The Glasgow School was a circle of influential artists and designers that began to coalesce in
Glasgow
Glasgow ( ; sco, Glesca or ; gd, Glaschu ) is the most populous city in Scotland and the fourth-most populous city in the United Kingdom, as well as being the 27th largest city by population in Europe. In 2020, it had an estimated popul ...
,
Scotland
Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...
in the 1870s, and flourished from the 1890s to around 1910. Representative groups included The Four (also known as the Spook School), the Glasgow Girls and the Glasgow Boys. Part of the international
Art Nouveau
Art Nouveau (; ) is an international style of art, architecture, and applied art, especially the decorative arts. The style is known by different names in different languages: in German, in Italian, in Catalan, and also known as the Modern ...
movement, they were responsible for creating the distinctive Glasgow Style (see
Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style)
The Modern Style is a style of architecture, art, and design that first emerged in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom in the mid-1880s. It is the first Art Nouveau style worldwide, and it represents the evolution of th ...
).
Glasgow experienced an
economic boom
An economic expansion is an increase in the level of economic activity, and of the goods and services available. It is a period of economic growth as measured by a rise in real GDP. The explanation of fluctuations in aggregate economic activity ...
at the end of the 19th century, resulting in an increase in distinctive contributions to the Art Nouveau movement, particularly in the fields of
architecture
Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving, planning, designing, and constructing building ...
,
interior design
Interior design is the art and science of enhancing the interior of a building to achieve a healthier and more aesthetically pleasing environment for the people using the space. An interior designer is someone who plans, researches, coordina ...
and
painting
Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called the "matrix" or "support"). The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and ...
.
The Four (Spook School)
![Wfm glasgow school of art](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Wfm_glasgow_school_of_art.jpg)
Among the most prominent definers of the Glasgow School collective were The Four. They were the
painter
Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called the "matrix" or "support"). The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and ai ...
and
glass artist
Studio glass is the modern use of glass as an artistic medium to produce sculptures or three-dimensional artworks. The glass objects created are intended to make a sculptural or decorative statement. Though usage varies, the term is properly res ...
Margaret MacDonald, acclaimed
architect
An architect is a person who plans, designs and oversees the construction of buildings. To practice architecture means to provide services in connection with the design of buildings and the space within the site surrounding the buildings that h ...
Charles Rennie Mackintosh
Charles Rennie Mackintosh (7 June 1868 – 10 December 1928) was a Scottish architect, designer, water colourist and artist. His artistic approach had much in common with European Symbolism. His work, alongside that of his wife Margaret Macdo ...
(MacDonald's husband), MacDonald's sister
Frances
Frances is a French and English given name of Latin origin. In Latin the meaning of the name Frances is 'from France' or 'free one.' The male version of the name in English is Francis. The original Franciscus, meaning "Frenchman", comes from the ...
and
Herbert MacNair
James Herbert MacNair (23 December 1868 – 22 April 1955), was a Scottish artist, designer and teacher whose work contributed to the development of the Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style) during the 1890s.
Early life
Born in Glasgow ...
.
Together, The Four defined the Glasgow Style's fusion of influences including the
Celtic Revival
The Celtic Revival (also referred to as the Celtic Twilight) is a variety of movements and trends in the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries that see a renewed interest in aspects of Celtic culture. Artists and writers drew on the traditions of Gael ...
, the
Arts and Crafts Movement, and
Japonisme
''Japonisme'' is a French term that refers to the popularity and influence of Japanese art and design among a number of Western European artists in the nineteenth century following the forced reopening of foreign trade with Japan in 1858. Japon ...
, which found favour throughout the
modern art
Modern art includes artistic work produced during the period extending roughly from the 1860s to the 1970s, and denotes the styles and philosophies of the art produced during that era. The term is usually associated with art in which the tradi ...
world of continental
Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...
. The Four, otherwise known as the Spook School, ultimately made a significant impact on the definition of
Art Nouveau
Art Nouveau (; ) is an international style of art, architecture, and applied art, especially the decorative arts. The style is known by different names in different languages: in German, in Italian, in Catalan, and also known as the Modern ...
. The name, Spook School, or Spooky or Ghoul School, was originally a "derisive epithet" given to their work which "distorted and conventionalized human... form."
The Glasgow Girls
The Glasgow Girls is the name now used for a group of female designers and
artists
An artist is a person engaged in an activity related to creating art, practicing the arts, or demonstrating an art. The common usage in both everyday speech and academic discourse refers to a practitioner in the visual arts only. However, the ...
including
Margaret
Margaret is a female first name, derived via French () and Latin () from grc, μαργαρίτης () meaning "pearl". The Greek is borrowed from Persian.
Margaret has been an English name since the 11th century, and remained popular througho ...
and
Frances MacDonald
Frances Macdonald MacNair (24 August 1873 – 12 December 1921) was a Scottish artist whose design work was a prominent feature of the Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style) during the 1890s.
Biography
The sister of artist-designer M ...
, both of whom were members of The Four,
Jessie M. King
Jessie Marion King (20 March 1875 – 3 August 1949) was a Scottish illustrator known for her illustrated children's books. She also designed bookplates, jewellery and fabric, and painted pottery. King was one of the artists known as the Glas ...
,
Annie French
Annie French (6 February 1872 – 27 January 1965) was a Scottish painter, engraver, illustrator, and designer associated with the Glasgow School.
Biography
French was a student of Jean Delville and Francis Henry Newbery, Fra Newbery at the Glas ...
,
Helen Paxton Brown
Helen Paxton Brown (1876 - 1956) also known as "Nell", was an artist associated with the Glasgow Girls. Born in Hillhead, Glasgow to a Scottish father and English mother and she spent most of her life in Glasgow. Best known for her paintin ...
,
Jessie Wylie Newbery
Jessie Newbery (28 May 1864 – 27 April 1948) was a Scottish artist and embroiderer. She was one of the artists known as the Glasgow Girls. Newbery also created the Department of Embroidery at the Glasgow School of Art where she was able t ...
,
Ann Macbeth
Ann Macbeth (25 September 1875 – 23 March 1948 ) was a British embroiderer, designer, teacher and author, a member of the Glasgow Movement and an associate of Charles Rennie Mackintosh. She was also an active suffragette and designed ba ...
,
Bessie MacNicol
Elizabeth "Bessie" MacNicol (1869–1904) was a Scottish painter and member of the Glasgow Girls group of artists affiliated with the Glasgow School of artists.
Early life and education
MacNicol was born in Glasgow, Scotland, on 5 July 1869, ...
,
Norah Neilson Gray
Norah Neilson Gray (16 June 1882 – 27 May 1931) was a Scottish artist of the Glasgow School. She first exhibited at the Royal Academy while still a student and then showed works regularly at the Paris Salon and with the Royal Academy of Scotl ...
,
[Glasgow Girls On Display]
Mary Selwood, accessed July 2010 Stansmore Dean,
Dorothy Carleton Smyth
Dorothy Carleton Smyth (1880 – 16 February 1933) was a Scottish artist, a compatriot of Charles Rennie Mackintosh, active in theatrical and costuming design, and one of the leading lights at the Glasgow School of Art during the post WWI period. ...
,
Eleanor Allen Moore,
De Courcy Lewthwaite Dewar, the silversmith Agnes Banks Harvey and
Christian Jane Fergusson
Christian Jane Fergusson, née Stark, (14 September 1876 – 5 January 1957), was a Scottish painter, who was associated with the Glasgow School and known for her landscape and still life works.
Biography
Fergusson, who sometimes signed her wor ...
. May Wilson and Eliza Bell, among others, continued the tradition of ceramic artistry into the 1940s and 1950s by hand painting various items with floral patterns.
Women were able to flourish in Glasgow during a "period of enlightenment" that took place between 1885 and 1920, where women were actively pursuing art careers and the
Glasgow School of Art
The Glasgow School of Art (GSA; gd, Sgoil-ealain Ghlaschu) is a higher education art school based in Glasgow, Scotland, offering undergraduate degrees, post-graduate awards (both taught and research-led), and PhDs in architecture, fine art, and ...
had a significant period of "international visibility". This is sometimes attributed to the "influential" and "progressive"
[ head of the art school, ]Fra Newbery
Francis Henry Newbery or Fra Newbery (15 May 1855 – 18 December 1946) was a painter and art educationist, best known as director of the Glasgow School of Art between 1885 and 1917. Under his leadership the School developed an international ...
, who established an environment in which women could flourish, both as students and as teachers. Women benefited from the new Glasgow Society of Lady Artists
The Glasgow Society of Lady Artists was founded in 1882 by eight female students of the Glasgow School of Art with the aim of affording due recognition to women in the field of art. It has been described by Jude Burkhauser as "the first residenti ...
(founded 1882) which offered a place for women artists to meet and also had exhibition space.[ In addition, many art school students and staff were involved in ]women's suffrage
Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections. Beginning in the start of the 18th century, some people sought to change voting laws to allow women to vote. Liberal political parties would go on to grant women the right to vot ...
. "Students took turns between classes stitching up banners" for the movement.
The name "Glasgow Girls" emerged much later. In the 1960s there was an attempt to give due attention to the work of the city’s women artists to balance the plentiful discussion of the Glasgow Boys.[ It is thought that the then head of the ]Scottish Arts Council
The Scottish Arts Council ( gd, Comhairle Ealain na h-Alba, sco, Scots Airts Cooncil) was a Scottish public body responsible for the funding, development and promotion of the arts in Scotland. The Council primarily distributed funding from the ...
William Buchanan was the first to use the name in the catalogue for a 1968 Glasgow Boys exhibition.[ This "invention"][Andrew Gibbbon Williams, 'Engendering respect', The Times (features), 18 Sep 1990] has been called an "ironic reference" to the equivalent men’s grouping. The term Glasgow Girls was emphasised by a major exhibition ''Glasgow Girls: Women in Art and Design 1880-1920'' organised by Jude Burkhauser
Jude Burkhauser (10 September 1947 – 19 September 1998) was an American artist, museum curator and researcher born into a blue-collar family in Trenton, New Jersey.
Glasgow Girls Exhibition, 1990
Jude Burkhauser is best known for bringing tog ...
in 1990.
File:Frances MacDonald - A Paradox 1905.jpg, ''A Paradox'' by Frances MacDonald
Frances Macdonald MacNair (24 August 1873 – 12 December 1921) was a Scottish artist whose design work was a prominent feature of the Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style) during the 1890s.
Biography
The sister of artist-designer M ...
, 1905
File:Margaret MacDonald Mackintosh - Opera of the Winds.jpg, ''Opera of the Winds'' by Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh
Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh (5 November 1864 – 7 January 1933) was an English-born artist who worked in Scotland, and whose design work became one of the defining features of the Glasgow Style during the 1890s - 1900s.
Biography
Born Marga ...
, 1903
File:Bessie MacNicol - The Goose Girl 1898.jpg, ''The Goose Girl'' by Bessie MacNicol
Elizabeth "Bessie" MacNicol (1869–1904) was a Scottish painter and member of the Glasgow Girls group of artists affiliated with the Glasgow School of artists.
Early life and education
MacNicol was born in Glasgow, Scotland, on 5 July 1869, ...
, 1898
The Glasgow Boys
Through the 1880s and 1890s, around the same time that the Spook School was gaining prominence, a collective which came to be known as the Glasgow Boys
The Glasgow School was a circle of influential artists and designers that began to coalesce in Glasgow, Scotland in the 1870s, and flourished from the 1890s to around 1910. Representative groups included The Four (also known as the Spook School ...
was interpreting and expanding the canon
Canon or Canons may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
* Canon (fiction), the conceptual material accepted as official in a fictional universe by its fan base
* Literary canon, an accepted body of works considered as high culture
** Western can ...
of Impressionist
Impressionism was a 19th-century art movement characterized by relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage ...
and post-impressionist
Post-Impressionism (also spelled Postimpressionism) was a predominantly French art movement that developed roughly between 1886 and 1905, from the last Impressionist exhibition to the birth of Fauvism. Post-Impressionism emerged as a reaction ag ...
painting. Their subject matter featured rural
In general, a rural area or a countryside is a geographic area that is located outside towns and cities. Typical rural areas have a low population density and small settlements. Agricultural areas and areas with forestry typically are describ ...
, prosaic scenes from in and around Glasgow. Their colorful depictions attempted to capture the many facets of the character of Scotland
Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...
.
The Glasgow Boys consisted of several men, most of whom were trained in, or had strong ties to the city of Glasgow. These men were brought together by a passion for realism and naturalism and this showed through in the pieces they produced. Along with this passion for naturalism, they shared a marked distaste for the Edinburgh oriented Scottish art establishment, which they viewed as oppressive. Driven and motivated by these ideals they embraced change, created masterpieces, and became Scottish icons in the process.
There were three distinct waves of Glasgow Boys. The leading figures of the first wave were James Paterson (1854–1932) and William York Macgregor
William York Macgregor (14 October 1855 Finnart House, Loch Long, Dunbartonshire – 28 September 1923 Oban) was a Scottish landscape painter, and leading figure of the Glasgow Boys.
Life
He was the son of the very wealthy Glasgow shipbuilder ...
(1855-1923), and the group used to meet at Macgregor's studio. The second wave was represented in Joseph Crawhall (1861–1913), Thomas Millie Dow
Thomas Millie Dow (28 October 1848 – 3 July 1919) was a Scottish artist and member of the Glasgow Boys school. He was a member of The Royal Scottish Society of Painters in Watercolour and the New English Art Club.
Early life and education ...
(1848-1919), James Guthrie (1859–1930), George Henry (1858–1943), E. A. Hornel (1864–1933), James Whitelaw Hamilton
James Whitelaw Hamilton (1860–1932) RSA, RSW was a Scottish artist, member of the Glasgow School (the ''Glasgow Boys''), of the Royal Scottish Academy (RSA) and of the New English Art Club.
Career
Hamilton was born in Glasgow, where he studi ...
(1860-1932) and E. A. Walton (1860–1922). The third wave of artists were David Gauld
David Gauld (7 November 1865 – 18 June 1936) was an important Scottish artist who worked in both oils and stained glass and was regarded as being one of the innovators within the Glasgow Boys group. Some of his works, such as ''St Agnes'' and ...
(1865–1936), William Kennedy (1859–1918), John Lavery
Sir John Lavery (20 March 1856 – 10 January 1941) was a Northern Irish painter best known for his portraits and wartime depictions.
Life and career
John Lavery was born in inner North Belfast, baptised at St Patrick's Church, Belfast a ...
(1856–1941), Harrington Mann
Harrington Mann (7 October 1864 – 28 February 1937) was a Scottish portrait artist and decorative painter. He was a member of the Glasgow Boys movement in the 1880s.
Art career
Mann was born in Glasgow and began his studies at the Glasgow S ...
(1864-1937), Stuart Park (1862–1933), William Wells (1872–1923), David Young Cameron
Sir David Young Cameron (28 June 1865 – 16 September 1945) was a Scottish painter and, with greater success, etcher, mostly of townscapes and landscapes in both cases. He was a leading figure in the final decades of the Etching Reviv ...
(1865–1945), Alexander Ignatius Roche
Alexander Ignatius Roche (17 August 1861 – 10 March 1921) RSA NEAC RP was a Scottish artist in the late 19th century and an important figure in the "Glasgow Boys".
Life
He was born in the Gallowgate in Glasgow, the son of a milliner, Alex ...
(1861–1923), Arthur Melville
Arthur Melville (1855–1904) was a Scottish painter of Orientalist subjects, among others.
Early life and art education
Arthur Melville was born in Loanhead-of-Guthrie, Forfarshire (now Angus, Scotland) on 10 April 1855. The family move ...
(1855–1904), Thomas Corsan Morton
Thomas Corsan Morton (1859–1928) was a Scottish artist, known as one of the Glasgow School, Glasgow Boys.
Life
Born in Glasgow, Morton worked briefly in a lawyer's office, and went to the city's Glasgow School of Art, School of Art. After a ...
(1859-1928), James Nairn (1859–1904), George Pirie (1863-1946) and John Quinton Pringle
John Quinton Pringle (13 December 1864 – 25 April 1925) was a Scottish painter, influenced by Jules Bastien-Lepage and associated with the Glasgow Boys.
Early life
Pringle was born the son of a railway employee in Dennistoun, Glasgow. Thoug ...
(1864–1925).
Their main influences were that of Japanese print, French Realism including Jules Bastien-Lepage
Jules Bastien-Lepage (1 November 1848 – 10 December 1884) was a French painter closely associated with the beginning of naturalism, an artistic style that emerged from the later phase of the Realist movement.
His most famous work is his lan ...
, and James Abbott McNeill Whistler
James Abbott McNeill Whistler (; July 10, 1834July 17, 1903) was an American painter active during the American Gilded Age and based primarily in the United Kingdom. He eschewed sentimentality and moral allusion in painting and was a leading pr ...
, but all of their experiences around the world greatly impacted on and inspired their work, in particular in Spain, North Africa, and Japan. The group was constantly influenced by what they saw in the world around them and strove to display these images by utilizing the techniques of realism and naturalism; they had a passion to depict things as they actually are. This is one of the reasons that the group often chose to work outdoors. Working outdoors allowed them to produce paintings that were as true to nature as possible and it allowed them to paint realistic objects in their natural environment. They painted real people in real places. The production of naturalistic paintings was new to this time period, and thus their techniques were considered to be innovative. Similarly, the pieces often created a sense of movement, an accurate (or naturalistic) depiction of light and shade, and extremely realistic texture. This made them stand out in the art community.
File:Joseph Crawhall - James Guthrie At His Easel 1885.jpg, ''James Guthrie At His Easel'' by Joseph Crawhall, 1885.
File:Thomas Millie Dow - Spring 1886.jpg, ''Spring'' by Thomas Millie Dow
Thomas Millie Dow (28 October 1848 – 3 July 1919) was a Scottish artist and member of the Glasgow Boys school. He was a member of The Royal Scottish Society of Painters in Watercolour and the New English Art Club.
Early life and education ...
, 1886
File:Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon by Sir James Guthrie.jpg, ''Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon'' by Sir James Guthrie, c. 1924 – c. 1930
File:Bluette by Edward Arthur Walton, 1891, NGS.JPG, ''Bluette'' by Edward Arthur Walton
Edward Arthur Walton (15 April 1860 in Glanderston House, Barrhead, Renfrewshire – 18 March 1922 in Edinburgh) was a Scottish painter of landscapes and portraits, associated with the Düsseldorf school of painting.
Life
Edward was one of ...
, 1891
File:Alexander Mann - Portrait of a Girl at Dusk.jpg, ''Portrait of a Girl at Dusk'' by Alexander Mann
Alexander Mann (22 January 1853 – 26 January 1908) was a Scottish landscape and genre painter. He was a member of New English Art Club and Royal Institute of Oil Painters.
Biography
Alexander Mann was born in Glasgow, Scotland on 22 Januar ...
(date unknown; d. 1908)
File:William York Macgregor-Cerca de Dover.jpg, ''Near Dover'' by William York Macgregor
William York Macgregor (14 October 1855 Finnart House, Loch Long, Dunbartonshire – 28 September 1923 Oban) was a Scottish landscape painter, and leading figure of the Glasgow Boys.
Life
He was the son of the very wealthy Glasgow shipbuilder ...
, 1921
Collections and exhibitions
A large collection of work from the Glasgow Boys is held in the Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum
Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum is a museum and art gallery in Glasgow, Scotland. It reopened in 2006 after a three-year refurbishment and since then has been one of Scotland's most popular visitor attractions. The museum has 22 galleries, h ...
, where one room is dedicated to the group. The museum houses more than 60 of the Boys' pieces that were created between 1880 and 1900, arguably the time period in which their best, and most innovative, pieces were produced. More of their works can be found on display at the Burrell Collection
The Burrell Collection is a museum in Glasgow, Scotland, managed by Glasgow Museums. It houses the art collection of Sir William Burrell and Constance, Lady Burrell. The museum reopened on 29 March 2022 with free entry, having been closed for r ...
, Broughton House
Broughton House is an 18th-century town house standing on the High Street of Kirkcudbright, Scotland. It was the home of Scots impressionist artist E. A. Hornel between 1901 and his death in 1933. During this time Hornel remodelled the house ...
, Paisley Museum and Art Galleries
Paisley Museum and Art Galleries is currently closed for refurbishment and is due to reopen 2024. It is a museum and public art gallery located in the town of Paisley and is run by Renfrewshire Council. It houses one of the largest municipal art ...
, Walker Art Gallery
The Walker Art Gallery is an art gallery in Liverpool, which houses one of the largest art collections in England outside London. It is part of the National Museums Liverpool group.
History of the Gallery
The Walker Art Gallery's collection ...
and the Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery
The Hunterian is a complex of museums located in and operated by the University of Glasgow in Glasgow, Scotland. It is the oldest museum in Scotland. It covers the Hunterian Museum, the Hunterian Art Gallery, the Mackintosh House, the Zoology M ...
.
See also
*Glasgow School of Art
The Glasgow School of Art (GSA; gd, Sgoil-ealain Ghlaschu) is a higher education art school based in Glasgow, Scotland, offering undergraduate degrees, post-graduate awards (both taught and research-led), and PhDs in architecture, fine art, and ...
*Scottish Colourists
The Scottish Colourists were a group of four painters, three from Edinburgh, whose Post-Impressionist work, though not universally recognised initially, came to have a formative influence on contemporary Scottish art and culture. The four artists, ...
*Ann Macbeth
Ann Macbeth (25 September 1875 – 23 March 1948 ) was a British embroiderer, designer, teacher and author, a member of the Glasgow Movement and an associate of Charles Rennie Mackintosh. She was also an active suffragette and designed ba ...
*Arthur Melville
Arthur Melville (1855–1904) was a Scottish painter of Orientalist subjects, among others.
Early life and art education
Arthur Melville was born in Loanhead-of-Guthrie, Forfarshire (now Angus, Scotland) on 10 April 1855. The family move ...
*George Henry Walton
George Henry Walton (3 June 1867 Glasgow – 10 December 1933 London), was a noted Scottish architect and designer of remarkable diversity.
Biography
George Walton was born in Glasgow in 1862. He was the youngest of twelve talented children o ...
*Hannah Frank
Hannah Frank (23 August 1908 – 18 December 2008) was an artist and sculptor from Glasgow, Scotland. She was known for her art nouveau monochrome drawings until she decided to concentrate on sculpture in 1952.
Background and education
Frank's ...
*Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh
Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh (5 November 1864 – 7 January 1933) was an English-born artist who worked in Scotland, and whose design work became one of the defining features of the Glasgow Style during the 1890s - 1900s.
Biography
Born Marga ...
*Frances MacDonald
Frances Macdonald MacNair (24 August 1873 – 12 December 1921) was a Scottish artist whose design work was a prominent feature of the Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style) during the 1890s.
Biography
The sister of artist-designer M ...
References
Bibliography
*Billcliffe, Roger. ''The Glasgow Boys''. John Murray, London.
*''The Glasgow Boys and Girls: Painting in Scotland Book of Postcards'': The National Galleries of Scotland.
External links
The Glasgow Girls & artworks by Jessie M King from the Permanent Collection of the Gracefield Arts Centre in Dumfries, Scotland
{{Twentieth-century Scotland
Art Nouveau
Post-Impressionism
Scottish art
Scottish artist groups and collectives
Victorian era
19th century in Glasgow
20th century in Glasgow