![Bois](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Bois.jpg)
''The Crisis'' is the official magazine of the
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is a civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as an interracial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. ...
(NAACP). It was founded in 1910 by
W. E. B. Du Bois
William Edward Burghardt Du Bois ( ; February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963) was an American-Ghanaian sociologist, socialist, historian, and Pan-Africanist civil rights activist. Born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, Du Bois grew up in ...
(editor),
Oswald Garrison Villard
Oswald Garrison Villard (March 13, 1872 – October 1, 1949) was an American journalist and editor of the ''New York Evening Post.'' He was a civil rights activist, and along with his mother, Fanny Villard, a founding member of the NAACP. I ...
,
J. Max Barber
Jesse Max Barber (July 5, 1878 – September 20, 1949) was an African-American journalist, teacher and dentist.
Biography
Born in Blackstock, South Carolina, to former slave parents, Jesse Max Barber was educated at Benedict College and Virg ...
,
Charles Edward Russell
Charles Edward Russell (September 25, 1860 in Davenport, Iowa – April 23, 1941 in Washington, D.C.) was an American journalist, opinion columnist, newspaper editor, and political activist. The author of a number of books of biography and socia ...
,
Kelly Miller,
William Stanley Braithwaite, and
Mary Dunlop Maclean
Mary Dunlop Maclean (pseudonym, Judith Herz; September 27, 1873 – July 12, 1912) was a writer, journalist, and first managing editor of ''The Crisis'' from 1909 until her death.
Early life
Mary Dunlop Johnson was born to white parents Harriet D ...
. ''The Crisis'' has been in continuous print since 1910, and it is the oldest Black-oriented magazine in the world. Today, ''The Crisis'' is "a quarterly journal of civil rights, history, politics and culture and seeks to educate and challenge its readers about issues that continue to plague African Americans and other communities of color."
History
The Du Bois era
Beginnings and the Du Bois era
The original title of the magazine was ''The CRISIS: A Record of The Darker Races''. The magazine's name was inspired by
James Russell Lowell
James Russell Lowell (; February 22, 1819 – August 12, 1891) was an American Romantic poet, critic, editor, and diplomat. He is associated with the fireside poets, a group of New England writers who were among the first American poets that ri ...
's 1845 poem, "
The Present Crisis
"The Present Crisis" is an 1845 poem by James Russell Lowell. It was written as a protest against the Mexican–American War. Decades later, it became the inspiration for the title of ''The Crisis'', the magazine published by the National Associa ...
". The suggestion to name the magazine after the poem came from one of the NAACP co-founders and noted white abolitionist
Mary White Ovington
Mary White Ovington (April 11, 1865 – July 15, 1951) was an American suffragist, journalist, and co-founder of the NAACP, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
Biography
Mary White Ovington was born April 11, 1865, ...
. The first issue was typed and arranged by NAACP secretary
Richetta Randolph Wallace.
As the founding editor of ''The Crisis'', Du Bois proclaimed his intentions in his first editorial:
The object of this publication is to set forth those facts and arguments which show the danger of race prejudice, particularly as manifested today toward colored people. It takes its name from the fact that the editors believe that this is a critical time in the history of the advancement of men. …Finally, its editorial page will stand for the rights of men, irrespective of color or race, for the highest ideals of American democracy, and for reasonable but earnest and persistent attempts to gain these rights and realize these ideals." (''The Crisis'', November 1910, 10)
Although ''The Crisis'' was officially an organ of the NAACP, Du Bois had a large degree of control over the periodical's expressed opinion. Du Bois wrote in ''
Dusk of Dawn'' (1940) that he intended for ''The Crisis'' to represent his personal opinions:
I determine to make the opinion of the ''Crisis'' a personal opinion; because, as I argued, no organization can express definite and clear cut opinions… the ''Crisis'' would state openly the opinion of its editor, so long, of course, as that opinion was in general agreement with that of the organization.
Affiliation with the NAACP
The NAACP was founded in response to the
Springfield Race Riots of Illinois in 1908, calling attention to the injustices that the black community was subjected to. After this riot,
William Walling composed an article in the newspaper, prompting his audience to fight racism in a united fashion.
Oswald Villard responded to Walling's article in one of his own titled "The Call", an article welcoming individuals to attend a national meeting dedicated to intersectional justice for all citizens despite race. There were 60 individuals that attended the call, 7 of them were persons of color, including
Mary Church Terrell
Mary Church Terrell (born Mary Eliza Church; September 23, 1863 – July 24, 1954) was one of the first African-American women to earn a college degree, and became known as a national activist for civil rights and suffrage. She taught in the Lati ...
,
Ida B. Wells
Ida B. Wells (full name: Ida Bell Wells-Barnett) (July 16, 1862 – March 25, 1931) was an American investigative journalist, educator, and early leader in the civil rights movement. She was one of the founders of the National Association for ...
, and W. E. B. Du Bois. This meeting and signing of the call led to the formation of the NAACP in 1909.
The NAACP was largely recognized as a grassroots foundation, as it relied on the surrounding to community to sell subscriptions to the magazine, ''The Crisis''. In its first year, the journal had a monthly circulation of 1,000. Ten years later, by 1918, it had more than 100,000 readers. It also grew in size, beginning at 20 pages and rising to as many as 68 pages; and in price, beginning at 10 cents per issue and later increasing to 15 cents. ''The Crisis'' would go on to become incredibly influential during the 1910s and 1920s and would take a large role in the
Harlem Renaissance
The Harlem Renaissance was an intellectual and cultural revival of African American music, dance, art, fashion, literature, theater, politics and scholarship centered in Harlem, Manhattan, New York City, spanning the 1920s and 1930s. At the t ...
literature movement.
Literary and artistic impact during the Harlem Renaissance
![CrisisMagazineMay1924](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/CrisisMagazineMay1924.png)
While the magazine was originally intended to be much more of a political and news publication than a literary publication, it had undeniable impact on the
Harlem Renaissance
The Harlem Renaissance was an intellectual and cultural revival of African American music, dance, art, fashion, literature, theater, politics and scholarship centered in Harlem, Manhattan, New York City, spanning the 1920s and 1930s. At the t ...
literary and arts movement during the 1920s, especially from 1918 to 1926 when
Jessie Redmon Fauset
Jessie Redmon Fauset (April 27, 1882 – April 30, 1961) was an African-American editor, poet, essayist, novelist, and educator. Her literary work helped sculpt African-American literature in the 1920s as she focused on portraying a true image ...
served as Literary Editor.
It was primarily during Jessie Fauset's tenure that literature abounded. Though not nearly as well-known today as Du Bois, Fauset's literary contributions were equal in importance. The poet
Langston Hughes
James Mercer Langston Hughes (February 1, 1901 – May 22, 1967) was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist from Joplin, Missouri. One of the earliest innovators of the literary art form called jazz poetry, Hug ...
described Fauset as one of the "midwives of the Harlem Renaissance. Hughes wrote in his 1940 autobiography ''
The Big Sea
''The Big Sea'' (1940) is an autobiographical work by Langston Hughes. In it, he tells his experience of being a writer of color in Paris, France, and his experiences living in New York, where he faced injustices surrounding systematic racism ...
'' that the parties at Fauset's Harlem home were rather exclusive "literary soirees with much poetry but little to drink" (Hughes 244).
Some of the best-known writers of the Harlem Renaissance were first published or became well known by being published in ''The Crisis'' during Fauset's tenure, including Hughes,
Countee Cullen
Countee Cullen (born Countee LeRoy Porter; May 30, 1903 – January 9, 1946) was an American poet, novelist, children's writer, and playwright, particularly well known during the Harlem Renaissance.
Early life
Childhood
Countee LeRoy Porter ...
,
Arthur Huff Fauset
Arthur Huff Fauset (January 20, 1899 – September 2, 1983) was an American civil rights activist, anthropologist, folklorist, and educator. Born in Flemington, New Jersey, he grew up in Philadelphia, where he attended Central High School.
...
(Jessie Fauset's younger half-brother),
Jean Toomer,
James Weldon Johnson,
Claude McKay
Festus Claudius "Claude" McKay OJ (September 15, 1890See Wayne F. Cooper, ''Claude McKay, Rebel Sojourner In The Harlem Renaissance (New York, Schocken, 1987) p. 377 n. 19. As Cooper's authoritative biography explains, McKay's family predated ...
,
Effie Lee Newsome
Effie Lee Newsome (1885–1979), born Mary Effie Lee in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was a Harlem Renaissance writer. She mostly wrote children's poems, and was the first famous African-American poet whose work was mostly in this area. She edite ...
,
Zora Neale Hurston
Zora Neale Hurston (January 7, 1891 – January 28, 1960) was an American author, anthropologist, and filmmaker. She portrayed racial struggles in the early-1900s American South and published research on Hoodoo (spirituality), hoodoo. The most ...
,
Gwendolyn Bennett
Gwendolyn B. Bennett (July 8, 1902 – May 30, 1981) was an American artist, writer, and journalist who contributed to '' Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life'', which chronicled cultural advancements during the Harlem Renaissance. Though ofte ...
,
Arna Bontemps
Arna Wendell Bontemps ( ) (October 13, 1902 – June 4, 1973) was an American poet, novelist and librarian, and a noted member of the Harlem Renaissance.
Early life
Bontemps was born in Alexandria, Louisiana, into a Louisiana Creole family. His a ...
,
Charles Chesnutt
Charles Waddell Chesnutt (June 20, 1858 – November 15, 1932) was an American author, essayist, political activist and lawyer, best known for his novels and short stories exploring complex issues of racial and social identity in the post-Ci ...
,
Marita Bonner, and
Walter White. Despite Fauset's personal tastes and interests in her own writing, she featured poetry, prose, short stories, essays and plays in ''The Crisis''. Fauset was also the primary force that kept the New York office going logistically between 1919 and 1926. Following her departure from ''The Crisis'', the quality and quantity of the literature section of the magazine declined. In her biography of Fauset, ''Jessie Redmon Fauset, Black American Writer'', Carolyn Wedin Sylvander writes that after Fauset's departure, several poets criticized Du Bois for neglecting literature, printing pieces the poets had specifically requested not be published, or printing old pieces.
In addition to literature, art played an important role in ''The Crisis''s overall message and function. In his famous October 1926 essay "Criteria of Negro Art",
which was delivered as an address at the Chicago conference of the NAACP in 1926, Du Bois stated one of his opinions on art:
Thus all art is propaganda and ever must be, despite the wailing of the purists. I stand in utter shamelessness and say that whatever art I have for writing has been used always for propaganda for gaining the right of black folk to love and enjoy. I do not care a damn for any art that is not used for propaganda. But I do care when propaganda is confined to one side while the other is stripped and silent.
This essay was published in conjunction with a seven-part series of responses to a symposium called ''
The Negro in Art: How Shall He Be Portrayed?'', which invited responses by black and white artists and intellectuals to seven questions on the freedoms and responsibilities of black artists.
In pursuing the use of art to positively portray the African-American race, Du Bois turned to photography as a favored medium. In ''Protest and Propaganda'', Amy Helene Kirschke wrote: "Du Bois believed that art was in fact the embodiment of freedom of expression and that through art, truth could be expressed, creating something beautiful. Through the inclusion of art and poetry, creative writing, and photography, ''The Crisis'' could bring beauty into the home" (123). The arts were also used to capture current events. Political cartoons, illustrations and graphic photographs aligned with Du Bois' strong interest in social justice and in highlighting heinous crimes being committed against African Americans.
Educational impact under Du Bois
''The Crisis'' magazine has played a major role in promoting the rise of African-American colleges and the rise of African-American studies. Early on, the magazine fostered an interest in higher education, reporting how the black universities were operating financially and administratively and on the hardships these colleges endured.
Children and education were two topics that mattered quite a bit to Du Bois, whose philosophy during that era was that a "Talented Tenth" of the African-American population should be bred, raised and trained to become elite intellectual and political leaders – a topic he first introduced in his 1903 book ''
The Souls of Black Folk.'' Readers could see this reflected in the annual Children's and Education numbers, which came out in October and July, respectively, and which leaned heavily on photography as a medium for showing off the best of the best of African-American youth.
Fauset, who contributed articles to ''Crisis'' long before becoming the literary editor in 1918, also seemed to care deeply about children's literature, and contributed the large majority of content to ''
The Brownies' Book'', which was a monthly children's magazine that Du Bois, the ''Crisis'' business editor, Augustus Dill, and Fauset printed in 1920 and 1921. ''The Brownies' Book'' focused heavily on promoting standards of gender, class and racial behavior and pride, also using photographs to inspire young African-American children. Common themes in ''The Brownies' Book'' included doing well in school, taking pride in one's appearance, and learning about one's heritage, with many African folk tales and other African cultural issues mentioned.
Advertising also tended to focus heavily on education, with ads for various schools, institutions, training courses, and, of course, colleges and universities, featured in every issue during this time period, appearing before the table of contents in many cases.
Political impact under Du Bois
Du Bois tended to view ''The Crisis'' as his personal soapbox to a certain degree, heavily pushing his own opinions through the opinion section. Common concerns in his writings included promoting a positive, dignified, progressive image of African-American people; calling for action, social justice and an end to violence against blacks; and promoting good international relations, especially in regards to the Pan-African movement.
All of the issues between 1910 and 1934 feature an opinion section that was written by Du Bois (later renamed from "Opinion" to "Postscript"). Other Du Bois-authored columns included a "Men of the Month" column, which featured successful black men in various professions, a news column called "Along the Color Line", and a "Horizon" column, which read as more of a newsletter, detailing positive accomplishments by African Americans. Du Bois frequently included reviews of news articles from other publications that he felt were incorrect, and also tracked certain special causes. As an editor, Du Bois did not shy away from showing photographs of and writing about controversial issues, including lynching, racism in the U.S. military, labor issues, and political issues with as Booker T. Washington's views and Marcus Garvey's views.
''The Crisis'' was also used to promote the production of black cinema. The center of their promotion was the Ethiopian Art Theatre, in Chicago. The theatre was a place that provided training and promotion of black actors as well as employment for black citizens of Chicago. It attracted thousands of blacks from the South, who saw it as evidence of success and pride within the black community.
However strongly Du Bois's opinions were expressed in the pages of ''The Crisis'', he was certainly not the only contributor. During Fauset's tenure as literary editor, she wrote and edited a column entitled "The Looking Glass," which was primarily literature and art review, but also included other essays. The "Outer Pocket" column featured letters from readers. While Fauset's primary concern and duties were with the literature of the times, she shared other political outlooks with Du Bois, such as a concern for education and families. African cultural issues were also of concern to both Du Bois and Fauset in general, with their many trips overseas, their participation in several Pan-African Congresses and Conferences, and African-themed cover art and other art on the pages of ''The Crisis'' throughout the years.
After Du Bois
Du Bois's initial position as editor was in line with the NAACP's liberal program of social reform and racial equality, but by the 1930s Du Bois was advocating a form of black separatism. This led to disputes between Du Bois and the NAACP, resulting in his resignation as editor in 1934. He was replaced by
Roy Wilkins. However, financial issues were also at play. In his 1940 memoir ''Dusk of Dawn'', Du Bois wrote that the periodical suffered during the Great Depression as the "circulation dropped steadily until by 1933 it was scarcely more than ten thousand paid subscriptions."
While ''The Crisis'' has been published continually since 1910, its years under Du Bois are arguably far better-known than any of its other years. There have been 15 editors at the magazine's helm since Du Bois's departure. Roy Wilkins remained editor after Du Bois until 1949, when he became the acting NAACP secretary. James W. Ivy subsequently became the editor of the magazine until his retirement in 1966. The magazine continued to print news articles and opinion columns on current events and social concerns.
After Ivy's retirement, other persons who served as editor included
Henry Lee Moon
Henry Lee Moon (1901 – June 7, 1985) was an American journalist, writer and civil rights activist.
Early life and career
Moon was born in Pendleton, South Carolina in 1901 but spent much of his life in Cleveland, Ohio. His father Roddy K. Mo ...
, Warren Marr II, Chester Arthur Higgins Sr. (1917–2000), Maybelle Ward, Fred Beauford, Garland Thompson, Denise Crittendon, Gentry Trotter, Paul Ruffins,
Ida E. Lewis
Ida Elizabeth Lewis (born September 22, 1934) is a Black American journalist and teacher. She was editor-in-chief of the magazines ''Essence (magazine), Essence'' and ''The Crisis'', and founder of ''Encore (news magazine), Encore''.
Career
Lew ...
, Phil Petrie, and Victoria Valentine.
From 1997 to 2003, it appeared as ''The New Crisis: The Magazine of Opportunities and Ideas'', but the title has since reverted to ''The Crisis''.
On August 7, 2007,
Jabari Asim
Jabari Asim (born August 11, 1962) is an author, poet, playwright, and professor of writing, literature and publishing at Emerson College in Boston, Massachusetts. He is the former editor-in-chief of ''The Crisis'' magazine, a journal of politi ...
was named editor of ''The Crisis'' by then publisher
Roger Wilkins
Roger Wood Wilkins (January 29, 1932 – March 26, 2017) was an American lawyer, civil rights leader, professor of history, and journalist who served as the 15th United States Assistant Attorney General under President Lyndon B. Johnson from 19 ...
. Asim came to ''The Crisis'' from ''The
Washington Post
''The Washington Post'' (also known as the ''Post'' and, informally, ''WaPo'') is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C. It is the most widely circulated newspaper within the Washington metropolitan area and has a large nati ...
'', where he was ''Book World'' deputy editor.
The ''
Chicago Tribune
The ''Chicago Tribune'' is a daily newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, owned by Tribune Publishing. Founded in 1847, and formerly self-styled as the "World's Greatest Newspaper" (a slogan for which WGN radio and television ar ...
'' named ''The Crisis'' one of its "50 Favorite Magazines" in 2008, stating: "This venerable publication of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People has continued to evolve and illuminate since its premiere issue in November 1910 (one year after the creation of the NAACP)."
1/sup>
Advertisement
Advertisements in ''The Crisis'' showcase jobs, education, and businesses in the African-American community. These advertisements often reflected the views of the current editor. Under Du Bois, advertisements on education are most prevalent. All types of schools, institutions, training courses, colleges and universities. Some of the schools advertised are Howard University, Fisk University
Fisk University is a private historically black liberal arts college in Nashville, Tennessee. It was founded in 1866 and its campus is a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
In 1930, Fisk was the first Africa ...
, Paine College, The Cheyney Training School for Teachers and many others. The number one thing these schools had in common was they were all only for colored students. Another popular advertisement under Du Bois was job advertisements. Some of the jobs advertised were teachers, vendors, nurses, dentists, civil service and stenographers. There was always a need for advertising agents. ''The Crisis'' even had its own ad for agents specifically for the magazine. The advertisement section also includes ads for other magazines and books to read. One of these magazines is '' The Brownies' Book'', a magazine for children; a double subscription to ''The Brownies' Book'' and ''The Crisis'' for a special price is even offered. Another was '' Locoma Magazine'', an adult magazine featuring such topics as marriage, divorce, eugenics, and birth control. ''The Crisis'' also advertised books that claimed to be necessary reading for all African Americans; among these books weree '' Darkwater: Voices from Within the Veil'' by Du Bois
''Scott's Official History of the American Negro in the Great War''
by Emmett Jay Scott
Emmett Jay Scott (February 13, 1873 – December 12, 1957) was a journalist, founding newspaper editor, government official and envoy, educator, and author. He was Booker T. Washington's closest adviser at the Tuskegee Institute. He was responsib ...
, an
''As Nature Leads''
by J. A. Rogers
Joel Augustus Rogers (September 6, 1880– March 26, 1966) was a Jamaican-American author, journalist, and historian who focused on the history of Africa; as well as the African diaspora. After settling in the United States in 1906, he lived in ...
. As the magazine continued its growth and influence, they added a table of books readers could buy from the magazine, which was called "The Crisis Book Mart". This range of books featured influential writers such as Langston Hughes
James Mercer Langston Hughes (February 1, 1901 – May 22, 1967) was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist from Joplin, Missouri. One of the earliest innovators of the literary art form called jazz poetry, Hug ...
, Alain Locke, Claude McKay
Festus Claudius "Claude" McKay OJ (September 15, 1890See Wayne F. Cooper, ''Claude McKay, Rebel Sojourner In The Harlem Renaissance (New York, Schocken, 1987) p. 377 n. 19. As Cooper's authoritative biography explains, McKay's family predated ...
and others. Many of the books and magazines advertised in ''The Crisis'' are aimed to showcase culture as well as to educate African Americans. Real estate was also included in the magazine's advertisements, as well as plots of land for building homes and even for vacationing in various locations such as Orchardville
West Grey is a township in the northern area of Southwestern Ontario, Canada, in Grey County spanning across the River Styx, the Rocky Saugeen River, the Beatty Saugeen River, and the South Saugeen River.
The municipality was formed by order o ...
, Idlewood, Pleasantville, and Atlantic City. This showed the spread of African Americans across different cities as well as their prospering wealth.
Other types of advertisements in ''The Crisis'' promoted music as well as vocalists and musicians. Some of those promoted were lyric soprano Cleota Collins
Cleota J. Collins (September 24, 1893 — July 7, 1976) was an American soprano singer and music educator. She was one of the founding members of the National Association of Negro Musicians in 1919.
Early life
Cleota Josephine Collins was born i ...
, concert violinist Wesley I. Howard, and high-class entertainers Invincible Concert Co
Invincible may refer to:
Film and television
* ''Invincible'' (2001 drama film), a drama by Werner Herzog about Jewish cabaret during the rise of Nazism
* ''Invincible'' (2001 TV film), a fantasy / martial arts TV movie starring Billy Zane
...
. There were also advertisements for phonograph records as well as hymn books, and plays.
Other advertisements of ''The Crisis'' magazine covered a variety of topics: a Booker T Washington
Booker Taliaferro Washington (April 5, 1856November 14, 1915) was an American educator, author, orator, and adviser to several presidents of the United States. Between 1890 and 1915, Washington was the dominant leader in the African-American c ...
bust, colored dolls, hair grower/preparation (Madam C. J. Walker
Madam C.J. Walker (born Sarah Breedlove; December 23, 1867 – May 25, 1919) was an African American entrepreneur, philanthropist, and political and social activist. She is recorded as the first female self-made millionaire in America in the '' G ...
's preparations for the hair/ Nile Queen), wigs (fashion book), tooth polish (Dr. Welters antiseptic tooth powder), tuxedos, NAACP
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is a civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as an interracial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E.&nb ...
membership, Christmas Seals (for the NAACP/ protecting against tuberculosis), "On Health's Highway" to support cancer patients, laundry, Negro art photo calendar, undertaking and embalming, life health and accident insurance. Many of these advertisements showed the push for African Americans, women especially, to focus on their looks. One such advertisement even stated: "It is the duty of human beings to be attractive."
Editors
* 1910–34: W. E. B. Du Bois
* 1934–49: Roy Wilkins
* 1949–66: James W. Ivy
* 1967–74: Henry Lee Moon
* 1974–80: Warren Marr II
* 1981–84: Chester Higgins Sr.
* 1984–85: Maybelle Ward
* 1985–92: Fred Beauford; 1991–98: Walter Morrison, Associate Editor
* 1992–94: Garland Thomas
* 1994: Denise Crittendon
* 1995–97: Eric Clark, Managing Editor; Tsitsi Wakhisi, Contributing Editor
* 1997–98: Paul Ruffins
* 1998–2000: Ida E. Lewis
Ida Elizabeth Lewis (born September 22, 1934) is a Black American journalist and teacher. She was editor-in-chief of the magazines ''Essence (magazine), Essence'' and ''The Crisis'', and founder of ''Encore (news magazine), Encore''.
Career
Lew ...
* 2001 & 2007: Phil Petrie (interim)
* 2001–07: Victoria Valentine
* 2007–17: Jabari Asim
Jabari Asim (born August 11, 1962) is an author, poet, playwright, and professor of writing, literature and publishing at Emerson College in Boston, Massachusetts. He is the former editor-in-chief of ''The Crisis'' magazine, a journal of politi ...
* 2017: Lottie Joiner (interim)
See also
* '' Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life''
* '' Phylon''
References
Further reading
General resources – Books
* Bontemps, Arna. ''The Harlem Renaissance Remembered: Essays Edited With a Memoir.'' New York: Dodd, Mead, 1972. Print.
* Bornstein, George. "How to Read a Page: Modernism and Material Textuality." ''Material Modernism: The Politics of the Page.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. 5–31. Print.
* Driskell, David, David Levering Lewis, and Deborah Willis Ryan. ''Harlem Renaissance Art of Black America.'' New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1987. Print.
* Farebrother, Rachel. "''The Crisis'' (1910-34)". ''The Oxford Critical and Cultural History of Modernist Magazines.'' Eds. Peter Brooker and Andrew Thacker. Vol. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. 103–124. Print.
* Ferguson, Jeffrey B. ''The Harlem Renaissance: A Brief History with Documents.'' Boston: Bedford St. Martin's, 2008. Print.
* Hughes, Langston. ''The Big Sea.'' Ed. Joseph McLaren. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2002. Print.
* Ikonné, Chidi. ''From Du Bois to Van Vechten: The Early New Negro Literature, 1903–1926.'' Westport: Greenwood Press, 1981. Print.
* Kirschke, Amy Helene. ''Art in Crisis: W.E.B. Du Bois and the Struggle for African American Identity and Memory.'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007. Print.
* Marks, Carole, and Diana Edkins. ''The Power of Pride: Stylemakers and Rulebreakers of the Harlem Renaissance.'' New York: Crown, 1999. Print.
* ''New Voices on the Harlem Renaissance: Essays on Race, Gender, and Literary Discourse.'' Eds. Australia Tarver and Paula C. Barnes. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2006. Print.
* Perry, Margaret. ''Silence to the Drums: A Survey of the Literature of the Harlem Renaissance.'' Westport: Greenwood Press, 1976. Print.
* Schäffer, Christina. The Brownies' Book: ''Inspiring Racial Price in African-American Children''. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2012. Print.
* Taylor, Quintard
__FORCETOC__
Quintard Taylor is a historian, Founder CEO, founder of BlackPast.org, an online encyclopedia dedicated to provide public with information concerning African-American history, African American history, and former professor of Univers ...
. ''From Timbuktu to Katrina: Readings in African American History''. Boston: Thomson, 2008. Print.
* ''Temples for Tomorrow: Looking Back at the Harlem Renaissance.'' Eds. Geneviève Fabre and Michel Feith. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001. Print.
* Van Wienen, Mark W. ''Partisans and Poets: The Political Work of American Poetry in the Great War''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Print.
General resources – Journal articles
* Ardis, Ann. "Making Middlebrow Culture, Making Middlebrow Literary Texts Matter: ''The Crisis'', Easter 1912". ''Modernist Cultures'' 6.1 (2011): 18–40. PDF.
* Austin, Addell. "The ''Opportunity'' and ''Crisis'' Literary Contests, 1924-27." ''CLA'' 32.2 (1988): 235–246. PDF.
* Carroll, Anne. "Protest and Affirmation: Composite Texts in the ''Crisis.''" ''American Literature'' 76.1 (2004): 89–116. PDF.
* Castronovo, Russ. "Beauty Along the Color Line: Lynching, Aesthetics, and the ''Crisis''". ''MLA'' 121.5 (2006): 1443–1459. PDF.
* Digby-Junger, Richard. "''The Guardian'', ''Crisis'', ''Messenger'', and ''Negro World'': The Early-20th-Century Black Radical Press". ''The Howard Journal of Communications'' 9 (1998): 263–282. PDF.
* Farebrother, Rachel. "The Lesson Which India is Today Teaching the World: Nationalism and Internationalism in ''The Crisis'', 1910-1943". ''Journal of American Studies'' 46.3 (2012): 603–623. PDF.
* Kirschke, Amy Helen. "Du Bois and ''The Crisis'' Magazine: Imaging Women and Family". ''Notes in the History of Art'' 24.4 (2005): 35–45. PDF.
* ---. "The Burden of Black Womanhood: Aaron Douglas and the 'Apogée of Beauty.'" ''American Studies'' 49.1 (2008): 97–105. PDF.
* Musser, Judith. "African American Women's Short Stories in the Harlem Renaissance: Bridging a Tradition." ''Mellus'' 23.2 (1998): 27–47. PDF.
* Omodele, Remi. "'For Us, About Us, Near Us and By Us': American Women Playwrights and the Making of NAACP-DuBois's ''Edutainment'' Agenda". '' Women's History Review'' 11.1 (2002): 49–70. PDF.
* Reymond, Rhonda L. "Looking In: Albert A. Smith's Use of 'Repoussoir' in Cover Illustrations for the ''Crisis'' and ''Opportunity''". ''American Periodicals'' 20.2 (2010): 216–240. PDF.
* Stavney, Anne. "'Mothers of Tomorrow': The New Negro Renaissance and the Politics of Maternal Representation". ''African American Review'' 32.4 (1998): 533–561. PDF.
Anthologies
* ''Breaking the Ties that Bind: Popular Stories of the New Woman, 1915-1930.'' Ed. Maureen Honey. Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 1992. Print.
* ''The Crisis Reader: Stories, Poetry, and Essays from the N.A.A.C.P.'s ''Crisis'' Magazine''. Ed. Sondra Kathryn Wilson. New York: Modern Library, 1999. Print.
* Du Bois, W. E. B. ''W.E.B. Du Bois: The'' Crisis ''Writings''. Ed. Daniel Walden. Fawcett: Greenwich, 1972. Print.
* Ferguson, Jeffrey B. ''The Harlem Renaissance: A Brief History with Documents''. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2008. Print.
* ''"Girl, Colored" and Other Stories: A Complete Short Fiction Anthology of African American Women Writers in'' The Crisis ''Magazine, 1910–2010.'' Ed. Judith Musser. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2011.
* ''Harlem's Glory: Black Women Writing, 1900–1950.'' Eds. Lorraine Elene Roses and Ruth Elizabeth Randolph. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard UP, 1996. Print.
* ''The New Negro: Readings on Race, Representation, and African American Culture, 1892–1938.'' Eds. Henry Louis Gates Jr. and Gene Andrew Jarrett
Gene Andrew Jarrett (born April 21, 1975) is an American professor, literary scholar, and academic administrator. He is Dean of the Faculty and William S. Tod Professor of English at Princeton University.
Prior to his current role at Princeton, ...
. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007. Print.
* ''The New Negro Renaissance: An Anthology''. Eds. Arthur P. Davis and Michael W. Peplow. New York: Holt, 1975.
* ''Shadowed Dreams: Women's Poetry of the Harlem Renaissance.'' Ed. Maureen Honey. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1989. Print.
* ''W.E.B. Du Bois: A Reader.'' Ed. Meyer Weinberg. New York: Harper, 1970. Print.
Online resources
* ''The Crisis.'' Google Books. Web. Multiple access dates.
* ''The Crisis''. Modernist Journals Project. Web. Multiple access dates.
* ''Encyclopedia of African American History 1896 to the Present''. Ed. Paul Finkleman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. E-book resource. Web. Multiple access dates.
External links
*
''The Crisis'' archives
at Modernist Journals Project
''The Crisis'' archives
at Google Books
Google Books (previously known as Google Book Search, Google Print, and by its code-name Project Ocean) is a service from Google Inc. that searches the full text of books and magazines that Google has scanned, converted to text using optical c ...
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African-American magazines
Literary magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1910
Magazines published in Baltimore
Monthly magazines published in the United States
NAACP
Political magazines published in the United States
W. E. B. Du Bois