''The Madhouse'' (Spanish: ''Casa de locos'') or ''Asylum'' (Spanish: ''Manicomio'') is an

oil on panel A panel painting is a painting made on a flat panel of wood, either a single piece or a number of pieces joined together. Until canvas became the more popular support medium in the 16th century, panel painting was the normal method, when not paint ...

painting by

Francisco Goya Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (; ; 30 March 174616 April 1828) was a Spanish romantic painter and printmaker. He is considered the most important Spanish artist of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. His paintings, drawings, and e ...

. He produced it between 1812 and 1819 based on a scene he had witnessed at the then-renowned

Zaragoza Zaragoza, also known in English as Saragossa,''Encyclopædia Britannica'"Zaragoza (conventional Saragossa)" is the capital city of the Zaragoza Province and of the autonomous community of Aragon, Spain. It lies by the Ebro river and its tributari ...

mental asylum. It depicts a

mental asylum The lunatic asylum (or insane asylum) was an early precursor of the modern psychiatric hospital. The fall of the lunatic asylum and its eventual replacement by modern psychiatric hospitals explains the rise of organized, institutional psychiatry ...

and the inhabitants in various states of madness. The creation came after a tumultuous period of Goya's life in which he suffered from serious illness and experienced hardships within his family.

Composition

The painting is marked by its Piranesian, claustrophobic architecture, the painting's only light source being a barred window high up on the wall, meant to repress the figures below. These figures are distinct characters and borderline caricatures, all engaged in grotesque and pitiable behaviour – one wears what seems to be a wild-feathered headdress, another is fighting in a

tricorne The tricorne or tricorn is a style of hat that was popular during the 18th century, falling out of style by 1800, though actually not called a "tricorne" until the mid-19th century. During the 18th century, hats of this general style were refer ...

hat, another makes a gesture of blessing to the viewer, whilst many of the others are naked. Some of the figures can also be interpreted allegorically, as a gallery of parodies of powerful figures in society, such as the clergy or the army (represented by the man in the tricorne). It develops the topic of 'the world of dreams' (Spanish: mundo al revés''') and is related to Goya's engravings series '' Los disparates''.

Inspiration

Psychiatric institutions were a popular topic in the salons of the Spanish Enlightenment around this time, especially their practices, such as manacling patients. The mentally ill were seen as possessed and often found themselves subjects of public entertainment. Goya had firsthand experience with insanity, as an aunt and uncle of his had suffered from it. He was also familiar with suffering from illness, as he had fallen extremely ill in 1792, struggling to keep his balance and walk as well as suffering partial blindness and deafness. While he eventually recovered, he remained deaf for the rest of his life, and it has been speculated that he had been suffering from Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, though it is unknown what it truly was. During his recovery, he suffered from bouts of depression, stating that he found himself "sometimes raving with a mood that I myself cannot stand." Around this time, he also experienced the death of his brother-in-law from illness. This period of Goya's life inspired a change in the composition of his works towards darker compositions than early in his life. Speaking of the set of paintings that ''The Madhouse'' concluded, Goya said; "I have succeeded in making observations for which there is normally no opportunity in commissioned works, which give no scope for fantasy and invention."

Related works

Goya had already touched on the issues of mental illnesses and suffering his 1794 painting ''

Yard with Lunatics ''Yard with Lunatics'' (Spanish: ''Corral de locos'') is a small oil-on-tinplate painting completed by the Spanish artist Francisco Goya between 1793 and 1794. Goya said that the painting was informed by scenes of institutions he had witnessed ...

. Yard with Lunatics'' depicts the manic patients being let out into the asylum yard, where the central figures wrestle while the guard attempts to restrain them. This work would have been composed around the time that Goya was recovering from his illness. ''Yard with Lunatics'' is unique for its time due to its depiction of the inhabitants, straying from the stereotypical depictions of the insane and instead portraying more realistic behaviors and actions. ''The Madhouse'' differs from ''Yard with Lunatics'' by placing the subjects in a dingy room, while portraying them as people who are suffering, as opposed to people who need to be restrained for their own good. These two works depicting asylums were not Goya's only exploration of suffering. Over the period of 1810-1820, he created eighty-three

etching Etching is traditionally the process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create a design in intaglio (incised) in the metal. In modern manufacturing, other chemicals may be used on other types ...

s that became a series named '' The Disasters of War'' (Spanish: ''Los Desastres de la Guerra''). Not published until 1863, thirty-five years after his death, the series shows the atrocities committed by Napoleon's forces during both the

Dos de Mayo Uprising On the 2 and 3 May 1808 the Dos de Mayo or Second of May Uprising of 1808 took place in Madrid, Spain. It was a rebellion by civilians alongside some military against the occupation of the city by French troops, provoking a heavy-hand repress ...

and the

Peninsular War The Peninsular War (1807–1814) was the military conflict fought in the Iberian Peninsula by Spain, Portugal, and the United Kingdom against the invading and occupying forces of the First French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars. In Spain ...

. In these works, Goya strips the surrounding elements to force the audience to focus on the shocking nature of the subject. The etchings don't appear to have a narrative, as each one depicts a scene independent of others. Goya has become known for his depictions of these subjects of violence and suffering due to his willingness to leave out the beauty of art and instead create pieces that shock and disturb the viewer.

Critical reception

Critics have not reached a consensus about the meaning or purpose of ''The Madhouse'' (as well as ''Yard with Lunatics''). Some have argued that it exemplifies how Goya lost touch with the public (as it is not a work that one would typically hang in a home setting), while others have said that it fits in the same market as pieces that depict violence. It has also been debated how effective, if at all, this work was in the movement to reform asylums (led by

Philippe Pinel Philippe Pinel (; 20 April 1745 – 25 October 1826) was a French physician, precursor of psychiatry and incidentally a zoologist. He was instrumental in the development of a more humane psychological approach to the custody and care of ps ...

and

William Tuke William Tuke (24 March 1732 – 6 December 1822), an English tradesman, philanthropist and Quaker, earned fame for promoting more humane custody and care for people with mental disorders, using what he called gentler methods that came to be ...

), and if it was even attempting to cause change or was instead affirming the belief that the mentally ill should be confined and shackled.

References

* BOZAL, Valeriano, ''Francisco Goya, vida y obra'' , Madrid, Tf, 2005, 2 vols. (Aficiones, 5-6), vol. 2, pages 171-172. .

External links