The Oaks explosion, which happened at a
coal mine
Coal mining is the process of extracting coal from the ground. Coal is valued for its energy content and since the 1880s has been widely used to generate electricity. Steel and cement industries use coal as a fuel for extraction of iron from ...
in
West Riding of Yorkshire
The West Riding of Yorkshire is one of three historic subdivisions of Yorkshire, England. From 1889 to 1974 the administrative county County of York, West Riding (the area under the control of West Riding County Council), abbreviated County ...
on 12 December 1866, remains the worst
mining disaster in
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe b ...
. A series of explosions caused by
firedamp
Firedamp is any flammable gas found in coal mines, typically coalbed methane. It is particularly found in areas where the coal is bituminous. The gas accumulates in pockets in the coal and adjacent strata and when they are penetrated the releas ...
ripped through the underground workings at the Oaks Colliery at Hoyle Mill near
Stairfoot in
Barnsley
Barnsley () is a market town in South Yorkshire, England. As the main settlement of the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley and the fourth largest settlement in South Yorkshire. In Barnsley, the population was 96,888 while the wider Borough has ...
killing 361 miners and rescuers. It was the worst mining disaster in the United Kingdom until the 1913
Senghenydd explosion in
Wales
Wales ( cy, Cymru ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by England to the Wales–England border, east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the ...
.
Oaks Colliery
The first shaft at the Oaks Colliery was sunk in the early 1830s. In 1845 two separate explosions occurred at the
colliery
Coal mining is the process of extracting coal from the ground. Coal is valued for its energy content and since the 1880s has been widely used to generate electricity. Steel and cement industries use coal as a fuel for extraction of iron from ...
. On both occasions few men were below ground and no more than three or four workers died. Two years later a more serious incident occurred after
firedamp
Firedamp is any flammable gas found in coal mines, typically coalbed methane. It is particularly found in areas where the coal is bituminous. The gas accumulates in pockets in the coal and adjacent strata and when they are penetrated the releas ...
, which had accumulated in old workings, was ignited and exploded. Of the men underground, 73 were killed and 26 were rescued. Changes were then made to the colliery's
ventilation
Ventilation may refer to:
* Ventilation (physiology), the movement of air between the environment and the lungs via inhalation and exhalation
** Mechanical ventilation, in medicine, using artificial methods to assist breathing
*** Ventilator, a m ...
. The downcast shaft was converted to upcast with a furnace at its foot. Two abandoned shafts were deepened to the lower seams and brought into use as the downcast and drawing shafts. The upcast shaft was close to the
Dearne and Dove Canal
The Dearne and Dove Canal ran for almost ten miles through South Yorkshire, England from Swinton to Barnsley through nineteen locks, rising . The canal also had two short branches, the Worsbrough branch and the Elsecar branch, both about two ...
and the downcast shafts were adjacent to the railway.
The colliery covered about , of which two-thirds had been worked out. It was worked on the
longwall principle, there being about of wall at the time of the 1866 explosion. The
Barnsley seam
The coal seams worked in the South Yorkshire Coalfield lie mainly in the middle coal measures within what is now formally referred to as the Pennine Coal Measures Group. These are a series of mudstones, shales, sandstones, and coal seams laid ...
is about thick. It is below the surface at the pit bottom, but dips significantly, so that it reaches . The Barnsley seam tended to experience outbursts of firedamp, and they were sometimes powerful enough to extinguish the
Geordie lamp
The Geordie lamp was a safety lamp for use in flammable atmospheres, invented by George Stephenson in 1815 as a miner's lamp to prevent explosions due to firedamp in coal mines.
Origin
In 1815, Stephenson was the engine-wright at the Killing ...
s that were used at the time. On one occasion all the lamps for were extinguished. Gas built up in the uneven levels, and the goaves were full of firedamp. The air circuit was more than long. The induced draught was obtained from a pair of furnaces from the upcast shaft.
At the inquiry after the explosion, it was pointed out that the colliery had not been visited by government inspectors for some years.
The Oaks Colliery workings became part of Barnsley Main Colliery, which closed and re-opened several times between 1929 and 1966. Linked underground to
Barrow Colliery
Barrow Colliery was a coal mine in Worsborough, South Yorkshire, England. It was first dug in 1873, with the first coal being brought to the surface in January 1876. It was the scene of a major incident in 1907 when seven miners died. After 109 ...
, the No.2 shaft was used for man-riding in the 1970s. Production at Barnsley Main ceased in 1991. The colliery's winding engine house and pit-head structures are Grade II
listed buildings
In the United Kingdom, a listed building or listed structure is one that has been placed on one of the four statutory lists maintained by Historic England in England, Historic Environment Scotland in Scotland, in Wales, and the Northern Irel ...
. They are a rare survival of winding-shaft structures modernised in the 1950s by the
National Coal Board
The National Coal Board (NCB) was the statutory corporation created to run the nationalised coal mining industry in the United Kingdom. Set up under the Coal Industry Nationalisation Act 1946, it took over the United Kingdom's collieries on "v ...
, and their presence preserves a historical connection to past disasters.
Context
The Oaks was considered to be one of the most dangerous pits in South Yorkshire and the workers were concerned for their own safety. Large emissions of
firedamp
Firedamp is any flammable gas found in coal mines, typically coalbed methane. It is particularly found in areas where the coal is bituminous. The gas accumulates in pockets in the coal and adjacent strata and when they are penetrated the releas ...
were commonplace. Ten years earlier the 400-strong workforce had gone on strike for ten weeks because of alleged management incompetence, but had to resume work when starvation loomed. During a bitter dispute in 1864,
blackleg labour was used, and striking miners and their families were evicted from their homes. Gas made men giddy and faint. Men would not take safety lamps near the goaves. According to Tomlinson, the underviewers had written the word "Fire" in chalk in certain places.
Parkin Jeffcock
Parkin Jeffcock (27 October 1829 – 13 December 1866) was an English mining engineer who died trying to effect the rescue of miners during the Oaks mining disaster which eventually killed more than 350 people.
Biography
Parkin was born on 2 ...
, the mining engineer who attended after the explosion, agreed that the fireman had written "Fire" but said that this was not unusual.
In a meeting with the management at the beginning of December, the workers complained about an inadequacy in the pit's ventilation. To improve the ventilation and alleviate the problem of gas issuing from the seam, a
drift
Drift or Drifts may refer to:
Geography
* Drift or ford (crossing) of a river
* Drift, Kentucky, unincorporated community in the United States
* In Cornwall, England:
** Drift, Cornwall, village
** Drift Reservoir, associated with the village
...
through the rock was blasted from near the pit bottom towards the more remote workings. The drift was expected to be finished that day.
A critical aspect to the science of
firedamp
Firedamp is any flammable gas found in coal mines, typically coalbed methane. It is particularly found in areas where the coal is bituminous. The gas accumulates in pockets in the coal and adjacent strata and when they are penetrated the releas ...
explosions is the
afterdamp
Afterdamp is the toxic mixture of gases left in a mine following an explosion caused by methane-rich firedamp, which itself can initiate a much larger explosion of coal dust. The term is etymologically and practically related to other terms for un ...
, the aftermath mix of gases, which can be equally dangerous, if not more so.
Explosion
On Wednesday 12 December 1866, 340 men and boys were underground, 131
hewer
A hewer (german: Hauer or ''Häuer'') is a miner who loosens rock and minerals in a mine. In medieval mining in Europe a ''Hauer'' was the name given to a miner who had passed his test (''Hauerprüfung'') as a hewer.
Training
In Europe in for ...
s who cut the coal,
hurriers who moved the coal to the shaft bottom, horse-drivers, maintenance staff and trappers, boys who were employed to open and close ventilation doors to allow wagons to pass.
At 1:20 pm with less than an hour of the shift remaining, an explosion ripped through the workings. The whole neighbourhood for around shook as if an earthquake had occurred accompanied by a loud roar akin to thunder. Two dense columns of smoke and debris erupted from the downcast shafts. At No.1 pit the blast damaged the winding engine and broke the
cage
A cage is an enclosure often made of mesh, bars, or wires, used to confine, contain or protect something or someone. A cage can serve many purposes, including keeping an animal or person in captivity, capturing an animal or person, and displayin ...
, disconnecting it from its rope. At No.2 pit the cage was blown up into the
headgear
Headgear, headwear, or headdress is the name given to any element of clothing which is worn on one's head, including hats, helmets, turbans and many other types. Headgear is worn for many purposes, including protection against the elements, de ...
breaking a coupling. After about five minutes the ventilation resumed and fresh air was drawn back the downcast pits.
Rescue attempts, day one
Another cage was attached to the rope in the No. 1 pit. Thomas Dymond, the colliery owner, David Tewart (alternately spelled Towart or Tewert), the
underground steward, and Christopher Siddons (alternately spelled Seddons), a deputy, bravely descended first. They found 20 badly burned casualties who were quickly sent up but 14 subsequently died of their injuries. After another rope was attached, rescue volunteers including P. Cooper, John Brown, William Porter Maddison, William Auboné Potter, Kell, John Platts, George Minto, the under-viewer from Mount Osborne Colliery (and previous under-viewer at the Oaks), and other engineers and deputies from surrounding collieries, along with seventy or eighty additional men, went down. By 4:00 pm a total of about 80 workers had been recovered, but only 19 of them barely alive. Of these 19, only 6 survived and one, William Hart, later died in a different colliery accident. The few survivors of the initial blast had made their way to the shaft bottom where there was some air; those in more distant areas succumbed to the afterdamp, principally carbon monoxide. The dead were taken to their homes.
At the time of the explosion the only rescuers were volunteers and officials who came from neighbouring collieries who worked in relays. Sixteen men forced to the surface because of the foul air were accused of cowardice by bystanders. The few police present could not control the crowd, which invaded the pithead and interfered with operations. A
telegram
Telegraphy is the long-distance transmission of messages where the sender uses symbolic codes, known to the recipient, rather than a physical exchange of an object bearing the message. Thus flag semaphore is a method of telegraphy, whereas p ...
to the
chief constable brought reinforcements and the area was cleared. Meanwhile, Blackburn (with his assistant), as well as Smith Sr. and Jr. had arrived to give medical aid to the injured.
A message was sent to colliery engineer Thomas Woodhouse of
Duffield near Derby. It said, "The Oaks Pit is on fire. Come directly." Woodhouse was in London but his partner, Parkin Jeffcock, responded and arrived by train before 10:00 pm.
The rescuers' progress was restricted because of roof falls and afterdamp. Where it was possible to penetrate further into the workings bodies were found damaged by the blast. During the day the rope and cage for the No. 1 shaft were repaired and
brattice A brattice is a partition used in mining. It is built between columns of a sub-surface mine to direct air for ventilation. Where the mine is sunk at the base of a single shaft, the shaft is divided into two parts by a wooden or metal brattice. Air ...
was sent down to repair the stoppings.
Jeffcock descended into the pit at 10:00 pm and met Minto, Brown, Potter, Cooper, and Platts who were finally coming up for rest. Jeffcock took charge of the operation to make the pit safe and worked to restore ventilation. Dymond and Brown, who were supervising operations, realised before the end of the first day that all the remaining men underground must be dead and from midnight underground operations were run down. At 1.30 am most of the men below ground came up due to a false alarm and Minto went with John Smith (the mining engineer from Lundhill Colliery) below to investigate. Minto and Smith found Tewart who gave them directions to Jeffcock's location at the end of the stone drift. Jeffcock, Minto, and Smith walked up the engine level checking stoppings. Part way up they encountered a strong blower of
chokedamp
Blackdamp (also known as stythe or choke damp) is an asphyxiant, reducing the available oxygen content of air to a level incapable of sustaining human or animal life. It is not a single gas but a mixture of unbreathable gases left after oxygen is ...
(mainly carbon dioxide and nitrogen) which accounted for much of the foul air. Minto, Jeffcock, and several others remained in the mine and worked through the night into the next morning.
Recovery attempts, day two
Just after 5:00 am Minto ascended to select and organise a party of about a hundred men to recover bodies. Jeffcock remained below trying to re-establish effective ventilation. The rescue-recovery party of about seventy men were led by Smith, Tewart, William Sugden, deputy steward, Siddons, and two firemen Thomas Madin and William Stevenson.
The first explosion occurred around 8:30 am. Matthew Hague (alternately Haigh), a night deputy, was underground with Sugden in charge of a party of men about from the pit bottom. The air stream rapidly changed direction, a sure sign of an explosion and the men rushed to the pit bottom to be lifted out, though Sugden remained behind as he felt it his duty. At the inquest Hague described it: "I found the air turned upon us, and we 'revolted' again. That is, we were sucked backwards and forwards in consequence of the explosion. I knew this, for I am one of the survivors of the explosion twenty years ago." The first cage came up with sixteen men crammed in it (the cage was normally meant to carry six). Those waiting at the pit bottom took shelter and even bid each other farewell as they anxiously waited for the cage to return. In the midst of this, Minto descended to see what was going on. He asked Tewart where Jeffcock and Smith (of Lundhill) were and, after a brief search, spent five minutes talking with Tewart, Barker, and Siddons. He regained the surface at ten to nine to confer with the engineers.
Jeffcock had earlier sent word that he thought the mine was heating up and advised that the shaft temperature be monitored. A thermometer was lowered to check when the second explosion occurred at five to nine. Dymond, Minto, Brown, Potter, and Smith (of Monkwearmouth) had gathered around the furnace shaft to check on the air state and were thrown to the ground. No. 1 cage was blasted into the headgear, dense clouds of smoke were emitted, and large burning timbers were hurled into the air. This was a larger explosion than the first. A cage was lowered and shortly after raised but returned empty. It was apparent that the 28 rescuers still below ground (including Jeffcock, Tewart, Siddons, Sugden, Smith (of Lundhill), Barker, and twenty two others) were dead and little could be done to recover the bodies.
At 7.40 pm, a third explosion sent black smoke bellowing from No. 2 pit, the downcast shaft. The pit head was considered to be unsafe and spectators were moved to a safe distance.
Meanwhile, a
telegram
Telegraphy is the long-distance transmission of messages where the sender uses symbolic codes, known to the recipient, rather than a physical exchange of an object bearing the message. Thus flag semaphore is a method of telegraphy, whereas p ...
from
Queen Victoria
Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until Death and state funeral of Queen Victoria, her death in 1901. Her reign of 63 years and 21 ...
at
Windsor Castle
Windsor Castle is a royal residence at Windsor in the English county of Berkshire. It is strongly associated with the English and succeeding British royal family, and embodies almost a millennium of architectural history.
The original cast ...
arrived enquiring about the explosion and loss of life. The disaster attracted massive publicity.
Last survivor, day three
Between 4-5:00 am on Friday 14 December, the No. 1 pit signal bell rang. The mining engineers were sent for and a bottle of brandy and water was lowered by rope; when the rope was raised again, they found the bottle had been removed. As the cage was not usable, a makeshift pulley was set up and a small kibble (bucket) was attached. John E Mammatt, the engineer in charge, volunteered to descend the shaft. Another volunteer was sought and Thomas W Embleton Jr, with the permission of his father (T W Embleton Sr), also went down. Mammatt and Embleton Jr each placed one foot in the kibble and held onto the rope as they descended. Due to its inherent lack of stability, the rope twisted and swung them round as they were lowered so it was with difficulty that they kept from being overcome by dizziness while fending off collisions with the walls using their free arm. In addition to all this, they carried four fragile safety lamps sheltered from the water under their clothes. The men were deluged by streams of water as they descended and the roar from the water made communication nearly impossible. After a quarter of an hour, they reached the bottom and found Samuel Brown, who had entered the previous morning and had been in the pit for nearly 24 hours. Brown had descended with the rescue party at 7 am the previous day and had been with Hoyland, Barker, and Young. They had taken shelter in a lamphole when the second larger explosion hit and Brown was knocked unconscious.
When he awakened, he found his comrades were dead
hough, strangely, there is no Young among the lists of casualtiesand wandered to the base of No. 2 shaft. Finding nothing, he made his way to the No. 1 shaft and rang the bell. He reported he neither saw nor heard any signs of life from anyone else after the explosions Mammatt and Embleton Jr ventured a little distance into the workings but found no other living person and saw the workings were still on fire. They bound Brown to the rope and were about to set off when Mammatt was thrown off balance and into the water below. He was able to grab onto the bucket to keep from drowning and the three balanced precariously on the kibble as they were raised to the surface.
Aftermath
On Saturday 15 December six more explosions occurred. A meeting between the colliery viewers and the government inspector concluded that nothing more could be done for those below, and with the mine alight the only option was to seal it to extinguish the fire. On the following Monday 17 December work started to seal the three shafts. Explosions continued for nearly a week more.
From 30 January until 5 November 1867, hourly checks were made at the shafts until it was deemed safe to reopen them. Tomlinson describes a visit he made to the pithead during this time:
Once the shafts were reopened and ventilation established the task of recovering the bodies began. Jeffcock's body was discovered on Saturday 2 October 1869 and buried the following Monday.
[Clipping from "The Standard" of 9 October 1869 pasted onto the last page of ]
The colliery reopened in December 1870. The 150 bodies still underground were recovered. It was noted in contemporary reports that some of the bodies were sufficiently preserved to permit identification.
Sightseers and funerals
On Sunday 16 December, special trains filled with sightseers ran to Barnsley from Leeds, Wakefield, Sheffield and Manchester. Roads to the colliery were filled with sightseers and vehicles. Special services were held in Barnsley's churches where the bishop of Ripon was the preacher.
The bodies that had been recovered were interred in Ardsley churchyard, where 35 were buried in a mass grave, at Monk Bretton and in the new municipal cemetery.
Families
Major disasters had a devastating impact on local communities and Hoyle Mill and nearby settlements lost most of their young and adult males leaving scores of widows and even more dependent children. The Oaks disaster happened at a time of multiple catastrophes in coal mines. Around Barnsley there had been several major disasters including 73 deaths at Oaks in 1847, 75 at Darley Main in Worsborough in 1849 and 198 at Lundhill in 1857. In 1866 nearly all the males in Hoyle Mill perished, some families lost not only the
breadwinner
The breadwinner model is a paradigm of family centered on a breadwinner, "the member of a family who earns the money to support the others." Traditionally, the earner works outside the home to provide the family with income and benefits such as he ...
but three or four sons.
The disaster left 167 widows and 366 children under twelve. It was a national disaster and funds were raised immediately to support the families. Queen Victoria subscribed £200 and the
Lord Mayor of London
The Lord Mayor of London is the mayor of the City of London and the leader of the City of London Corporation. Within the City, the Lord Mayor is accorded precedence over all individuals except the sovereign and retains various traditional powe ...
opened a fund. Money was raised in many parts of the country and small sums were donated by individuals. The Oaks Colliery Relief Fund was established in Barnsley and in total £48,747 was raised of which £11,695 came from the Lord Mayor's Mansion House fund. Altogether 690 individuals were eligible for relief, but although £27,000 remained in the fund in 1908, families were inadequately supported. Some miners subscribed to accident insurance clubs which could not cope with the cost of such sudden high demands. Some local
friendly societies
A friendly society (sometimes called a benefit society, mutual aid society, benevolent society, fraternal and service organisations, fraternal organization or Rotating savings and credit association, ROSCA) is a mutual association for the purpo ...
paid their members grants towards funeral costs and colliery owners provided a small amount of temporary aid and allowed the families to stay rent free in the pit houses. The union, still in its infancy, paid £8 in funeral costs, 5 shillings per week to widows and a shilling for children under twelve. Five shillings is . and two shillings and sixpence for each child under the age of thirteen was paid from the public relief fund. Should a widow remarry she received a bonus of £20 (), but all further benefit ceased.
Inquest
The inquest opened on 14 December at the Old White Bear public house in Hoyle Mill. The Coroner was Major Thomas Taylor (1823-1900) 15 jurors were sworn in and 16 bodies were identified. The proceedings moved to Barnsley Court House on 20 December. The inquest lasted for 13 days, but despite the evidence given by several miners and the evidence from the deputation who had complained about the presence of gas to the management two weeks before the explosions, no definite conclusion could be reached. The district mines' inspector, Charles Morton, resigned during the inquest with ill health and his place was taken by Joseph Dickinson from Lancashire.
William Gibson gave evidence that the night before the meeting of the men and the management, gas had fired at his master, Andrew Barker's lamp and he was "knocked up" after three and a half hours work. Gibson left his job at the colliery the Sunday before the explosion after four or five years employment. Hague, a night deputy, told the inquest of finding 16 bodies between and : "They were not burnt or scorched in the least, but appeared as if asleep." James Marsh, a miner from
Worsbro'dale tried to push on past Hague, but had to turn back "as the air was so bad".
The inquest could not conclusively ascertain what had caused the explosion or what was the source of the first ignition. Some survivors mentioned an exceptionally violent blast just before the main explosion. This may have been caused by blasting the drift near the Barnsley seam which ignited pockets of firedamp. The initial blast may have caused a chain reaction triggering a firedamp and
coal dust Coal dust is a fine powdered form of which is created by the crushing, grinding, or pulverizing of coal. Because of the brittle nature of coal, coal dust can be created during mining, transportation, or by mechanically handling coal. It is a form o ...
explosion that devastated the rest of the pit. Although the cause was never properly discovered, 17 explosions were recorded at the Oaks Colliery. After the inconclusive verdict was delivered the reactions in the press included a barrage of condemnation and criticism.
On behalf of the Mines Inspectorate, Joseph Dickinson submitted his report to parliament at the end of April 1867. Petitions were sent to the
Home Office asking for an official inquiry into the disaster and the unsafe state of coal mines generally. Dickinson and a representative of the colliery owners were interviewed by a select committee of the
House of Commons
The House of Commons is the name for the elected lower house of the bicameral parliaments of the United Kingdom and Canada. In both of these countries, the Commons holds much more legislative power than the nominally upper house of parliament. ...
but the government responded with no urgency and twelve more explosions had occurred before the 1872 Coal Mines Act was operational.
Legacy
A monument to those killed in the disaster was erected at Christ Church,
Ardsley in Barnsley in 1879. A second monument was erected in 1913 to Parkin Jeffcock and the volunteer rescuers who were killed.
Parliament considered the subject of colliery accidents in 1868. During 1865–6 the deaths of 2,468 workers led to calls for more to be done to prevent such accidents. Inspectors visited after the accidents had taken place and nothing was done to prevent them. Complaints made by workmen to the mines inspectors usually had substance. An increase in the number of inspectors was considered but conditions could only improve when the collieries were better managed. Unskilled managers and their subordinates, underground viewers needed educating. Disasters caused the colliery owners to become more receptive to inspections as accidents and losses would be lessened if sub-inspectors could make suggestions as to the better management of the collieries making them safer for the workforce. The great loss of life in the pits led to the announcement of a Royal Commission.
Death toll
It was stated under oath and in two Command Reports to Parliament that the explosions killed 361 men and boys, based on 340 working below ground in the first explosion (with six survivors) and 27 rescuers killed on 13 December. The accident was the worst in British mining history until the
Senghenydd Colliery Disaster
The Senghenydd colliery disaster, also known as the Senghenydd explosion ( cy, Tanchwa Senghennydd), occurred at the Universal Colliery in Senghenydd, near Caerphilly, Glamorgan, Wales, on 14 October 1913. The explosion, which killed 439 coal ...
which claimed 439 lives in the
South Wales coalfield
The South Wales Coalfield ( cy, Maes glo De Cymru) extends across Pembrokeshire, Carmarthenshire, Swansea, Neath Port Talbot, Bridgend, Rhondda Cynon Taf, Merthyr Tydfil, Caerphilly, Blaenau Gwent and Torfaen. It is rich in coal deposits, espec ...
in 1913. The Oaks disaster remains the worst in an English coalfield.
A volunteer research project by the Dearne Valley Landscape Partnership in 2016 produced a list of 383 names although not all were verified as dead in the disaster. The ages of those killed ranges from 10 to 67.
See also
*
List of United Kingdom disasters by death toll
*
Glossary of coal mining terminology
This is a partial glossary of coal mining terminology commonly used in the coalfields of the United Kingdom. Some words were in use throughout the coalfields, some are historic and some are local to the different British coalfields.
A
Adit
:An ...
Notes
References
Bibliography
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{{Coal mining in Yorkshire
1866 mining disasters
1866 in England
Explosions in 1866
19th century in Yorkshire
1866 disasters in the United Kingdom
Disasters in Yorkshire
Explosions in England
History of South Yorkshire
December 1866 events