The "Rocket Girls" were the women that worked at NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) before the development of desktop computers. These women are mostly unknown, but they did the majority of all hand calculations for missions. Most of these women were given the nickname of "computers" due to their abilities in the fields of physics and mathematics.

The women

Barbara Paulson

Barbara Paulson Barbara Jean Paulson (née Lewis; born April 11, 1928) was an American human computer at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and one of the first female scientists employed there. Paulson began working as a mathematician at JPL in 1948, where s ...

was one of the lead female computers hired by JPL.

Macie Roberts

Macie Roberts was the supervisor of the female computers at JPL. She became the supervisor in the 1960s and continued her work for over thirty years.

Helen Ling

Helen Ling Helen Ling (née Yee Chow) is a former software engineer who worked at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). She made considerable efforts to make JPL more diverse. Early life Ling was born in China and survived the Japanese bombing of Hon ...

was a human computer supervisor at JPL. Ling followed in the footsteps of Macie Roberts as a supervisor for the female division of human computers. She recruited and trained females that were proficient in mathematics and physics. Her legacy includes diversifying the female populus at JPL and continuing the excellence of female workers at NASA and JPL.

Eleanor Frances

Eleanor Frances discovered many meteors and comets while working at NASA.

Sources mentioned in

The book ''Rocket Girl: The Story of Mary Sherman Morgan, America's First Female Rocket Scientist'' (2013) was written by George D. Morgan. The book ''Rise of the Rocket Girls: The Women Who Propelled Us, from Missiles to the Moon to Mars'' (2016) was written by

Nathalia Holt Nathalia Holt, Ph.D. (born December 13, 1980) is an American author of non-fiction. Her works include ''Cured, Rise of the Rocket Girls'' and ''The Queens of Animation.'' Life Holt is from New York, NY. She studied at University of Southern Cal ...

. The book '' Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Who Helped Win the Space Race'' (2016) was written by Margot Lee Shetterly. The movie '' Hidden Figures'' (2016) depicts the computers at NASA, including Katherine Johnson, Mary Jackson, and Dorothy Vaughan, and is loosely based on the book of the same name.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rocket Girls Jet Propulsion Laboratory faculty American women scientists History of women in California