The Theory of Wages

''The Theory of Wages'' is a book by the British economist John R. Hicks published in 1932 (2nd ed., 1963). It has been described as a classic microeconomic statement of wage determination in competitive markets. It anticipates a number of developments in distribution and growth theory and remains a standard work in labour economics.

Part I of the book takes as its starting point a reformulation of the marginal productivity theory of wages as determined by supply and demand in full competitive equilibrium of a free market economy. Part II considers regulated labour markets resulting from labour disputes, trade unions and government action. The 2nd edition (1963) includes a harsh critical review and, from Hicks, two subsequent related articles and an extensive commentary.

The book presents:
* labour demand as derived from the demand for output, such that for example a fall in the wage rate would lead to substitution away from other inputs and more labour use from increased production that the lower wage would facilitate
* the first statement of the economic concept of elasticity of substitution, a measure of the substitution effect posited above as to how much one factor of production (say labour) would change to keep output constant in response to a change in relative factor prices
* the relation of this concept and its determinants to the distribution of factor-income shares
* technical change as biased or neutral (later termed Hicks-neutral technical change), depending on how it affects the marginal product of one productive factor (say labour) relative to that of another (say capital)
* a macroeconomic hypothesis about induced innovation that " change in the relative prices of the factors of production is itself a spur to invention, and to invention of a particular kind—directed to economising the use of a factor which has become relatively expensive," including from one factor (say capital) growing at a faster rate than another (say labour) (p. 124)
* elements of employee-employer attachments in distinguishing regular and casual labour with an emphasis on expectations, imperfect information and uncertainty in the labour market
* the first-ever attempt to model a labour dispute that might end in a strike.• Christopher Bliss, 1987 008 “Hicks, John Richard," '' The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics'', v. 2, sect. 2, p. 642
Abstract.
br/>   • Paul Flatau, 2002. "Hicks’s ''The Theory Of Wages'': Its Place in the History of Neoclassical Distribution Theory," ''History of Economics Review," June, pp
44-65
(press +).

Topical outline

The body of the second edition is 384 pages, following a 9-page analytical table of contents. It is organized as follows.

Section I. The Text of the First Edition (248 pages)

Part I — The Free Market

Chapter
*I. Marginal Productivity and the Demand for Labour
*II. Continuity and Individual Differences nalysing current objections to marginal productivity*III. Unemployment xamining different effects from "normal unemployment," casual unemployment, seasonal unemployment and other
*foreseeable factors, such as wage rigidity]
*IV. The Working of Competition [including the theory of "bargaining power, bargaining advantage," local and occupational differences in wages, labour mobility, and exploitation of labour]
*V. Individual Supply of Labour ncluding variations in wages from efficiency of labour and effect of wage rates on labour supply]
*VI. Distribution and Economic Progress [on absolute and relative shares of labour in social income as influenced by elasticity of substitution, an increase in the supply of one factor of production, and invention].

Part II — The Regulation of Wages
*VII. The Theory of Industrial Disputes ncluding origins of labour combinations, the idea of a living wage, fair wage, diagrammatic treatment of strike duration, and conditions favoring labour union success]
*VIII. The Growth of Trade Union Power
*IX. Wage-Regulation and Unemployment
*X. Further Consequences of Wage-Regulation
*XI. Hours and Conditions

Appendix [with discussion and mathematical proofs on statements in Chapter IV about absolute and relative shares of income (the "Social Dividend") relative to its elasticity of derived demand, with or without increasing returns]

Section II. Documents (57 pages)
* G.F. Shove, 1933. "''The Theory of Wages''. By J.R. Hicks," ''Economic Journal'', 43(171),
p. 460
72.
* J.R. Hicks, 1935. "Wages and Interest: The Dynamic Problem," ''Economic Journal'', 45(179),
p.456
468.
* _____, 1936. "Distribution and Economic Progress: A Revised Version," ''Review of Economic Studies'', 4(1),
p. 1
12.

Section III. Commentary (80 pages) elasticity of substitution as to its definition, generalization to multiple factors and products, and application to Marshall rules of derived demand">Hicks-Marshall laws of derived demand">derived demand

See also

* Distribution (economics)#Neoclassical distribution theory
* Hicks-Marshall laws of derived demand
* Technological change#Economics
* Labour economics#Neoclassical microeconomics of labour markets
* ''Value and Capital'' (complementary 1939 book by Hicks)

Notes

References

* J.R. Hicks, 1932, 2nd ed., 1963. ''The Theory of Wages''. London: Macmillan.
* _____, 1973a. "Recollections and Documents," ''Economica'', N.S., 40(157), pp
2
11.
* _____, 1973b

Nobel Prize Lecture. Recurring discussion of Hicks, 1932
vis-à-vis
later writings.
* Christopher Bliss, 1987 008 “Hicks, John Richard," '' The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics'', v. 2, sect. 2, p. 642
Abstract.
* Gordon F. Bloom, 1946. "A Note on Hicks's Theory of Invention," ''American Economic Review'', 36(1),
p. 83
96.
* Aaron Director, 1935. Review, ''Journal of Political Economy'', 43(1),
p. 109
111.
* Paul Flatau, 2002. "Hicks’s ''The Theory Of Wages'': Its Place in the History of Neoclassical Distribution Theory," ''History of Economics Review," June, pp
44-65
(press +).
* Adalmir Marquetti, 2004. "Do Rising Real Wages Increase The Rate Of Labor-Saving Technical Change? Some Econometric Evidence," ''Metroeconomica'', 55(4),pp. 432-441
Abstract.
* M. W. Reder, 1965. Review, ''Economica'', N.S., 32(125),
p. 88
90.
* Kurt W. Rothschild, 1995. "''The Theory of Wages'' Revisited," in Harald Hagemann and O. F. Hamouda, ed., ''The Legacy of Hicks: His Contribution to Economic Analysis'', ch. 5, pp
57
70.
* G.F. Shove, 1933. "''The Theory of Wages''. By J.R. Hicks," ''Economic Journal'', 43(171),
p. 460
72. Reprinted in Hicks, 1963.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Theory of Wages
1932 non-fiction books
Books about labour
Wages and salaries
Income distribution
1932 in economics