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George Powers Cockcroft (November 15, 1932 – November 6, 2020), widely known by the pen name Luke Rhinehart, was an American novelist, screenwriter, and nonfiction writer. He is best known for his 1971 novel ''
The Dice Man The Dice Man is a 1971 novel by American novelist George Cockcroft, writing under the pen name, "Luke Rhinehart". The book tells the story of a psychiatrist who makes daily decisions based on the casting of a diсe. Cockcroft describes the ...
,'' the story of a psychiatrist who experiments with making life decisions based on the roll of a die. ''The Dice Man'' was critically well received and a commercial success. It quickly became and remains a
cult classic A cult following refers to a group of fans who are highly dedicated to some person, idea, object, movement, or work, often an artist, in particular a performing artist, or an artwork in some medium. The lattermost is often called a cult classic. ...
. It was followed by two spiritual sequels in ''
Adventures of Wim ''Adventures of Wim'' is a book by George Cockcroft, written under the pen name Luke Rhinehart. It was first published in 1986. Plot summary The book is composed of sections taken from other, fictional books. The preface to the book claims tha ...
'' (1986) and ''
The Search for the Dice Man ''The Search for the Dice Man'' was written by George Cockcroft under the pen name Luke Rhinehart. It is the official sequel to '' The Dice Man'', and was published in 1993. Other books by George Cockcroft with the same themes: '' The Dice Ma ...
'' (1993) as well as a companion volume called ''
The Book of the Die George Powers Cockcroft (November 15, 1932 – November 6, 2020), widely known by the pen name Luke Rhinehart, was an American novelist, screenwriter, and nonfiction writer. He is best known for his 1971 novel ''The Dice Man,'' the story of a psyc ...
'' (2000). Rhinehart wrote several other novels between 1986 and 2016 though none achieved the success of ''The Dice Man''.


Biography


Early life

George Powers Cockcroft was born on November 15, 1932 in
Albany, New York Albany ( ) is the capital of the U.S. state of New York, also the seat and largest city of Albany County. Albany is on the west bank of the Hudson River, about south of its confluence with the Mohawk River, and about north of New York City ...
to Donald and Elizabeth Cockcroft, both college graduates, his mother from
Wellesley College Wellesley College is a private women's liberal arts college in Wellesley, Massachusetts, United States. Founded in 1870 by Henry and Pauline Durant as a female seminary, it is a member of the original Seven Sisters Colleges, an unofficial g ...
. He was raised in Albany, where his father was an electrical engineer, and his ancestry included Vermont political notables. He attended
The Albany Academy The Albany Academy is an independent college preparatory day school for boys in Albany, New York, USA, enrolling students from Preschool (age 3) to Grade 12. It was established in 1813 by a charter signed by Mayor Philip Schuyler Van Renssela ...
, graduating in 1950, and received a BA from
Cornell University Cornell University is a private statutory land-grant research university based in Ithaca, New York. It is a member of the Ivy League. Founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White, Cornell was founded with the intention to teach an ...
in 1954 and an MA from
Columbia University Columbia University (also known as Columbia, and officially as Columbia University in the City of New York) is a private research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhatt ...
in 1956. In 1964 he received a PhD in American literature, also from Columbia. After obtaining his PhD, he went into teaching. During his years as a university professor he taught, among other things, courses in
Zen Zen ( zh, t=禪, p=Chán; ja, text= 禅, translit=zen; ko, text=선, translit=Seon; vi, text=Thiền) is a school of Mahayana Buddhism that originated in China during the Tang dynasty, known as the Chan School (''Chánzong'' 禪宗), and ...
and
Western literature Western literature, also known as European literature, is the literature written in the context of Western culture in the languages of Europe, as well as several geographically or historically related languages such as Basque and Hungarian, an ...
. In 1969, while Cockcroft was teaching a study abroad program on the island of
Mallorca Mallorca, or Majorca, is the largest island in the Balearic Islands, which are part of Spain and located in the Mediterranean. The capital of the island, Palma, is also the capital of the autonomous community of the Balearic Islands. The Bal ...
, an Englishman starting a new publishing house happened to stop at a cafe in the same village,
Deià Deià is a municipality and small coastal village in the Serra de Tramuntana, which forms the northern ridge of the Spanish island of Mallorca. It is located about north of Valldemossa, and it is known for its literary and musical residents. ...
, and was given a partial manuscript of ''The Dice Man'' to read by Cockcroft. Cockcroft was subsequently offered an advance payment for publication. Shortly afterwards, Cockcroft was encouraged by his course Director to take an early sabbatical from his teaching duties. He remained in Mallorca to complete the novel, after which the publisher sold the American rights to the novel for a large sum, and within a year the film rights, allowing Cockcroft to retire from teaching and become a full time novelist.


Personal life and family

Cockroft married his wife, Ann, who would later become a writer of two romance novels and a volume of poetry, on June 30, 1956; together they have three children. His brother,
James Cockcroft James is a common English language surname and given name: *James (name), the typically masculine first name James * James (surname), various people with the last name James James or James City may also refer to: People * King James (disambiguat ...
, is the author of more than 20 books, mostly on
Latin American history The term ''Latin America'' primarily refers to the Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking countries in the New World. Before the arrival of Europeans in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, the region was home to many indigenous peoples, a number of ...
and
society A society is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing the same spatial or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. Socie ...
. The author and his family spent a number of years traveling, sailing, and returning to Mallorca, living in Deià in the late 1960s and early 70s, including time spent on a large catamaran which became the inspiration for the boat in his novel ''
Long Voyage Back ''Long Voyage Back'' was written by George Cockcroft under the pen name of Luke Rhinehart. It was published in 1983, at the height of the Cold War, and it shows that influence. The author sides with the nuclear disarmament side of the debate a ...
''. In the mid 1970s they returned to the United States and spent 1975 in a
sufi Sufism ( ar, ''aṣ-ṣūfiyya''), also known as Tasawwuf ( ''at-taṣawwuf''), is a mystic body of religious practice, found mainly within Sunni Islam but also within Shia Islam, which is characterized by a focus on Islamic spirituality, ...
commune A commune is an alternative term for an intentional community. Commune or comună or comune or other derivations may also refer to: Administrative-territorial entities * Commune (administrative division), a municipality or township ** Communes of ...
, before moving to a large old
farmhouse FarmHouse (FH) is a social Fraternities and sororities in North America, fraternity founded at the University of Missouri on April 15, 1905. It became a national organization in 1921. Today FarmHouse has 33 active chapters and four associate ch ...
and former religious retreat in the foothills of the Berkshires in
upstate New York Upstate New York is a geographic region consisting of the area of New York State that lies north and northwest of the New York City metropolitan area. Although the precise boundary is debated, Upstate New York excludes New York City and Long Is ...
.


Later life and death

On 1 August 2012, the "death" of Rhinehart at the age of 79 was announced by email to 25 friends, beginning with the words "It is our pleasure to inform you that Luke Rhinehart is dead"; it was later revealed the “Death Letter” was instigated as a playful hoax by Cockcroft. Reactions ranged from sorrow to gratitude and amusement. In 2018, Rhinehart expressed a wish to be cremated after his death if he could not be naturally buried legally in the one-acre lake upon his property. George Cockroft died, aged 87, on 6 November 2020.


''The Dice Man''

Rhinehart's famous novel ''The Dice Man'' was published in 1971 and tells the story of a
psychiatrist A psychiatrist is a physician who specializes in psychiatry, the branch of medicine devoted to the diagnosis, prevention, study, and treatment of mental disorders. Psychiatrists are physicians and evaluate patients to determine whether their sy ...
who makes daily decisions based on the casting of
dice Dice (singular die or dice) are small, throwable objects with marked sides that can rest in multiple positions. They are used for generating random values, commonly as part of tabletop games, including dice games, board games, role-playing g ...
. The cover bore the confident tagline, "Few novels can change your life. This one will"; in the United States this was altered to read, "This book will change your life". Cockcroft has described the origin of the idea for this work variously, and at the time of the publication of this work, "it was not clear whether the book was fiction or autobiography", because its protagonist and author were eponymous. Curiosity over its authorship have persisted since its publication. Emmanuel Carrère, writing for ''
The Guardian ''The Guardian'' is a British daily newspaper. It was founded in 1821 as ''The Manchester Guardian'', and changed its name in 1959. Along with its sister papers ''The Observer'' and ''The Guardian Weekly'', ''The Guardian'' is part of the Gu ...
'', presented a long-form expose on Cockcroft and the relationship between author and legend in 2019, and in following others, established the author Cockcroft as a life-long English professor living "in an old farmhouse with a yard that slopes down to a duck pond", a husband of fifty-years, father of three, and a caregiver to a
special needs In clinical diagnostic and functional development, special needs (or additional needs) refers to individuals who require assistance for disabilities that may be medical, mental, or psychological. Guidelines for clinical diagnosis are given in ...
child. ''The Dice Man'' was critically well received. It quickly became, and remains thought of as a cult classic. It initially sold poorly in the United States, but well in Europe, particularly England, Sweden, Denmark, and Spain. Writing in 2017 for ''
The Guardian ''The Guardian'' is a British daily newspaper. It was founded in 1821 as ''The Manchester Guardian'', and changed its name in 1959. Along with its sister papers ''The Observer'' and ''The Guardian Weekly'', ''The Guardian'' is part of the Gu ...
'', Tanya Gold noted that "over the course of 45 years" it was still in print, had become famous, had devoted fans, and had "sold more than 2m copies in multiple languages" (e.g., as many as 27 languages and 60 countries have been claimed). In 1995, the
BBC #REDIRECT BBC #REDIRECT BBC Here i going to introduce about the best teacher of my life b BALAJI sir. He is the precious gift that I got befor 2yrs . How has helped and thought all the concept and made my success in the 10th board exam. ...
...
called it "one of the fifty most influential books of the last half of the twentieth century," and in 1999, after one of their reporters experimented, controversially, with dicing, ''Loaded'' magazine named it "Novel of the Century". In 2013, Alex Clark of the ''
Telegraph Telegraphy is the long-distance transmission of messages where the sender uses symbolic codes, known to the recipient, rather than a physical exchange of an object bearing the message. Thus flag semaphore is a method of telegraphy, whereas p ...
'' chose it as one of the fifty greatest
cult In modern English, ''cult'' is usually a pejorative term for a social group that is defined by its unusual religious, spiritual, or philosophical beliefs and rituals, or its common interest in a particular personality, object, or goal. This ...
books of the last hundred years.


Works after ''The Dice Man''


Comic philosophical novels

A number of works by Luke Rhinehart have a similar style and themes to ''The Dice Man,'' alternating between first- and third-person voices with selections from fictional documents. In one case, he even quotes from a future book that he did not actually write until more than two decades later. The voices having different characteristics, the novel's mood changes accordingly. Presenting these multiple fragments from multiple viewpoints together results in a "cubist" narrative structure. Of this, Rhinehart stated hat they had "always conceived of myself as being multiple – having, you know, a dozen different selves, if not a thousand different selves, at any given moment." ''Adventures of Wim'' is a new interpretation of the story of Wim, a Montauk boy born of a virgin mother, declared the savior of the Montauk nation, and his life quest for Ultimate Truth. The story is told in part through the medium of fictional documents. ''
The Search for the Dice Man ''The Search for the Dice Man'' was written by George Cockcroft under the pen name Luke Rhinehart. It is the official sequel to '' The Dice Man'', and was published in 1993. Other books by George Cockcroft with the same themes: '' The Dice Ma ...
'' (1993), set twenty years after ''The Dice Man'', tells the story of Luke Rhinehart's son, Larry, who has built a highly successful and stable life after rejecting his father's embracing of Chance. On a quest to find his father however, Larry's life of order and routine is enveloped in chaos, the legacy of his father's work. From a draft written at the same time as ''The Dice Man'', ''Naked Before the World'' (2008) celebrates the lives of both hippies and the establishment in 1960s Mallorca through the story of Katya, a naive Catholic art student who arrives on the island to study. Katya is thrown into a world of artists, frauds, sex, drugs and the struggle to discover who she wants to be. In ''Jesus Invades George: An Alternative History'' (2013), which takes place in 2007, then-sitting President George W. Bush is possessed by the spirit of Jesus Christ. The story playfully reveals and deconstructs the hypocrisy of government and modern politics. In ''
Invasion An invasion is a military offensive in which large numbers of combatants of one geopolitical entity aggressively enter territory owned by another such entity, generally with the objective of either: conquering; liberating or re-establishing con ...
'' (2016), aliens invade Earth for the sole purpose of having fun. Hyper-intelligent and able to morph into multiple forms, they play games with culture and infrastructure, from computer networks and social media to corporate culture and human relationships. The resulting mayhem reveals the primitive nature of our society, and offers an alternative vision for the human race. A sequel is yet to be published entitled ''The Hairy Balls and the End of Civilization''.


Conventional novels

'' Matari'' (1975)  (republished as ''White Wind, Black Rider'' (2008)) is
historical fiction Historical fiction is a literary genre in which the plot takes place in a setting related to the past events, but is fictional. Although the term is commonly used as a synonym for historical fiction literature, it can also be applied to other ty ...
set in 18th Century Japan, the beautiful Matari is joined by two zen poets as she flees from her husband, a samurai lord who is giving chase with intent to murder her. A lyrical and poetic tale of love, honor and morality. ''Long Voyage Back'' (1983) is a nautical action-adventure novel following a group of people sailing a trimara, and their struggle for survival as they escape the aftermath of nuclear war.


Nonfiction

'' The Book of est'' (1976) is a narrative account of
Werner Erhard Werner Hans Erhard (born John Paul Rosenberg; September 5, 1935) is an American author and lecturer known for founding est, which operated from 1971 to 1984. He has written, lectured, and taught on self-improvement. In 1977 Erhard, with the su ...
's controversial
large-group awareness training The term large-group awareness training (LGAT) refers to activities - usually offered by groups with links to the human potential movement - which claim to increase self-awareness and to bring about desirable transformations in individuals' person ...
personal transformation course,
Erhard Seminars Training Erhard Seminars Training (marketed as est, though often encountered as EST or Est) was an organization, founded by Werner Erhard in 1971, that offered a two-weekend (6-day, 60-hour) course known officially as "The est Standard Training". The semi ...
, which began in 1971. The reader is put in the place of a participant in order to vicariously "experience" the training. Erhard wrote a foreword to the book. ''
The Book of the Die George Powers Cockcroft (November 15, 1932 – November 6, 2020), widely known by the pen name Luke Rhinehart, was an American novelist, screenwriter, and nonfiction writer. He is best known for his 1971 novel ''The Dice Man,'' the story of a psyc ...
'' (2000) is "handbook of dice living" intended to help readers to embrace Chance and live more freely. It follows the philosophy that people must give up their illusion that a self-direction can control life; they must let go. A collection of proverbs, essays, cartoons, poems and scenes from movies form this guide to creating a more playful and unpredictable life.


Other work

Rhinehart wrote nine screenplays: five were based directly on his novels: ''The Dice Man'', ''The Search for the Dice Man'', ''Whim'', ''Naked Before the World'', and ''White Wind, Black Rider''. Two others were direct ''Dice Man'' sequels featuring the original character: ''The Dice Lady'' (co-written with Peter Forbes), and ''Last Roll of the Die'' (co-written with Nick Mead). Two other screenplays, ''Mawson'' and ''Picton's Chance'' were original concepts. A music and spoken word album, ''The Dice Man Speaks'' featuring the pseudonymous Rhinehart and Sputnik Weazel was released in 2018. On it, Luke Rhinehart performs spoken word passages over acoustic and electronic music by Weazel.


Cultural influence

Richard Branson Sir Richard Charles Nicholas Branson (born 18 July 1950) is a British billionaire, entrepreneur, and business magnate. In the 1970s he founded the Virgin Group, which today controls more than 400 companies in various fields. Branson expressed ...
has said he used dice when signing bands in the early days of
Virgin Records Virgin Records is a record label owned by Universal Music Group. It originally founded as a British independent record label in 1972 by entrepreneurs Richard Branson, Simon Draper, Nik Powell, and musician Tom Newman. It grew to be a worldwid ...
after reading ''The Dice Man'' and deciding to "follow its teachings." Journalist Ben Marshall spent two years from 1998 to 2000 experimenting with dice and reporting his experiences in ''Loaded'' magazine; ''Loaded'' subsequently named Cockcroft/Rhinehart as novelist of the century. A four-season television travel series called ''The Diceman'' was broadcast between 1998 and 2000 by the
Discovery Channel Discovery Channel (known as The Discovery Channel from 1985 to 1995, and often referred to as simply Discovery) is an American cable channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery, a publicly traded company run by CEO David Zaslav. , Discovery Channe ...
in which the destinations and activities of the participants were determined by the roll of a die. UK Channel 4's broadcast of ''Diceworld'' (1999,
Paul Wilmshurst Paul Wilmshurst is a British television director. He has worked on five seasons of the Sky One/ Cinemax action-adventure series ''Strike Back'' and directed on the first series of David S. Goyer's historical fantasy series '' Da Vinci's Demons ...
directing), a 50-minute television documentary about Cockcroft/Rhinehart and some of the people influenced by his novels contributed to a resurgence of interest in Cockcroft/Rhinehart's books. A further documentary was produced in 2004, a collaboration between Cockcroft/Rhinehart and director Nick Mead, entitled ''Dice Life: The Random Mind of Luke Rhinehart''. Inspired by ''The Dice Man'' and written by Paul Lucas, a play called ''The Dice House'' premiered in the United Kingdom in 2001, and went on to staging at the Arts Theatre in London's West End in 2004. The text of Lucas's play was published by
Faber & Faber Faber and Faber Limited, usually abbreviated to Faber, is an independent publishing house in London. Published authors and poets include T. S. Eliot (an early Faber editor and director), W. H. Auden, Margaret Storey, William Golding, Samuel B ...
in 2001 and by
Bloomsbury Bloomsbury is a district in the West End of London. It is considered a fashionable residential area, and is the location of numerous cultural, intellectual, and educational institutions. Bloomsbury is home of the British Museum, the largest mus ...
in 2012. In music, a 1979 song by The Fall called "Dice Man" takes its title and general concept from the book. The
Talk Talk Talk Talk were an English band formed in 1981, led by Mark Hollis (vocals, guitar, piano), Lee Harris (drummer), Lee Harris (drums), and Paul Webb (bass). The group achieved early chart success with the synth-pop singles "Talk Talk (Talk Talk s ...
song "
Such A Shame "Such a Shame" is a song written by Mark Hollis for the English band Talk Talk's second album '' It's My Life'' (1984). It was released as the album's second single and went on to become a top 10 hit across Europe. Overview "Such a Shame" was ...
" (1984) was inspired by ''The Dice Man''. In 1992 British musician Richard D. James used the pseudonym The Dice Man for the track "Polygon Window". Jez Coad's band The Surfing Brides have a track titled "Diceman" (1992) which was also inspired by the book. And the
At The Gates At the Gates is a Swedish death metal band from Gothenburg, formed in 1990. The band was a major progenitor of Gothenburg-style melodic death metal alongside In Flames and Dark Tranquillity. Prior to their first disbandment in 1996, At the Ga ...
song "World of Lies" (1995) quotes ''The Dice Man'' during its spoken word lyrics. The UK
comic a Media (communication), medium used to express ideas with images, often combined with text or other visual information. It typically the form of a sequence of Panel (comics), panels of images. Textual devices such as speech balloons, Glo ...
, '' 2000 AD'', published the
Gamebook A gamebook is a work of printed fiction that allows the reader to participate in the story by making choices. The narrative branches along various paths, typically through the use of numbered paragraphs or pages. Each narrative typically does not ...
magazine ''Dice Man'' in 1986. Five editions were created by
Pat Mills Patrick Eamon Mills (born 1949) is an English comics writer and editor who, along with John Wagner, revitalised British boys comics in the 1970s, and has remained a leading light in British comics ever since. He has been called "the godfather o ...
through October of that year, with script and game by Mills, covers by
Glenn Fabry Glenn Fabry (; born 24 March 1961) is a British comics artist known for his detailed, realistic work in both ink and painted colour. Career Glenn Fabry's career began in 1985, drawing ''Sláine (comics), Slaine'' for ''2000 AD (comics), 2000 AD ...
, and art and lettering by various ''2000 AD'' artists. The brewers of
Rolling Rock Rolling Rock is a 4.4% abv American lager launched in 1939 by the Latrobe Brewing Company. Although founded as a local beer in Western Pennsylvania, it was marketed aggressively and eventually became a national product. The brand was sold to Anheu ...
beer launched an advertising campaign in the
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and North ...
in 1998 based on ''The Dice Man'', a campaign that included a short-lived ''Dice Life'' website.


Bibliography

* ''
The Dice Man The Dice Man is a 1971 novel by American novelist George Cockcroft, writing under the pen name, "Luke Rhinehart". The book tells the story of a psychiatrist who makes daily decisions based on the casting of a diсe. Cockcroft describes the ...
'' (1971) * '' Matari'' (1975) * '' The Book of est'' (1976) * ''
Long Voyage Back ''Long Voyage Back'' was written by George Cockcroft under the pen name of Luke Rhinehart. It was published in 1983, at the height of the Cold War, and it shows that influence. The author sides with the nuclear disarmament side of the debate a ...
'' (1983) * ''
Adventures of Wim ''Adventures of Wim'' is a book by George Cockcroft, written under the pen name Luke Rhinehart. It was first published in 1986. Plot summary The book is composed of sections taken from other, fictional books. The preface to the book claims tha ...
'' (1986) * ''
The Search for the Dice Man ''The Search for the Dice Man'' was written by George Cockcroft under the pen name Luke Rhinehart. It is the official sequel to '' The Dice Man'', and was published in 1993. Other books by George Cockcroft with the same themes: '' The Dice Ma ...
'' (1993) * ''
The Book of the Die George Powers Cockcroft (November 15, 1932 – November 6, 2020), widely known by the pen name Luke Rhinehart, was an American novelist, screenwriter, and nonfiction writer. He is best known for his 1971 novel ''The Dice Man,'' the story of a psyc ...
'' (2000) * ''Whim'' (2002 reissue of ''Adventures of Wim'') * ''White Wind, Black Rider'' (2008). Reissue of ''Matari'' * ''Naked Before the World: A Lovely Pornographic Love Story'' (2008) * ''Jesus Invades George: An Alternative History '' (2013) * ''
Invasion An invasion is a military offensive in which large numbers of combatants of one geopolitical entity aggressively enter territory owned by another such entity, generally with the objective of either: conquering; liberating or re-establishing con ...
'' (2016) * ''The Hairy Balls and the End of Civilization'' (unpublished)


References


External links

*
Meeting Luke Rhinehart
(2018)
GQ interview, 7 March 2012
* * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Rhinehart, Luke 1932 births 2020 deaths Cornell University alumni Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni American male novelists 20th-century American novelists 21st-century American novelists Writers from Albany, New York People from Mallorca 20th-century American male writers 21st-century American male writers 20th-century pseudonymous writers 21st-century pseudonymous writers