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The Gretna Girls was a collective nickname given to women munition workers at HM Factory Gretna in
The huge scale of the buildings of these townships and accommodation had an impact on the local area. In 1916, the State Management Scheme was introduced in Carlisle and Gretna. This scheme involved the nationalisation of the brewing and selling of alcohol, bringing both under state control. The rationalisation for this introduction was the protection of morals of the munition workers. In addition to this, the factory was patrolled by the newly formed Women's Police Service. The women police's duties involved the searching of munitions workers for contraband items, and the maintaining of their morals.
The Gretna Girls was a collective nickname given to women munition workers at HM Factory Gretna in World War One
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
. Women came from all over the United Kingdom to work at the factory, but many were drawn from the surrounding areas of Scotland
Scotland (, ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a Anglo-Scottish border, border with England to the southeast ...
and Northern England
Northern England, also known as the North of England, the North Country, or simply the North, is the northern area of England. It broadly corresponds to the former borders of Angle Northumbria, the Anglo-Scandinavian Kingdom of Jorvik, and the ...
.
Working in munitions
The Gretna Girls were a small part of the one million women who worked in munitions during World War One. The makeup of The Gretna Girls reflected the countrywide trends for munitions workers: the majority were working class young women. However, as Chris Brader points out, unusually for Government factories, munition workers at Gretna came from an even younger demographic—a large proportion was under eighteen years of age. There were no creche facilities at Gretna, unlike other munition factories. The highest number of women employed at the factory was 11,576 in 1917, but this figure dropped to 6,285 by October 1918.Impact on the local area
The influx of workers to the factory led to the building of two townships, Eastriggs and Gretna. Many of the Gretna Girls lived in group hostels which were staffed by matrons. These temporary buildings were bitterly cold in the winter and the women living there had little to no privacy—with only curtains separating sleeping areaThe huge scale of the buildings of these townships and accommodation had an impact on the local area. In 1916, the State Management Scheme was introduced in Carlisle and Gretna. This scheme involved the nationalisation of the brewing and selling of alcohol, bringing both under state control. The rationalisation for this introduction was the protection of morals of the munition workers. In addition to this, the factory was patrolled by the newly formed Women's Police Service. The women police's duties involved the searching of munitions workers for contraband items, and the maintaining of their morals.
Health and accidents
Some Gretna Girls were exposed to dangerous chemicals and fumes in the course of their work at the factory. Many women reported feeling dizzy, and some lost their hair, teeth, and their skin turned a shade of yellow. Many attributed later health problems to their war work. There were also accidents and explosions at the factory. Victoria May McIver was working in the Cotton Preparation Department when she had an accident that led to her losing part of her left arm. She presented Queen Mary andKing George V
George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936.
Born during the reign of his grandmother Qu ...
with a bouquet of flowers on their royal visit to the factory in 1917.
Notable Gretna Girls
*Maud Bruce
Maud Ellen Bruce (20 December 1894 — 8 January 1995) was a forewoman and a member of the fire brigade at H.M. Factory Gretna during World War I. She was also the recipient of an O.B.E. for her actions at the factory. In World War Two she wor ...
was a forewoman at HM Factory Gretna, and was awarded an OBE for her bravery in putting out a fire.
* Euphemia Cunningham
Euphemia Culbert Cunningham OBE BEM (later Baxter; 1892 – 2 August 1989) was a World War One munitions worker at HM Factory, Gretna, who was the first person from Edinburgh to be awarded a Medal of the Order of the British Empire for her br ...
worked in the nitro-glycerine section in the factory.
See also
* Female roles in the World Wars *Munitionette
Munitionettes were British women employed in munitions factories during the time of the First World War.
History
Early in the war, the United Kingdom's munitions industry found itself having difficulty producing the amount of weapons and ammuniti ...
* HM Factory Gretna
References
{{Reflist World War I Cordite Scottish women