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The Thaumasia quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the
United States Geological Survey The United States Geological Survey (USGS), formerly simply known as the Geological Survey, is a scientific agency of the United States government. The scientists of the USGS study the landscape of the United States, its natural resources, ...
(USGS)
Astrogeology Research Program The Astrogeology Science Center is the entity within the United States Geological Survey concerned with the study of planetary geology and planetary cartography. It is housed in the Shoemaker Building in Flagstaff, Arizona. The Center was establ ...
. The Thaumasia quadrangle is also referred to as MC-25 (Mars Chart-25). The name comes from
Thaumas In Greek mythology, Thaumas (; grc, ; grc, , label=gen.) was a sea god, son of Pontus and Gaia, and the full brother of Nereus, Phorcys, Ceto and Eurybia. Etymology Plato associates Thaumas' name with ("wonder"). Mythology According to Hesio ...
, the god of the clouds and celestial apparitions. The Thaumasia quadrangle covers the area from 60° to 120° west longitude and 30° to 65° south latitude on
Mars Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System, only being larger than Mercury (planet), Mercury. In the English language, Mars is named for the Mars (mythology), Roman god of war. Mars is a terr ...
. The Thaumasia quadrangle contains many different regions or parts of many regions:
Solis Planum Solis Planum is a planum on Mars which has a diameter of 1811.23 km. Its center latitude is 26.4 S and its center longitude is 270.33 E. Solis Planum was named after a classic albedo feature name, and its name was approved in 1973. Galle ...
,
Icaria Planum Icaria Planum is a region on Mars in the Thaumasia quadrangle of Mars that is 566.59 km across and is located at 43.27 S and 253.96E. It was named after a classic albedo feature that was approved in 1979. The name of the classic feature ...
,
Aonia Terra Aonia Terra is a region in the southern Southern Hemisphere, hemisphere of the planet Mars. It is named after a classical albedo feature ''Aonia'', that was named after the ancient Greek region Aonia. It is centered at and covers 3900 km a ...
,
Aonia Planum This is a list of plains on Mars. Such features are named after the nearest classical albedo feature in compliance with the International Astronomical Union's rules of planetary nomenclature. Plains may be named denoted "planitia" or "planum", dep ...
, Bosporus Planum, and Thaumasia Planum. One of the first major networks of stream channels, called Warrego Valles, were discovered here by early orbiters. Another sign of water is the presence of gullies carved into steep slopes.


Martian Gullies Martian gullies are small, incised networks of narrow channels and their associated downslope sediment deposits, found on the planet of Mars. They are named for their resemblance to terrestrial gullies. First discovered on images from Mars Global ...

Gullies are common in some parts of Mars. Gullies occur on steep slopes, especially on the walls of craters. Martian gullies are believed to be relatively young because they have few, if any craters. Moreover, they lie on top of sand dunes which themselves are considered to be quite young. Usually, each gully has an alcove, channel, and apron. Some studies have found that gullies occur on slopes that face all directions, others have found that the greater number of gullies are found on poleward facing slopes, especially from 30-44 S. Although many ideas have been put forward to explain them, the most popular involve liquid water coming from an
aquifer An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing, permeable rock, rock fractures, or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt). Groundwater from aquifers can be extracted using a water well. Aquifers vary greatly in their characterist ...
, from melting at the base of old
glaciers A glacier (; ) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight. A glacier forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation over many years, often centuries. It acquires distinguishing features, such as ...
, or from the melting of ice in the ground when the climate was warmer. There is evidence for all three theories. Most of the gully alcove heads occur at the same level, just as one would expect of an
aquifer An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing, permeable rock, rock fractures, or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt). Groundwater from aquifers can be extracted using a water well. Aquifers vary greatly in their characterist ...
. Various measurements and calculations show that liquid water could exist in aquifers at the usual depths where gullies begin. One variation of this model is that rising hot
magma Magma () is the molten or semi-molten natural material from which all igneous rocks are formed. Magma is found beneath the surface of the Earth, and evidence of magmatism has also been discovered on other terrestrial planets and some natural sa ...
could have melted ice in the ground and caused water to flow in aquifers. Aquifers are layer that allow water to flow. They may consist of porous sandstone. The aquifer layer would be perched on top of another layer that prevents water from going down (in geological terms it would be called impermeable). Because water in an aquifer is prevented from going down, the only direction the trapped water can flow is horizontally. Eventually, water could flow out onto the surface when the aquifer reaches a break—like a crater wall. The resulting flow of water could erode the wall to create gullies. Aquifers are quite common on Earth. A good example is "Weeping Rock" in
Zion National Park Zion National Park is an American national park located in southwestern Utah near the town of Springdale. Located at the junction of the Colorado Plateau, Great Basin, and Mojave Desert regions, the park has a unique geography and a variety ...
Utah Utah ( , ) is a state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. Utah is a landlocked U.S. state bordered to its east by Colorado, to its northeast by Wyoming, to its north by Idaho, to its south by Arizona, and to it ...
. As for the next theory, much of the surface of Mars is covered by a thick smooth mantle that is thought to be a mixture of ice and dust. This ice-rich mantle, a few yards thick, smoothes the land, but in places it has a bumpy texture, resembling the surface of a basketball. The mantle may be like a glacier and under certain conditions the ice that is mixed in the mantle could melt and flow down the slopes and make gullies. Because there are few craters on this mantle, the mantle is relatively young. An excellent view of this mantle is shown below in the picture of the Ptolemaeus Crater Rim, as seen by
HiRISE High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment is a camera on board the ''Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter'' which has been orbiting and studying Mars since 2006. The 65 kg (143 lb), US$40 million instrument was built under the direction o ...
. The ice-rich mantle may be the result of climate changes. Changes in Mars's orbit and tilt cause significant changes in the distribution of water ice from polar regions down to latitudes equivalent to Texas. During certain climate periods water vapor leaves polar ice and enters the atmosphere. The water comes back to ground at lower latitudes as deposits of frost or snow mixed generously with dust. The atmosphere of Mars contains a great deal of fine dust particles. Water vapor will condense on the particles, then fall down to the ground due to the additional weight of the water coating. When Mars is at its greatest tilt or obliquity, up to 2 cm of ice could be removed from the summer ice cap and deposited at midlatitudes. This movement of water could last for several thousand years and create a snow layer of up to around 10 meters thick. When ice at the top of the mantling layer goes back into the atmosphere, it leaves behind dust, which insulating the remaining ice. Measurements of altitudes and slopes of gullies support the idea that snowpacks or glaciers are associated with gullies. Steeper slopes have more shade which would preserve snow. Higher elevations have far fewer gullies because ice would tend to sublimate more in the thin air of the higher altitude. Very few gullies are found in the Thaumasia region; however, a few are present in the lower elevations like the one pictured below in
Ross Crater Ross or ROSS may refer to: People * Clan Ross, a Highland Scottish clan * Ross (name), including a list of people with the surname or given name Ross, as well as the meaning * Earl of Ross, a peerage of Scotland Places * RoSS, the Republic of Sout ...
. Image:Context for Gullies in Ross crater.jpg, CTX image of part of
Ross Crater Ross or ROSS may refer to: People * Clan Ross, a Highland Scottish clan * Ross (name), including a list of people with the surname or given name Ross, as well as the meaning * Earl of Ross, a peerage of Scotland Places * RoSS, the Republic of Sout ...
showing context for next image from HiRISE. Image:Gullies in Ross Crater.JPG, Gullies in Ross Crater, as seen by
HiRISE High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment is a camera on board the ''Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter'' which has been orbiting and studying Mars since 2006. The 65 kg (143 lb), US$40 million instrument was built under the direction o ...
under the
HiWish program HiWish is a program created by NASA so that anyone can suggest a place for the HiRISE camera on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter to photograph. It was started in January 2010. In the first few months of the program 3000 people signed up to use HiRIS ...
. Because the gullies are on the narrow rim of a crater and they start at different heights, this example is not consistent with the model of gullies being caused by aquifers. ESP 040186 1215gullies.jpg, Group of gullies in Ross Crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program ESP 040186 1215multiplechannels.jpg, Close-up of gullies showing multiple channels, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Note: this is an enlargement of a previous image. ESP 040186 1215polygons.jpg, Close-up of gullies showing polygons, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Polygons usually form in frozen ice-rich ground. Note: this is an enlargement of a previous image. ESP 040186 1215streamlined.jpg, Close-up of gullies showing streamlined forms in channels, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Note: this is an enlargement of a previous image. ESP 047333 1215gullies.jpg, Wide view of gullies in Ross Crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program 47333 1215gulliesclose.jpg, Close view of many small gullies in Ross Crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Note: this is an enlargement of a previous image. 47333 1215polygonsclose.jpg, Close view of polygons near gullies in Ross Crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Note: this is an enlargement of a previous image. 47333 1215polygonsclose2.jpg, Close view of polygons near gullies in Ross Crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Note: this is an enlargement of a previous image. ESP 048045 1220gullies.jpg, Gullies, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Image:Gulliesthaumasal.jpg, Group of gullies, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program Image:Multiple channels in 21461.jpg, Enlargement of part of previous image showing smaller gullies inside larger ones. Water probably flowed in these gullies more than once. ESP 048546 1225gullies.jpg, Gullies, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program
The third theory might be possible since climate changes may be enough to simply allow ice in the ground to melt and thus form the gullies. During a warmer climate, the first few meters of ground could thaw and produce a "debris flow" similar to those on the dry and cold Greenland east coast. Since the gullies occur on steep slopes only a small decrease of the shear strength of the soil particles is needed to begin the flow. Small amounts of liquid water from melted ground ice could be enough. Calculations show that a third of a mm of runoff can be produced each day for 50 days of each Martian year, even under current conditions.


Sand Dunes

Many places on Mars have sand dunes. Some craters in Thaumasia show dark blotches in them. High resolution photos show that the dark markings are dark sand dunes. Dark sand dunes probably contain the igneous rock basalt.
Brashear Crater Brashear may refer to: People * Brashear (surname) Places * Brashear, Missouri, town in Missouri * Brashear, Texas, unincorporated community in Texas * Brashear City, former name of Morgan City, Louisiana Other uses * Brashear High School, Pit ...
, pictured below, is one crater with dark dunes. Image:Brashear Crater by MOLA.JPG, Wide view of
Brashear (Martian Crater) Brashear may refer to: People * Brashear (surname) Places * Brashear, Missouri, town in Missouri * Brashear, Texas, unincorporated community in Texas * Brashear City, former name of Morgan City, Louisiana Morgan City is a small Citibank, city ...
near other craters, as seen by MOLA in which elevations are indicated by different colors. Image:Context for Dunes in Brashear.jpg,
Mars Global Surveyor ''Mars Global Surveyor'' (MGS) was an American robotic space probe developed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and launched November 1996. MGS was a global mapping mission that examined the entire planet, from the ionosphere down through the a ...
context image with box showing where next image is located. Image:Dunesinbrashear.jpg, Mars Global Surveyor image of part of area in the previous photo. The dark spots are resolved to be sand dunes. Image taken under the
MOC Public Targeting Program The MOC Public Targeting Program was a very popular program that followed the Mars Global Surveyor's pictures of Mars. A total of 4,636 requests came in from the general public. Of these, 1,086 were photographed by the Mars Observer Camera. Many ...
. Image:ESP_028580_1385cells.jpg, Crater floor covered with sand dunes in the shape of cells, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program.


Warrego Valles

Mariner 9 Mariner 9 (Mariner Mars '71 / Mariner-I) was a robotic spacecraft that contributed greatly to the exploration of Mars and was part of the NASA Mariner program. Mariner 9 was launched toward Mars on May 30, 1971 from LC-36B at Cape Canaveral Air ...
and
Viking Orbiter The ''Viking'' program consisted of a pair of identical American space probes, ''Viking 1'' and ''Viking 2'', which landed on Mars in 1976. Each spacecraft was composed of two main parts: an orbiter designed to photograph the surface of Mars f ...
images, showed a network of branching valleys in Thaumasia called Warrego Valles. These networks are evidence that Mars may have once been warmer, wetter, and perhaps had precipitation in the form of rain or snow. A study with the
Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter 260px, MOLA topographic images of the two hemispheres of Mars. This image appeared on the cover of ''Science'' magazine in May 1999. The Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) was one of five instruments on the ''Mars Global Surveyor'' (MGS) spacecraf ...
,
Thermal Emission Imaging System The Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) is a camera on board the 2001 Mars Odyssey orbiter. It images Mars in the visible and infrared parts of the electromagnetic spectrum in order to determine the thermal properties of the surface and to ...
(THEMIS) and the
Mars Orbiter Camera The Mars Orbiter Camera and Mars Observer Camera (MOC) were scientific instruments on board the Mars Observer and Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft. The camera was built by Malin Space Science Systems (MSSS) for NASA and the cost of the whole MOC s ...
(MOC) support the idea that Warrego Valles was formed from precipitation. At first glance they resemble river valleys on our Earth. But sharper images from more advanced cameras reveal that the valleys are not continuous. They are very old and may have suffered from the effects of erosion. A picture below shows some of these branching valleys. Image:Channels near Warrego in Thaumasia.JPG, Channels near Warrego Valles, as seen by
THEMIS In Greek mythology and Ancient Greek religion, religion, Themis (; grc, Θέμις, Themis, justice, law, custom) is one of the twelve Titans, Titan children of Gaia and Uranus (mythology), Uranus, and the second wife of Zeus. She is the godde ...
. These branched channels are strong evidence for flowing water on Mars, perhaps during a much warmer period.


Craters

The density of impact craters is used to determine the surface ages of Mars and other solar system bodies. The older the surface, the more craters present. Crater shapes can reveal the presence of ground ice. The area around craters may be rich in minerals. On Mars, heat from the impact melts ice in the ground. Water from the melting ice dissolves minerals, and then deposits them in cracks or faults that were produced with the impact. This process, called hydrothermal alteration, is a major way in which ore deposits are produced. The area around Martian craters may be rich in useful ores for the future colonization of Mars. Studies on the earth have documented that cracks are produced and that secondary minerals veins are deposited in the cracks. Images from satellites orbiting Mars have detected cracks near impact craters. Great amounts of heat are produced during impacts. The area around a large impact may take hundreds of thousands of years to cool. Many craters once contained lakes. Because some crater floors show deltas, we know that water had to be present for some time. Dozens of deltas have been spotted on Mars. Deltas form when sediment is washed in from a stream entering a quiet body of water. It takes a bit of time to form a delta, so the presence of a delta is exciting; it means water was there for a time, maybe for many years. Primitive organisms may have developed in such lakes; hence, some craters may be prime targets for the search for evidence of life on the Red Planet. ESP 048282 1295flamecrater.jpg, Unnamed rater with thin ejecta, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program There are also many cones visible in the image. Wikidouglasseast.jpg, East side of Douglass Crater, as seen by CTX camera (on
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter ''Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter'' (MRO) is a spacecraft designed to study the geology and climate of Mars, provide reconnaissance of future landing sites, and relay data from surface missions back to Earth. It was launched on August 12, 2005, an ...
) Wikilamont.jpg, Lamont Crater, as seen by CTX camera (on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter). Dark areas are composed of mostly dunes. Wikilamontdunes.jpg, Dunes on floor of Lamont Crater, as seen by CTX camera (on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter). Note: this is an enlargement of the previous image. Wikicoblentz.jpg, Coblentz Crater, as seen by CTX camera (on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter). Wikibiachini.jpg, Biachini Crater, as seen by CTX camera (on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter).
Dust devil tracks Martian dust devils (dust devils on Mars) were first photographed by the Viking orbiters in the 1970s. In 1997, the Mars Pathfinder lander detected a dust devil passing over it. In the first image below, photographed by the Mars Global Surveyor, ...
and dunes are visible on the floor. The narrow, dark lines are dust devil tracks. Wikifontana.jpg, Fontana Crater, as seen by CTX camera (on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter). Wikifontanadevils.jpg,
Dust devil tracks Martian dust devils (dust devils on Mars) were first photographed by the Viking orbiters in the 1970s. In 1997, the Mars Pathfinder lander detected a dust devil passing over it. In the first image below, photographed by the Mars Global Surveyor, ...
just outside north rim of Fontana Crater, as seen by CTX camera (on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter). Note: this is an enlargement of the previous image of Fontana Crater. Wikilampland.jpg, Lampland Crater (Martian Crater), as seen by CTX camera (on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter). Wikilamplandlayers.jpg, Layers in wall of Lampland Crater, as seen by CTX camera (on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter). Note: this is an enlargement of the previous image of Lampland Crater. Wikislipher.jpg, Slipher Crater (Martian Crater), as seen by CTX camera (on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter). Wikisliphergullies.jpg, Gullies in crater on the rim of Slipher Crater, as seen by CTX camera (on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter). Note: this is an enlargement of the previous image of Slipher Crater. ESP 042123 1475mantle.jpg, Mantle layers exposed on crater rim, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Mantle is an ice-rich material that fell from the sky when the climate underwent major changes. ESP 043350 1430pointedcrater.jpg, Pointed crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Impacting object may have struck at a low angle.
File:ESP 055652 1480craterfloor.jpg, Wide view of crater floor, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Some depressions on the floor have a mound in the center. File:55652 1480pit.jpg, Close view of a mound in a depression, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program File:55652 1480concentricridges.jpg, Concentric ridges on crater floor, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program


Channels

There is enormous evidence that water once flowed in river valleys on Mars. Images of curved channels have been seen in images from Mars spacecraft dating back to the early seventies with the
Mariner 9 Mariner 9 (Mariner Mars '71 / Mariner-I) was a robotic spacecraft that contributed greatly to the exploration of Mars and was part of the NASA Mariner program. Mariner 9 was launched toward Mars on May 30, 1971 from LC-36B at Cape Canaveral Air ...
orbiter. Indeed, a study published in June 2017, calculated that the volume of water needed to carve all the channels on Mars was even larger than the proposed ocean that the planet may have had. Water was probably recycled many times from the ocean to rainfall around Mars.Luo, W., et al. 2017. New Martian valley network volume estimate consistent with ancient ocean and warm and wet climate. Nature Communications 8. Article number: 15766 (2017). Image:Branched Channels from Viking.jpg, Branched channels in Thaumasia quadrangle, as seen by Viking Orbiter. Networks of channels like this are strong evidence for rain on Mars in the past. Image:ESP_024955delta.jpg, Crater and one of many nearby channels, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Picture is from
Icaria Planum Icaria Planum is a region on Mars in the Thaumasia quadrangle of Mars that is 566.59 km across and is located at 43.27 S and 253.96E. It was named after a classic albedo feature that was approved in 1979. The name of the classic feature ...
. ESP 046291 1460channel.jpg, Channel, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program ESP 047042 1460channel.jpg, Channel, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program File:ESP 054821 1455channel.jpg, Channel, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program File:ESP 054874 1425channel.jpg, Channel, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Location is 36.968 S and 78.121 W. File:ESP 056800 1385channels.jpg, Crater with channels, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Arrows show channels that carried water into and out of crater.


Other views from Thaumasia

Image:Thaumasia Map.JPG, Map of Thaumasia quadrangle with major craters labeled. Lowell Crater is named after
Percival Lowell Percival Lowell (; March 13, 1855 – November 12, 1916) was an American businessman, author, mathematician, and astronomer who fueled speculation that there were canals on Mars, and furthered theories of a ninth planet within the Solar System. ...
. Image:Lowell Crater Rim.JPG, Lowell Crater Northeast Rim, as seen by
HiRISE High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment is a camera on board the ''Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter'' which has been orbiting and studying Mars since 2006. The 65 kg (143 lb), US$40 million instrument was built under the direction o ...
. Crater floor is toward the bottom of picture. Image:CTX Context image for layered mantle.jpg, CTX image from
Icaria Planum Icaria Planum is a region on Mars in the Thaumasia quadrangle of Mars that is 566.59 km across and is located at 43.27 S and 253.96E. It was named after a classic albedo feature that was approved in 1979. The name of the classic feature ...
that shows location of next image. Image:Layered mantle in Icaria Planum.JPG, Layers in mantle deposit, as seen by HiRISE, under the
HiWish program HiWish is a program created by NASA so that anyone can suggest a place for the HiRISE camera on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter to photograph. It was started in January 2010. In the first few months of the program 3000 people signed up to use HiRIS ...
. Mantle was probably formed from snow and dust falling during a different climate. Image:24400dike.jpg, Possible dike in Thaumasia, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Dikes may have deposited valuable minerals. Image:ESP_024863movement.jpg, Signs of material moving down the side of a ridge, as seen by HiRISE, under the HiWish program. Image:28384pitsandhollows.jpg, Strange surface features, as seen by HiWish under the HiWish program. Image:Porter Crater.JPG, Porter Crater rim, as seen with
Mars Global Surveyor ''Mars Global Surveyor'' (MGS) was an American robotic space probe developed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and launched November 1996. MGS was a global mapping mission that examined the entire planet, from the ionosphere down through the a ...
. ESP 045526 1385flow.jpg, Curved ridge that probably was formed by glacier, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program 45737 1380brains.jpg, Brain terrain, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Box shows the size of football field. 46106 1390cracks.jpg, Cracks and pits that form square shapes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Arrow points to squares formed by cracks. File:ESP 054954 1425ridges.jpg, Ridges, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program File:ESP 056642 1370flows.jpg, Flows, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program File:56642 1370streaks.jpg, Dark slope streaks, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program


Other Mars quadrangles


Interactive Mars map


See also

*
Climate of Mars The climate of Mars has been a topic of scientific curiosity for centuries, in part because it is the only terrestrial planet whose surface can be directly observed in detail from the Earth with help from a telescope. Although Mars is smaller t ...
*
Dunes A dune is a landform composed of wind- or water-driven sand. It typically takes the form of a mound, ridge, or hill. An area with dunes is called a dune system or a dune complex. A large dune complex is called a dune field, while broad, fl ...
*
HiRISE High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment is a camera on board the ''Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter'' which has been orbiting and studying Mars since 2006. The 65 kg (143 lb), US$40 million instrument was built under the direction o ...
*
HiWish program HiWish is a program created by NASA so that anyone can suggest a place for the HiRISE camera on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter to photograph. It was started in January 2010. In the first few months of the program 3000 people signed up to use HiRIS ...
*
Impact crater An impact crater is a circular depression in the surface of a solid astronomical object formed by the hypervelocity impact of a smaller object. In contrast to volcanic craters, which result from explosion or internal collapse, impact craters ...
*
list of quadrangles on Mars The surface of Mars has been divided into thirty cartographic quadrangles by the United States Geological Survey. Each quadrangle is a region covering a specified range of latitudes and longitudes on the Martian surface. The quadrangles are name ...
*
Martian Gullies Martian gullies are small, incised networks of narrow channels and their associated downslope sediment deposits, found on the planet of Mars. They are named for their resemblance to terrestrial gullies. First discovered on images from Mars Global ...
*
Valley network (Mars) Valley networks are branching networks of valleys on Mars that superficially resemble terrestrial river drainage basins.Carr, M.H. (2006), The Surface of Mars. Cambridge Planetary Science Series, Cambridge University Press. They are found mainly i ...
* Vallis *
Water on Mars Almost all water on Mars today exists as ice, though it also exists in small quantities as vapor in the atmosphere. What was thought to be low-volume liquid brines in shallow Martian soil, also called recurrent slope lineae, may be grains of f ...


References


Further reading

* Lorenz, R. 2014. The Dune Whisperers. The Planetary Report: 34, 1, 8-14 * Lorenz, R., J. Zimbelman. 2014. Dune Worlds: How Windblown Sand Shapes Planetary Landscapes. Springer Praxis Books / Geophysical Sciences.


External links

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thaumasia Quadrangle Mars