_) \end \,,$
:$\beginM_ \\ M_ \\ M_ \end = -\cfrac \begin 1 & \nu & 0 \\ \nu & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1-\nu \end \begin \varphi_ \\ \varphi_ \\ \frac(\varphi_+\varphi_) \end \,,$
and
:$\beginQ_1 \\ Q_2 \end = \kappa G h \begin w^0_ - \varphi_1 \\ w^0_ - \varphi_2 \end \,.$
The bending rigidity is defined as the quantity
:$D = \cfrac \,.$
For a plate of thickness $H$, the bending rigidity has the form
:$D = \cfrac \,.$

where
$h=\frac$

Governing equations

If we ignore the in-plane extension of the plate, the governing equations are
:$\begin M_-Q_\alpha & = 0 \\ Q_+q & = 0 \,. \end$
In terms of the generalized deformations $w^0, \varphi_1, \varphi_2$, the three governing equations are

The boundary conditions along the edges of a rectangular plate are
:$\begin \text \quad & \quad w^0 = 0, M_ = 0 ~(\text~M_ = 0), \varphi_1 = 0 ~(\text~\varphi_2 = 0) \\ \text \quad & \quad w^0 = 0, \varphi_1 = 0, \varphi_ = 0 \,. \end$

Reissner–Stein static theory for isotropic cantilever plates

In general, exact solutions for cantilever plates using plate theory are quite involved and few exact solutions can be found in the literature. Reissner and SteinE. Reissner and M. Stein. Torsion and transverse bending of cantilever plates. Technical Note 2369, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics,Washington, 1951. provide a simplified theory for cantilever plates that is an improvement over older theories such as Saint-Venant plate theory.

The Reissner-Stein theory assumes a transverse displacement field of the form
:$w(x,y) = w_x(x) + y\,\theta_x(x) \,.$
The governing equations for the plate then reduce to two coupled ordinary differential equations:

where
:$\begin q_1(x) & = \int_^q(x,y)\,\texty ~,~~ q_2(x) = \int_^y\,q(x,y)\,\texty~,~~ n_1(x) = \int_^n_x(x,y)\,\texty \\ n_2(x) & = \int_^y\,n_x(x,y)\,\texty ~,~~ n_3(x) = \int_^y^2\,n_x(x,y)\,\texty \,. \end$
At $x = 0$, since the beam is clamped, the boundary conditions are
:$w(0,y) = \cfrac\Bigr, _ = 0 \qquad \implies \qquad w_x(0) = \cfrac\Bigr, _ = \theta_x(0) = \cfrac\Bigr, _ = 0 \,.$
The boundary conditions at $x = a$ are
:
\begin
& bD\cfrac + n_1(x)\cfrac + n_2(x)\cfrac + q_ = 0 \\
& \frac\cfrac + \left _3(x) -2bD(1-\nu)\rightcfrac
+ n_2(x)\cfrac + t = 0 \\
& bD\cfrac + m_1 = 0 \quad,\quad \frac\cfrac + m_2 = 0
\end

where
:$\begin m_1 & = \int_^m_x(y)\,\texty ~,~~ m_2 = \int_^y\,m_x(y)\,\texty ~,~~ q_ = \int_^q_x(y)\,\texty \\ t & = q_ + m_3 = \int_^y\,q_x(y)\,\texty + \int_^m_(y)\,\texty \,. \end$
:{, class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" width="60%" style="text-align:left"
!Derivation of Reissner–Stein cantilever plate equations
, -
, The strain energy of bending of a thin rectangular plate of uniform thickness $h$ is given by
:
U = \frac{1}{2} \int_0^a \int_{-b/2}^{b/2}D\left\{\left(\frac{\partial^2 w}{\partial x^2} + \frac{\partial^2 w}{\partial y^2}\right)^2 +
2(1-\nu)\left left(\frac{\partial^2 w}{\partial x \partial y}\right)^2 - \frac{\partial^2 w}{\partial x^2}\frac{\partial^2 w}{\partial y^2}\right \right\}\text{d}x\text{d}y

where $w$ is the transverse displacement, $a$ is the length, $b$ is the width, $\nu$ is the Poisson's
ratio, $E$ is the Young's modulus, and
:$D = \frac{Eh^3}{12(1-\nu)}.$
The potential energy of transverse loads $q(x,y)$ (per unit length) is
:$P_q = \int_0^a \int_{-b/2}^{b/2}q(x,y)\, w(x,y)\,\text{d}x\text{d}y \,.$
The potential energy of in-plane loads $n_x(x,y)$ (per unit width) is
:$P_n = \frac{1}{2} \int_0^a \int_{-b/2}^{b/2}n_x(x,y)\,\left(\frac{\partial w}{\partial x}\right)^2\,\text{d}x\text{d}y \,.$
The potential energy of tip forces $q_x(y)$ (per unit width), and bending moments $m_x(y)$ and $m_{xy}(y)$
(per unit width) is
:$P_t = \int_{-b/2}^{b/2}\left(q_x(y)\,w(x,y) - m_x(y)\,\frac{\partial w}{\partial x} + m_{xy}(y)\,\frac{\partial w}{\partial y}\right)\text{d}x\text{d}y \,.$
A balance of energy requires that the total energy is
:$W = U - (P_q + P_n + P_t) \,.$
With the Reissener–Stein assumption for the displacement, we have
:
U = \int_0^a\frac{bD}{24}\left 2\left(\cfrac{d^2 w_x}{d x^2}\right)^2 +
b^2\left(\cfrac{d^2 \theta_x}{d x^2}\right)^2 + 24(1-\nu)\left(\cfrac{d \theta_x}{d x}\right)^2\right,\text{d}x\,,

:
P_q = \int_0^a\left left(\int_{-b/2}^{b/2}q(x,y)\,\text{d}y\right)w_x + \left(\int_{-b/2}^{b/2}yq(x,y)\,\text{d}y\right)\theta_x\right,dx \,,

:$\begin{align} P_n & = \frac{1}{2}\int_0^a\left[\left(\int_{-b/2}^{b/2}n_x(x,y)\,\text{d}y\right)\left(\cfrac{d w_x}{d x}\right)^2 + \left(\int_{-b/2}^{b/2}y n_x(x,y)\,\text{d}y\right)\cfrac{d w_x}{d x}\,\cfrac{d \theta_x}{d x} \right.\\ & \left. \qquad\qquad +\left(\int_{-b/2}^{b/2}y^2 n_x(x,y)\,\text{d}y\right)\left(\cfrac{d \theta_x}{d x}\right)^2\right]\text{d}x\,, \end{align}$
and
:
\begin{align}
P_t & = \left(\int_{-b/2}^{b/2}q_x(y)\,\text{d}y\right)w_x -
\left(\int_{-b/2}^{b/2}m_x(y)\,\text{d}y\right)\cfrac{d w_x}{d x} +
\left int_{-b/2}^{b/2}\left(y q_x(y) + m_{xy}(y)\right)\,\text{d}y\righttheta_x \\
& \qquad \qquad -\left(\int_{-b/2}^{b/2}y m_x(y)\,\text{d}y\right)\cfrac{d \theta_x}{d x} \,.
\end{align}

Taking the first variation of $W$ with respect to $(w_x, \theta_x, x)$ and
setting it to zero gives us the Euler equations
:$\text{(1)} \qquad bD \frac{\mathrm{d}^4w_x}{\mathrm{d}x^4} = q_1(x) - n_1(x)\cfrac{d^2 w_x}{d x^2} - \cfrac{d n_1}{d x}\,\cfrac{d w_x}{d x} - \frac{1}{2}\cfrac{d n_2}{d x}\,\cfrac{d \theta_x}{d x} - \frac{n_2(x)}{2}\cfrac{d^2 \theta_x}{d x^2}$
and
:$\text{(2)} \qquad \frac{b^3D}{12}\,\frac{\mathrm{d}^4\theta_x}{\mathrm{d}x^4} - 2bD(1-\nu)\cfrac{d^2 \theta_x}{d x^2} = q_2(x) - n_3(x)\cfrac{d^2 \theta_x}{d x^2} - \cfrac{d n_3}{d x}\,\cfrac{d \theta_x}{d x} - \frac{n_2(x)}{2}\,\cfrac{d^2 w_x}{d x^2} - \frac{1}{2}\cfrac{d n_2}{d x}\,\cfrac{d w_x}{d x}$
where
:$\begin{align} q_1(x) & = \int_{-b/2}^{b/2}q(x,y)\,\text{d}y ~,~~ q_2(x) = \int_{-b/2}^{b/2}y\,q(x,y)\,\text{d}y~,~~ n_1(x) = \int_{-b/2}^{b/2}n_x(x,y)\,\text{d}y \\ n_2(x) & = \int_{-b/2}^{b/2}y\,n_x(x,y)\,\text{d}y ~,~~ n_3(x) = \int_{-b/2}^{b/2}y^2\,n_x(x,y)\,\text{d}y. \end{align}$
Since the beam is clamped at $x = 0$, we have
:$w(0,y) = \cfrac{d w}{d x}\Bigr, _{x=0} = 0 \qquad \implies \qquad w_x(0) = \cfrac{d w_x}{d x}\Bigr, _{x=0} = \theta_x(0) = \cfrac{d \theta_x}{d x}\Bigr, _{x=0} = 0 \,.$
The boundary conditions at $x = a$ can be found by integration by parts:
:
\begin{align}
& bD\cfrac{d^3 w_x}{d x^3} + n_1(x)\cfrac{d w_x}{d x} + n_2(x)\cfrac{d \theta_x}{d x} + q_{x1} = 0 \\
& \frac{b^3D}{12}\cfrac{d^3 \theta_x}{d x^3} + \left _3(x) -2bD(1-\nu)\rightcfrac{d \theta_x}{d x}
+ n_2(x)\cfrac{d w_x}{d x} + t = 0 \\
& bD\cfrac{d^2 w_x}{d x^2} + m_1 = 0 \quad,\quad \frac{b^3D}{12}\cfrac{d^2 \theta_x}{d x^2} + m_2 = 0
\end{align}

where
:$\begin{align} m_1 & = \int_{-b/2}^{b/2}m_x(y)\,\text{d}y ~,~~ m_2 = \int_{-b/2}^{b/2}y\,m_x(y)\,\text{d}y ~,~~ q_{x1} = \int_{-b/2}^{b/2}q_x(y)\,\text{d}y \\ t & = q_{x2} + m_3 = \int_{-b/2}^{b/2}y\,q_x(y)\,\text{d}y + \int_{-b/2}^{b/2}m_{xy}(y)\,\text{d}y. \end{align}$

See also

* Bending of plates
* Vibration of plates
* Infinitesimal strain theory
* Membrane theory of shells
*Finite strain theory
* Stress (mechanics)
* Stress resultants
*Linear elasticity
*Bending
*Föppl–von Kármán equations
* Euler–Bernoulli beam equation
*Timoshenko beam theory

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Plate Theory
Continuum mechanics