Textual variants in the Hebrew Bible

manuscript A manuscript (abbreviated MS for singular and MSS for plural) was, traditionally, any document written by hand – or, once practical typewriters became available, typewritten – as opposed to mechanically printing, printed or repr ...

s arise when a copyist makes deliberate or inadvertent alterations to the text that is being reproduced.

Textual criticism Textual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and of literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants, or different versions, of either manuscripts or of printed books. Such texts may range in ...

of the

Hebrew Bible The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh (;"Tanach"
''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''. Hebrew: ''Tān ...

(or

Old Testament The Old Testament (often abbreviated OT) is the first division of the Christian biblical canon, which is based primarily upon the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, a collection of ancient religious Hebrew writings by the Israelites. The ...

) has included study of its textual variants. Although the

Masoretic Text The Masoretic Text (MT or 𝕸; he, נֻסָּח הַמָּסוֹרָה, Nūssāḥ Hammāsōrā, lit. 'Text of the Tradition') is the authoritative Hebrew and Aramaic text of the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) in Rabbinic Judaism. ...

(MT) counts as the authoritative form of the Hebrew Bible according to

Rabbinic Judaism Rabbinic Judaism ( he, יהדות רבנית, Yahadut Rabanit), also called Rabbinism, Rabbinicism, or Judaism espoused by the Rabbanites, has been the mainstream form of Judaism since the 6th century CE, after the codification of the Babylonian ...

, modern scholars seeking to understand the history of the Hebrew Bible use a range of sources. These include the Greek

Septuagint The Greek Old Testament, or Septuagint (, ; from the la, septuaginta, lit=seventy; often abbreviated ''70''; in Roman numerals, LXX), is the earliest extant Greek translation of books from the Hebrew Bible. It includes several books beyond th ...

(LXX), the

Syriac language The Syriac language (; syc, / '), also known as Syriac Aramaic (''Syrian Aramaic'', ''Syro-Aramaic'') and Classical Syriac ܠܫܢܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ (in its literary and liturgical form), is an Aramaic language, Aramaic dialect that emerged during ...

Peshitta The Peshitta ( syc, ܦܫܺܝܛܬܳܐ ''or'' ') is the standard version of the Bible for churches in the Syriac tradition, including the Maronite Church, the Chaldean Catholic Church, the Syriac Catholic Church, the Syriac Orthodox Church, the ...

translation, the

Samaritan Pentateuch The Samaritan Torah ( Samaritan Hebrew: , ''Tōrāʾ''), also called the Samaritan Pentateuch, is a text of the Torah written in the Samaritan script and used as sacred scripture by the Samaritans. It dates back to one of the ancient version ...

, the

Dead Sea Scrolls The Dead Sea Scrolls (also the Qumran Caves Scrolls) are ancient Jewish and Hebrew religious manuscripts discovered between 1946 and 1956 at the Qumran Caves in what was then Mandatory Palestine, near Ein Feshkha in the West Bank, on the nor ...

collection, and quotations from rabbinic manuscripts. These sources may be older than the Masoretic Text in some cases, and often differ from it. These differences have given rise to the theory that yet another text, an

Urtext Urtext (, from ''ur-'' "primordial" and ''text'' "text", ) may refer to: * Urtext (biblical studies), the text that is believed to precede both the Septuagint and the Masoretic text * Urtext edition An urtext edition of a work of classical mu ...

of the Hebrew Bible, once existed and is the source of the versions extant today. However, such an Urtext has never been found, and which of the three commonly known versions (Septuagint, Masoretic Text, Samaritan Pentateuch) is closest to the Urtext is debated.

Legend

List

This list provides examples of known textual variants, and contains the following parameters: Hebrew texts written right to left, the Hebrew text

romanised Romanization or romanisation, in linguistics, is the conversion of text from a different writing system to the Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so. Methods of romanization include transliteration, for representing written text, and ...

left to right, an approximate English translation, and which Hebrew manuscripts or critical editions of the Hebrew Bible this textual variant can be found in. Greek (Septuagint) and Latin (Vulgate) texts are written left to right, and not romanised. Sometimes additional translation or interpretation notes are added, with references to similar verses elsewhere, or in-depth articles on the topic in question.

Book of Genesis The Book of Genesis (from Greek ; Hebrew: בְּרֵאשִׁית ''Bəreʾšīt'', "In hebeginning") is the first book of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament. Its Hebrew name is the same as its first word, ( "In the beginning") ...

Book of Exodus The Book of Exodus (from grc, Ἔξοδος, translit=Éxodos; he, שְׁמוֹת ''Šəmōṯ'', "Names") is the second book of the Bible. It narrates the story of the Exodus, in which the Israelites leave slavery in Biblical Egypt through t ...

Book of Leviticus The book of Leviticus (, from grc, Λευιτικόν, ; he, וַיִּקְרָא, , "And He called") is the third book of the Torah (the Pentateuch) and of the Old Testament, also known as the Third Book of Moses. Scholars generally agree ...

Book of Numbers The book of Numbers (from Greek Ἀριθμοί, ''Arithmoi''; he, בְּמִדְבַּר, ''Bəmīḏbar'', "In the desert f) is the fourth book of the Hebrew Bible, and the fourth of five books of the Jewish Torah. The book has a long and com ...

Book of Deuteronomy Deuteronomy ( grc, Δευτερονόμιον, Deuteronómion, second law) is the fifth and last book of the Torah (in Judaism), where it is called (Hebrew: hbo, , Dəḇārīm, hewords Moses.html"_;"title="f_Moses">f_Moseslabel=none)_and_th ...

Book of Joshua The Book of Joshua ( he, סֵפֶר יְהוֹשֻׁעַ‎ ', Tiberian: ''Sēp̄er Yŏhōšūaʿ'') is the sixth book in the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament, and is the first book of the Deuteronomistic history, the story of Isra ...

Joshua 1 Joshua 1 is the first Chapters and verses of the Bible, chapter of the Book of Joshua in the Hebrew Bible or in the Old Testament of the Christianity, Christian Bible. According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the Joshua, with addi ...

Joshua 1:1 : hbo, , ‘e-ḇeḏ Yah-weh way-yō-mer Yah-weh, heservant of Yahweh that Yahweh spoke, label=none – WLC : grc, εἶπεν Κύριος, , heLord said, label=none – LXX LXX Brenton : grc, δούλου κυρίου και είπε κύριος, , heservant of helord and helord said, label=none – ABP : la, servi Domini, ut loqueretur Dominus, , servant(s) of heLord, so that heLord might speak, label=none – Vg

Book of Judges The Book of Judges (, ') is the seventh book of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament. In the narrative of the Hebrew Bible, it covers the time between the conquest described in the Book of Joshua and the establishment of a kingdom i ...

Books of Samuel The Book of Samuel (, ''Sefer Shmuel'') is a book in the Hebrew Bible, found as two books (1–2 Samuel) in the Old Testament. The book is part of the narrative history of Ancient Israel called the Deuteronomistic history, a series of books (Joshu ...

2 Samuel 8 2 Samuel 8 is the eighth chapter of the Second Book of Samuel in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the second part of Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible. According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel, with ...

2 Samuel 8:12 : hbo, , mê-’ă-rām, from Aram, label=none – WLC AC : grc, ἐκ τῆς Ἰδουμαίας, , from Edom (Idumea), label=none – LXX LXX Brenton : grc, καὶ ἐκ τῆς Ἰδουμαίας, , and from Edom (Idumea), label=none – ABP : la, de Syria, , from Syria, label=none – Vg 2 Samuel 8:12 : hbo, , ū-mip-pə-liš-tîm, and from the Philistines, label=none – WLC : grc, καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἀλλοφύλων, , and from the foreigners, label=none – LXX LXX Brenton ABP : la, et Philisthiim, , and hePhilisthiim, label=none – Vg :: Compare 1 Kings 16:15. 2 Samuel 8:13 : hbo, , ’eṯ- ’ă-rām, of Aram, label=none – WLC : grc, τὴν Ἰδουμαίαν, , Edom (Idumea), label=none – LXX LXX Brenton ABP : la, Syria, , Syria, label=none – Vg 2 Samuel 8:13 : hbo, , bə-ḡê- me-laḥ, in the valley fsalt, label=none – WLC : grc, ἐν Γεβέλεμ, , in Gebelem, label=none – LXX Brenton ABP : grc, ἐν Γαιμελε, , in Gaimele, label=none – LXX : la, in valle Salinarum, , in hevalley of (the) Salts, label=none – Vg 2 Samuel 8:18 : hbo, , kō-hă-nîm, priests, label=none – WLC. This noun is the origin of the surname Cohen. : grc, αὐλάρχαι, , chiefs/rulers/princes of the palace/court, label=none – LXX LXX Brenton ABP. This noun is a compound of αὐλή ("court(yard)" or "hall/chamber/house") and ἀρχή ("authority"), related to

archon ''Archon'' ( gr, ἄρχων, árchōn, plural: ἄρχοντες, ''árchontes'') is a Greek word that means "ruler", frequently used as the title of a specific public office. It is the masculine present participle of the verb stem αρχ-, mean ...

("ruler" or "chief magistrate"). : la, sacerdotes, , priests, label=none – Vg. Origin of the modern term

sacerdotalism Sacerdotalism (from Latin ''sacerdos'', priest, literally one who presents sacred offerings, ''sacer'', sacred, and ''dare'', to give) is the belief in some Christian churches that priests are meant to be mediators between God and humankind. The und ...

Books of Kings The Book of Kings (, '' Sēfer Məlāḵīm'') is a book in the Hebrew Bible, found as two books (1–2 Kings) in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. It concludes the Deuteronomistic history, a history of Israel also including the books ...

1 Kings 16 1 Kings 16 is the sixteenth chapter of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah b ...

1 Kings 16:15 : hbo, , , in the year twenty and seven year of Asa king of Judah, Zimri reigned, label=none – WLC : grc, Καὶ Ζαμβρεὶ ἐβασίλευσεν, , And Zambreì reigned, label=none – LXX : grc, Καὶ Ζαμβρὶ ἐβασίλευσεν, , And Zambrì reigned, label=none – LXX Brenton : grc, εν τω εικοστώ και εβδόμω έτει Ασά βασιλέως Ιούδα εβασίλευσεν Ζιμβρί, , in the twenty and seventh year of Asa king of Judah, Zimbrí reigned, label=none – ABP : la, Anno vigesimo septimo Asa regis Juda, regnavit Zambri:, , in the twenty-seventh year of Asa king of Judah, Zambri reigned:, label=none – Vg 1 Kings 16:15 : hbo, , šiḇ-‘aṯ yā-mîm bə-ṯir-ṣāh;, seven days in Tirzah, label=none – WLC : grc, ἑπτὰ ἔτη ἐν Θερσά·, , seven years in Thersá:, label=none – LXX : grc, ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας ἐν Θερσα., , seven days in Thersa., label=none – LXX : grc, εν Θερσά ημέρας επτά, , in Thersá days seven, label=none – Brenton : grc, εν Θερσά επτά ημέρας, , in Thersá seven days, label=none – ABP : la, septem diebus in Thersa:, , seven days in Thersa:, label=none – Vg 1 Kings 16:15 : hbo, , wə-hā-‘ām ḥō-nîm, and the people ereencamped, label=none – WLC : grc, καὶ ἡ παρεμβολὴ Ἰσραὴλ, , and the camp of Israel, label=none – LXX LXX Brenton ABP : la, porro exercitus obsidebat, , further (away), the army laid siege, label=none – Vg 1 Kings 16:15 : hbo, , ‘al- gib-bə-ṯō-wn ’ă-šer lap-pə-liš-tîm., against Gibbethon which elongedto the Philistines., label=none – WLC : grc, ἐπὶ Γαβαὼν τῶν ἀλλοφύλων., , upon Gabaon of the foreigners., label=none – LXX. τῶν ἀλλοφύλων literally means 'of the eopleof another tribe'. : grc, επί Γαβαθών την των αλλοφύλων, , upon Gabathon the ityof the foreigners., label=none – LXX Brenton ABP : la, Gebbethon urbem Philisthinorum, , ponGebbethon hecity of the Philistines, label=none – Vg 1 Kings 16:16 : hbo, , way-yiš-ma‘ hā-‘ām ha-ḥō-nîm lê-mōr, And the encamped people heard t saying, label=none – WLC : grc, καὶ ἤκουσεν ὁ λαὸς ἐν τῇ παρεμβολῇ λεγόντων, , And the people in the camp heard t saying, label=none – LXX LXX Brenton ABP : la, Cumque audisset, , And when e/she/itheard tlabel=none – Vg 1 Kings 16:16 : hbo, , qā-šar zim-rî wə-ḡam hik-kāh ’eṯ- ham-me-leḵ, Zimi has conspired and also killed king, label=none – WLC : grc, Συνεστράφη Ζαμβρεὶ καὶ ἔπαισεν τὸν βασιλέα·, , Zambreì conspired and struck the king;, label=none – LXX : – LXX : grc, συνεστράφη Ζαμβρὶ καὶ ἔπαισε τὸν βασιλέα·, , Zambrì conspired and struck the king;, label=none – Brenton : grc, συνεστράφη Ζαμβρί και έπαισε τον βασιλέα, , Zambrí conspired and struck the king, label=none – ABP : la, rebellasse Zambri, et occidisse regem,, ,

hat A hat is a head covering which is worn for various reasons, including protection against weather conditions, ceremonial reasons such as university graduation, religious reasons, safety, or as a fashion accessory. Hats which incorporate mecha ...

Zambri had rebelled, and killed heking,, label=none – Vg 1 Kings 16:16 : hbo, , ’eṯ- ‘ā-mə-rî, Omri, label=none – WLC : grc, τὸν Ζαμβρεί, , Zambrei, label=none – LXX : – LXX : grc, τὸν Ἀμβρὶ, , Ambri, label=none – Brenton : grc, τον Αμβρί, , Ambri, label=none – ABP : la, Amri,, , Amri,, label=none – Vg 1 Kings 16:16 : hbo, , ṣā-ḇā, of the army ''or'' of the war, label=none – WLC : grc, τῆς στρατείας, , of the campaign/expedition, label=none – LXX : grc, τῆς στρατίας, , of the army, label=none – LXX Brenton ABP : la, militiae, , of the army ''or'' of the war/campaign, label=none – Vg 1 Kings 16:17 : hbo, , ‘ā-mə-rî wə-ḵāl yiś-rā-’êl ‘im-mōw mig-gib-bə-ṯō-wn, Omri and all Israel with him from Gibbethon, label=none – WLC : grc, Ζαμβρεὶ καὶ πᾶς Ἰσραὴλ μετ᾽ αὐτοῦ ἐν Γαβαθὼν, , Zambreì and all Israel with him in Gabathòn, label=none – LXX : grc, Αμβρι καὶ πᾶς Ισραηλ μετ’ αὐτοῦ ἐκ Γαβαθων, , Ambri and all Israel with him out of Gabathon, label=none – LXX Brenton : grc, Αμβρί εκ Γαβαθών και πας Ισραήλ μετ' αυτού, , Ambrí out of Gabathón and all Israel with him, label=none – ABP : la, Amri, et omnis Israel cum eo, de Gebbethon,, , Amri, and all Israel with him, from Gebbethon, label=none – Vg 1 Kings 16:18 : hbo, , way-yā-ḇō ’el- ’ar-mō-wn bêṯ- ham-me-leḵ way-yiś-rōp̄ ‘ā-lāw ’eṯ- bêṯ- me-leḵ bā-’êš way-yā-mōṯ., and ewent into the citadel of the house of the king and burnt

own Ownership is the state or fact of legal possession and control over property, which may be any asset, tangible or intangible. Ownership can involve multiple rights, collectively referred to as title, which may be separated and held by different ...

the house

f the F, or f, is the sixth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''ef'' (pronounced ), and the plural is ''efs''. Hist ...

king upon himself with fire and died., label=none – WLC : grc, ἐνεπύρισεν ὁ βασιλεὺς ἐπ᾽ αὐτὸν τὸν οἶκον τοῦ βασιλέως, καὶ ἀπέθανεν·, , the king himself set fire to the house of the king, and died;, label=none – LXX : grc, εἰσπορεύεται εἰς ἄντρον τοῦ οἴκου τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ ἐνεπύρισεν ἐπ’ αὐτὸν τὸν οἶκον τοῦ βασιλέως ἐν πυρὶ και απέθανεν, , eentered into heinner room of the house of the king and eset fire to the house of the king over himself with fire and died, label=none – LXX ABP : grc, πορεύεται εἰς άντρον του οίκου του βασιλέως, και ενεπύρισεν επ' αυτόν τον οίκον του βασιλέως, και απέθανεν, , ewent into heinner room of the house of the king, and eset fire to the house of the king over himself, and died, label=none – Brenton : la, ingressus est palatium, et succendit se cum domo regia: et mortuus est, , eentered hepalace, and burnt himself with heroyal house: and edied, label=none – Vg 1 Kings 16:19 : hbo, , ḥaṭ-ṭā-ṯōw, of his sin, label=none – K : hbo, , ḥaṭ-ṭō-ṯāw, of his sins, label=none – Q : grc, τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτοῦ, , of his sins, label=none – LXX LXX Brenton ABP : la, in peccatis suis, , in his sins, label=none – Vg 1 Kings 16:19 : hbo, , ’ă-šer ‘ā-śāh, which edid ''or'' (had) done/committed, label=none – WLC : grc, αις εποίησεν, , which edid/committed, label=none – ABP : la, quo fecit, , which edid, label=none – Vg : omitted – LXX LXX Brenton 1 Kings 16:20 : hbo, , wə-qiš-rōw ’ă-šer qā-šār, and the conspiracy which econspired, label=none – WLC : grc, καὶ τὰς συνάψεις αὐτοῦ ἃς συνῆψεν, , and his associations ejoined in, label=none – LXX LXX Brenton ABP : la, et insidiarum ejus, et tyrannidis, , and of his intrigues/plots, and tyranny, label=none – Vg 1 Kings 16:21 : hbo, , ṯiḇ-nî ḇen- gî-naṯ, Tibni son of Ginath, label=none – WLC : grc, Θαμνεὶ υἱοῦ Γωνὰθ, , Thamneì son of Gōnàth, label=none – LXX : grc, Θαμνι υἱοῦ Γωναθ, , Thamni son of Gōnath, label=none – LXX : grc, Θαμνὶ υἱοῦ Γωνὰθ, , Thamnì son of Gōnàth, label=none – Brenton : grc, Θαβνί υιόυ Γινήθ, , Thabní son of Ginḗth, label=none – ABP : la, Thebni filium Gineth, , Thebni son of Gineth, label=none – Vg 1 Kings 16:21 : hbo, , ‘ā-mə-rî., Omri., label=none – WLC : grc, Ζαμβρεί., , Zambrei., label=none – LXX : grc, Αμβρι., , Ambri., label=none – LXX : grc, Ἀμβρί., , Ambri., label=none – Brenton : grc, Αμβρί., , Ambri., label=none – ABP : la, Amri., , Amri., label=none – Vg 1 Kings 16:22 : hbo, , way-ye-ḥĕ-zaq hā-‘ām ’ă-šer ’a-ḥă-rê ‘ā-mə-rî, ’eṯ- hā-‘ām ’ă-šer ’a-ḥă-rê tiḇ-nî ḇen- gî-naṯ;, And/but the people who followed Omri prevailed against the people who followed Tibni son of Ginath, label=none – WLC : grc, καὶ ἡττήθη ὁ λαὸς ὁ ὢν ὀπίσω Θαμνεὶ υἱοῦ Γωνάθ·, , And defeated was the people being after Thamneì son of Gōnàth:, label=none – LXX. ἡττάομαι is an Attic variation of the verb ἡσσάομαι ("to be less/weaker than, to be defeated") : grc, Ὁ λαὸς ὁ ὢν ὀπίσω Ἀμβρί υπερεκράτησε τον λαόν τον οπίσω Θαμνὶ υἱοῦ Γωνὰθ·, , The people being after Ambri prevailed over the people being after Thamnì son of Gōnàth, label=none – LXX Brenton : grc, και ο λαός ο ων οπίσω Αμβρί υπερεκράτησε τον λαόν τον οπίσω Θαβνί υιόυ Γινήθ, , And the people being after Ambri prevailed over the people being after Thabní son of Ginḗth, label=none – ABP : la, Praevaluit autem populus qui erat cum Amri, populo qui sequebatur Thebni filium Gineth:, , But the people who were with Amri prevailed, over the people who followed Thebni son of Gineth:, label=none – Vg 1 Kings 16:22 : hbo, , way-yā-māṯ tiḇ-nî, way-yim-lōḵ ‘ā-mə-rî. p̄, And Tibni died, and Omri reigned., label=none – WLC : grc, καὶ ἀπέθανεν Θαμνεὶ καὶ Ἰωρὰμ ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ, καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Ζαμβρεὶ μετὰ Θαμνεί., , And Thamneì and Joram the brother of him died at that time, and Zambrei ruled after Thamneì., label=none – LXX : grc, καὶ ἀπέθανεν Θαμνι καὶ Ιωραμ ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ, καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Αμβρι μετὰ Θαμνι., , And Thamni and Joram the brother of him died at that time, and Ambri ruled after Thamni., label=none – LXX : grc, καὶ ἀπέθανε Θαμνὶ καὶ Ἰωρὰμ ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ, καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Ἀμβρί μετὰ Θαμνί., , And Thamnì and Joram the brother of him died at that time, and Ambri ruled after Thamnì., label=none – Brenton : grc, και απέθανε Θαβνί και εβασίλευσεν Αμβρί., , And Thabní died and Ambri reigned., label=none – ABP : la, mortuusque est Thebni, et regnavit Amri., , and Thebni died, and Amri reigned., label=none – Vg 1 Kings 16:28 : hbo, , , , label=none – WLC : grc, καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Ζαμβρεὶ μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ, καὶ θάπτεται ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ· καὶ βασιλεύει Ἀχαὰβ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἀντ᾽ αὐτοῦ., , , label=none – LXX : grc, καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Αμβρι μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ καὶ θάπτεται ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ, καὶ βασιλεύει Αχααβ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἀντ αὐτοῦ., , , label=none – LXX : grc, Ἀμβρί., , Ambri., label=none – Brenton : grc, και εκοιμήθη Αμβρί μετά των πατέρων αυτού και θάπτεται εν Σαμαρεία και εβασίλευσεν Αχαάβ ο υιός αυτού αντ' αυτού, , , label=none – ABP : la, Dormivitque Amri cum patribus suis, et sepultus est in Samaria: regnavitque Achab filius ejus pro eo., , , label=none – Vg :: A long addition is found in the Septuagint of

Codex Vaticanus The Codex Vaticanus ( The Vatican, Bibl. Vat., Vat. gr. 1209), designated by siglum B or 03 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), δ 1 ( von Soden), is a fourth-century Christian manuscript of a Greek Bible, containing the majority of the Greek Old ...

following 1 Kings 16:28 (numbered as verses 28a–28h). 1 Kings 16:28a : grc, Καὶ ἐν τῷ ἐνιαυτῷ τῷ ἑνδεκάτῳ ἔτει τοῦ Ζαμβρεὶ βασιλεύει Ἰωσαφὰθ υἱὸς Ἀσά· βασιλεύει ἐτῶν τριάκοντα καὶ πέντε ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ αὐτοῦ, καὶ εἴκοσι πέντε ἔτη βασιλεύει ἐν Ἰερουσαλήμ· καὶ ὄνομα τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ Γαβουζά, θυγάτηρ Σελεεί., , , label=none – LXX : grc, τοῦ Αμβρι...Ιωσαφατ υἱὸς Ασα ἐτῶν...ἐβασίλευσεν ἐν Ιερουσαλημ,...Γαζουβα θυγάτηρ Σελει., , , label=none – LXX : grc, τοῦ Ἀμβρί...Ιωσαφατ υἱὸς Ασα ἐτῶν...εἴκοσιπέντε...ἐβασιλευσεν....Γαζουβά, θυγάτηρ Σελί·, , , label=none – Brenton : omitted – WLC ABP Vg 1 Kings 16:28b : grc, καὶ ἐπορεύθη ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ Ἀσὰ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ, καὶ οὐκ ἐξέκλινεν ἀπ᾽ αὐτῆς τοῦ ποιεῖν τὸ εὐθὲς ἐνώπιον Κυρίου· πλὴν τῶν ὑψηλῶν οὐκ ἐξῆραν, ἔθυον ἐν τοῖς ὑψηλοῖς καὶ ἐθυμίων., , And he went in the way of Asa his father, and he did not deviate from it to do what is right before the Lord; only they did not remove nyof the high places, they sacrificed and burnt incense on the high places., label=none – LXX LXX Brenton : omitted – WLC ABP Vg 1 Kings 16:28c : grc, καὶ ἃ συνέθετο Ἰωσαφάθ, καὶ πᾶσα δυναστεία ἣν ἐποίησεν, καὶ οὓς ἐπολέμησεν, οὐκ ἰδοὺ ταῦτα γεγραμμένα ἐν βιβλίῳ λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν τῶν βασιλέων Ἰούδα;, , And what Josaphat composed, and all dynasty which he made, and those who fought, are these hingsnot written in the book of the words of the days of the kings of Judah?, label=none – LXX : grc, ...Ιωσαφατ,...ἡ δυναστεία,..., , , label=none – LXX : grc, ...Ἰωσαφάτ μετὰ βασίλεως Ἰσραὴλ,...ἐποίησε..., , , label=none – Brenton : omitted – WLC ABP Vg 1 Kings 16:28d : grc, καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν συμπλοκῶν ἃς ἐπέθεντο ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις Ἀσὰ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ ἐξῆρεν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς., , , label=none – LXX LXX Brenton : omitted – WLC ABP Vg 1 Kings 16:28e : grc, καὶ βασιλεὺς οὐκ ἦν ἐν Συρίᾳ· νασεὶβ ὁ βασιλεύς., , , label=none – LXX : grc, ...νασιβ., , , label=none – LXX : grc, ...Νασὶβ., , , label=none – Brenton : omitted – WLC ABP Vg 1 Kings 16:28f : grc, ἐποίησεν ναῦν εἰς Θαρσεὶς πορεύεσθαι εἰς Σωφείρ, πορεύεσθαι ἐπὶ τὸ χρυσίον· καὶ οὐκ ἐπορεύθη, ὅτι συνετρίβη ἡ ναῦς ἐν Γασιὼν Γάβερ., , , label=none – LXX : grc, καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς Ιωσαφατ ἐποίησεν...Θαρσις...Σωφιρ ἐπὶ...Γασιωνγαβερ., , , label=none – LXX : grc, Καὶ ὁ βασιλεύς Ἰωσαφάτ ἐποίησε...Θαρσὶς...Σωφίρ ἐπὶ..., , , label=none – Brenton : omitted – WLC ABP Vg 1 Kings 16:28g : grc, τότε εἶπεν βασιλεὺς Ἰσραὴλ πρὸς Ἰωσαφάθ Ἐξαποστελῶ τοὺς παῖδάς σου καὶ τὰ παιδάριά μου ἐν τῇ νηί· καὶ οὐκ ἐβούλετο Ἰωσαφάθ., , , label=none – LXX : grc, ...ὁ βασιλεὺς...Ἰωσαφάτ...Ἰωσαφάτ·, , , label=none – LXX Brenton : omitted – WLC ABP Vg 1 Kings 16:28h : grc, καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Ἰωσαφὰθ μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ ἐν πόλει Δαυείδ· καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Ἰωρὰμ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἀντ᾽ αὐτοῦ., , And Josaphàth slept with his fathers in the city of Daveíd: and Joram his son reigned instead of him., label=none – LXX : grc, καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Ιωσαφατ μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ καὶ θάπτεται μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ ἐν πόλει Δαυιδ,..., , And Josaphàt slept with his fathers and was buried with his fathers in the city of David,..., label=none – LXX : grc, ...Ἰωσαφάτ...Δαυίδ·..., , ...Josaphàt...Davíd:..., label=none – Brenton : omitted – WLC LXX ABP Vg 1 Kings 16:29 : hbo, , , And Ahab son of Omri ecameking over Israel in the year thirty and eight years of Asa king of Judah, and Ahab the son of Omri reigned over Israel in Samaria twenty and two years., label=none – WLC : grc, Ἐν ἔτει δευτέρῳ τῷ Ἰωσαφὰθ βασιλεύει Ἀχαὰβ υἱὸς Ζαμβρεί· ἐβασίλευσεν ἐπὶ Ἰσραὴλ ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ εἴκοσι καὶ δύο ἔτη., , In the second year of Josaphath reigned Achaáb son of Zambreí; ereigned over Israel in Samaria twenty and two years, label=none – LXX : grc, Ἐν ἔτει δευτέρῳ τῷ Ιωσαφατ βασιλεύει Αχααβ υἱὸς Αμβρι· ἐβασίλευσεν ἐπὶ Ισραηλ ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ εἴκοσι καὶ δύο ἔτη., , In the second year of Josaphat reigned Achaab son of Ambri: ereigned over Israel in Samaria twenty and two years., label=none – LXX : grc, Ἐν ἔτει δευτέρῳ τοῦ Ἰωσαφὰτ βασιλέως Ἰούδα, Ἀχαὰβ υἱὸς Ἀμβρὶ ἐβασίλευσεν ἐπὶ Ἰσραὴλ ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ εἴκοσι καὶ δύο ἔτη., , In the second year of Josaphat king of Judah, Achaáb son of Ambrì reigned over Israel in Samaria twenty and two years., label=none – Brenton : grc, ο δε Αχαάβ υιός Αμβρί εβασίλευσεν επί Ισραήλ εν έτει τριακοστώ και ογδόω του Ασά βασιλέως Ιούδα βασιλεύει δε Αχαάβ υιός Αμβρί επί Ισραήλ εν Σαμαρεία είκοσι και δύο έτη, , But Achaáb the son of Ambrí reigned over Israel in the thirtieth and eighth year of Asa king of Judah. And Achaáb the son of Ambrí reigned over Israel in Samaria for twenty and two years., label=none – ABP : la, Achab vero filius Amri regnavit super Israel anno trigesimo octavo Asa regis Juda. Et regnavit Achab filius Amri super Israel in Samaria viginti et duobus annis., , Achab hereal son of Amri reigned over Israel in (the) thirty-eighth year of Asa king of Judah. And Achab (the) son of Amri reigned over Israel in Samaria for twenty-two years., label=none – Vg 1 Kings 16:30 : grc, ἐπονηρεύσατο, ,

e was E, or e, is the fifth letter and the second vowel letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''e'' (pronounced ); plura ...

wicked, label=none – LXX LXX : grc, και επονηρεύσατο, , and

wicked, label=none – Brenton ABP : omitted – WLC Vg 1 Kings 16:31 : grc, τὴν Ἰεζάβελ θυγατέρα Ἰεθεβάαλ βασιλέως Σιδωνίων,, , Iezábel daughter fIethebáal king of the Sidonians,, label=none – LXX LXX Brenton : grc, Ιεζάβελ την θυγατέρα Εθβαάλ βασιλέως Σιδωνείων, , Iezábel the daughter fEthbaál king of the Sidonians, label=none – ABP 1 Kings 16:32 : hbo, , bêṯ hab-ba-‘al, hehouse of Baal, label=none – WLC : hbo, , bêṯ ba-‘al, house Baal, label=none – Kennicott : grc, ἐν οἴκῳ τῶν προσοχθισμάτων αὐτοῦ, , in the house of his abominations, label=none – LXX LXX Brenton : grc, εν οίκω του Βάαλ, , in hehouse of Báal, label=none – ABP : la, in templo Baal, , in hetemple fBaal, label=none – Vg 1 Kings 16:33 : hbo, , way-ya-‘aś ’aḥ-’āḇ ’eṯ- hā-’ă-šê-rāh;, And Ahab made a(n) wooden) image of

Asherah Asherah (; he, אֲשֵׁרָה, translit=Ăšērā; uga, 𐎀𐎘𐎗𐎚, translit=ʾAṯiratu; akk, 𒀀𒅆𒋥, translit=Aširat; Qatabanian language, Qatabanian: ') in ancient Semitic religion, is a fertility goddess who appears in a ...

, label=none – WLC : grc, καὶ ἐποίησεν Ἀχαὰβ ἄλσος·, , And Achaàb made/prepared /the

sacred grove Sacred groves or sacred woods are groves of trees and have special religious importance within a particular culture. Sacred groves feature in various cultures throughout the world. They were important features of the mythological landscape and ...

:, label=none – LXX LXX Brenton : grc, και εποίησεν Αχαάβ το άλσος, , And Achaáb prepared the

, label=none – ABP : la, et plantavit lucum:, , and eplanted (sacred) grove:, label=none – Vg 1 Kings 16:33 : hbo, , lə-haḵ-‘îs ’eṯ- Yah-weh ’ĕ-lō-hê yiś-rā-’êl, to provoke the anger of Yahweh hegod fIsrael, label=none – WLC : grc, παροργίσαι τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ, τοῦ ἐξολοθρευθήναι· ἐκακοποίησεν, , to provoke the anger of his own life, so that he should be annihilated: he did evil, label=none – LXX : grc, παροργίσαι τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ τοῦ ἐξολεθρευθῆναι· ἐκακοποίησεν, , to provoke the anger of his own life so that he should be destroyed: he did evil, label=none – LXX : grc, παροργίσαι τον Κύριον Θεὸν τοῦ Ἰσραήλ, καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἐξολοθρευθῆναι, ἐκακοποίησεν, , to provoke the anger of the Lord God of Israel, and of his own life so that he should be destroyed, he did evil, label=none – Brenton : grc, παροργίσαι τον κύριον θεόν του Ισραήλ, , to provoke the anger of the lord god of Israel, label=none – ABP : la, irritans Dominum Deum Israel, , irritating heLord God Israel, label=none – Vg 1 Kings 16:34 : hbo, , bə-yā-māw bā-nāh ḥî-’êl bêṯ hā-’ĕ-lî ’eṯ- yə-rî-ḥōh, In his days Hiel heBethelite built Jericho, label=none – WLC : grc, ᾨκοδόμησεν Ἀχειὴλ ὁ Βαιθηλείτης τὴν Ἰερειχώ·, , Acheièl the Baithelite built Iereicho:, label=none – LXX : grc, ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις αὐτοῦ ᾠκοδόμησεν Αχιηλ ὁ Βαιθηλίτης τὴν Ιεριχω·, , In his days, Achiel the Baithelite built Iericho:, label=none – LXX : grc, Καὶ ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις αὐτοῦ ᾠκοδόμησεν Αχιὴλ ὁ Βαιθηλίτης τὴν Ἱεριχω·, , And in his days, Achièl the Baithelite built Hiericho:, label=none – Brenton : grc, εν ταις ημέραις αυτού ωκοδόμησεν Χιήλ ο Βεθελίτης την Ιεριχώ, , In his days, Chiél the Bethelite built Iericho, label=none – ABP : la, In diebus ejus aedificavit Hiel de Bethel Jericho:, , In his days Hiel of Bethel (has) built Jericho:, label=none – Vg 1 Kings 16:34 : hbo, , ū-ḇiś-ḡîḇ, and on Segub, label=none – K : hbo, , ū-ḇiś-ḡūḇ, and with Segub, label=none – Q : grc, καὶ τῷ Ζεγοὺβ, , and on Zegoùb, label=none – LXX : grc, καὶ τῷ Σεγουβ, , and on Segoub, label=none – LXX : grc, καὶ τῷ Σεγουβ, , and on Segoùb, label=none – Brenton : grc, και εν τω Σεγούβ, , and on Segoúb, label=none – ABP : la, et in Segub, , and on Segub, label=none – Vg

Song of Songs

Song of Songs 1 Song of Songs 1 (abbreviated as Song 1) is the first chapter of a book called Song of Songs, "Song of Songs" or "Song of Solomon" in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christianity, Christian Bible.Holman Illustrated Bible Handbook. H ...

Songs 1:1 : hbo, , šîr haš-šî-rîm ’ă-šer liš-lō-mōh., hesong of songs that sof Shalomo, label=none – WLC : grc, ΑΣΜΑ ᾀσμάτων, ὅ ἐστιν τῷ Σαλωμών., , SONG of songs, which is to Salomon., label=none – LXX : grc, Ἆισμα ᾀσμάτων, ὅ ἐστιν τῷ Σαλωμων., , Song of songs, which is to Salomon., label=none – LXX : grc, ΑΣΜΑ ᾀσμάτων, ὅ ἐστι τῷ Σαλωμών., , SONG of songs, which is to Salomon., label=none – Brenton : grc, άσμα ασμάτων ο εστι τω Σολομώντι, , song of songs which is to Solomon., label=none – ABP : omitted – Vg. Note: because Vg omits the first verse, it has only 16 verses in this chapter; the numbering shifts backwards, so that verse 1:2 in Hebrew and Greek becomes verse 1:1 in Latin etc. Songs 1:3 : hbo, , še-men, ointment/oil, label=none – WLC : grc, μύρον, , perfume/ointment, label=none – LXX LXX Brenton : grc, μύρου, , of perfume/ointment, label=none – ABP : la, Oleum, , Oil, label=none – Vg Songs 1:5 : hbo, , bə-nō-wṯ yə-rū-šā-lim, O daughters of Jerusalem, label=none – WLC : grc, θυγατέρες Ἰσραήλ, , O daughters of Israel, label=none – LXX : grc, θυγατέρες Ιερουσαλήμ, , O daughters of Jerusalem, label=none – LXX Brenton ABP : la, filiae Jerusalem, , (O) daughters of Jerusalem ''or'' of/to (the) daughter Jerusalem ''or'' Jerusalem of/to /thedaughter, label=none – Vg Songs 1:5 : grc, δέρρις Σαλωμών., , hehide/leathern coverings/curtains of Salomon., label=none – LXX : grc, δέρρεις Σαλωμων., , hehide/leathern coverings/curtains of Salomon., label=none – LXX Brenton : grc, δέρρεις Σολομώντος, , hehide/leathern coverings/curtains of Solomon., label=none – ABP Songs 1:6 : hbo, , ’al- tir-’ū-nî še-’ă-nî šə-ḥar-ḥō-reṯ, šeš-šĕ-zā-p̄aṯ-nî haš-šā-meš;, Do not look at e because I mblackened/swarthy, because the sun has seen / looked at e, label=none – WLC : grc, μὴ βλέψητέ με, ὅτι ἐγώ εἰμι μεμελανωμένη, ὅτι παρέβλεψέ(ν) με ὁ ἥλιος·, , Do not look at me, because I am being blackened, because the sun has looked over me;, label=none – LXX LXX Brenton : grc, ...μελανωμένη..., , ...blackened..., label=none – ABP : la, Nolite me considerare quod fusca sim, quia decoloravit me sol., , Do not think that I am black/brown, because hesun has discoloured me., label=none – Vg Songs 1:13 : hbo, , bên šā-ḏay yā-lîn., between ybreasts tspends the night., label=none – WLC : grc, ἀνὰ μέσον τῶν μαστῶν μου αὐλισθήσεται·, , between my breasts eshall spend the night;, label=none – LXX Brenton ABP : la, inter ubera mea commorabitur, , between my breasts twill stay, label=none – Vg : omitted – LXX Songs 1:14 : hbo, , ’eš-kōl hak-kō-p̄er dō-w-ḏî lî,, A cluster of

henna Henna is a dye prepared from the plant ''Lawsonia inermis'', also known as the henna tree, the mignonette tree, and the Egyptian privet, the sole species of the genus ''Lawsonia''. ''Henna'' can also refer to the temporary body art resulting fr ...

looms ismy beloved to me, label=none – WLC : grc, βότρυς τῆς κύπρου ἀδελφιδός μου ἐμοὶ, , A cluster of

is my beloved anlabel=none – LXX Brenton ABP. κύπρος is a Semitic loanword identical with Hebrew ''kōp̱er'', meaning "

". When capitalised, this word is identical to the Greek name of

Cyprus Cyprus ; tr, Kıbrıs (), officially the Republic of Cyprus,, , lit: Republic of Cyprus is an island country located south of the Anatolian Peninsula in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Its continental position is disputed; while it is geo ...

, which may or may not have been derived from this word. : la, Botrus cypri dilectus meus, , My beloved cluster of henna, label=none – Vg. ''cyprus'', not to be confused with the island of

, is the latinisation of κύπρος, and the origin of the English word

cypress Cypress is a common name for various coniferous trees or shrubs of northern temperate regions that belong to the family Cupressaceae. The word ''cypress'' is derived from Old French ''cipres'', which was imported from Latin ''cypressus'', the ...

. : omitted – LXX Songs 1:16 : hbo, , ’ap̄- ‘ar-śê-nū ra-‘ă-nā-nāh., Also, our bed is green. ''or'' Indeed, our couch is luxuriant!, label=none – WLC : grc, πρὸς κλίνη(ν) ἡμῶν σύσκιος,, , to our shady bed. ''or'' overshadowing our bed., label=none – LXX LXX Brenton ABP : la, Lectulus noster floridus., , Our couch / little bed sflowery., label=none – Vg Songs 1:17 : hbo, , ra-ḥî-ṭê-nū, ndour rafters, label=none – K : hbo, , ra-khî-ṭê-nū, ndour rafters, label=none – Q

Song of Songs 2 Song of Songs 2 (abbreviated as Song 2) is the second chapter of the Song of Songs in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.Holman Illustrated Bible Handbook. Holman Bible Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee. 2012. This b ...

Songs 2:3 : hbo, , lə-ḥik-kî., to (the roof of) my mouth /

palate The palate () is the roof of the mouth in humans and other mammals. It separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. A similar structure is found in crocodilians, but in most other tetrapods, the oral and nasal cavities are not truly sepa ...

''or'' to my taste, label=none – WLC : grc, ἐν λάρυγγί μου., , in my throat/gullet., label=none – LXX LXX Brenton ABP. λάρυγξ is the origin of the modern English word

larynx The larynx (), commonly called the voice box, is an organ in the top of the neck involved in breathing, producing sound and protecting the trachea against food aspiration. The opening of larynx into pharynx known as the laryngeal inlet is about ...

. : la, gutturi meo., , in my throat., label=none – Vg. ''guttur'' is the origin of the modern English word

goitre A goitre, or goiter, is a swelling in the neck resulting from an enlarged thyroid gland. A goitre can be associated with a thyroid that is not functioning properly. Worldwide, over 90% of goitre cases are caused by iodine deficiency. The term is ...

. Songs 2:6 : grc, περιλήψεται, , will embrace, label=none – ABP Brenton (classical Greek spelling) : grc, περιλήμψεται, , will embrace, label=none – LXX LXX (Koine Greek spelling) ::Compare Deuteronomy 22:30 Songs 2:7 : grc, ἐν δυνάμεσι(ν), , by powers, label=none – LXX Brenton : grc, εν ταις δυνάμεσι(ν), , by the powers, label=none – LXX ABP Songs 2:8 : hbo, , zeh, this nelabel=none – WLC : grc, οὗτος, , this nelabel=none – LXX LXX Brenton : grc, ούτως, , thus / in this way, label=none – ABP : la, iste, , that nelabel=none – Vg Songs 2:9 : grc, ἐπὶ τὰ ὄρη Βαιθήλ., , on the mountains of Baithel, label=none – LXX LXX Brenton : omitted – WLC ABP Vg :: Compare Songs 2:17. Songs 2:17 : hbo, , ‘al- hā-rê ḇā-ṯer. s, upon the mountains of Bether., label=none – WLC : grc, ἐπὶ ὄρη κοιλωμάτων., , encircling upon the mountains., label=none – LXX LXX Brenton ABP : la, super montes Bether., , on/above the mountains fBether., label=none – Vg :: Compare Songs 2:9.

Song of Songs 3

Songs 3:3 : hbo, , rə-’î-ṯem., Have you seen....?, label=none – WLC : grc, εἴδετε;, , Have you known....?, label=none – LXX LXX. From the verb οἶδα ("to know"). : grc, ίδετε;, , Do you see....?, label=none – Brenton ABP. From the verb εἶδον ("to see"). : la, vidistis?, , Have you seen....?, label=none – Vg. The Latin verb ''vidēo'' ("I see") is the origin of the modern English word

video Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, playback, broadcasting, and display of moving visual media. Video was first developed for mechanical television systems, which were quickly replaced by cathode-ray tube (CRT) syste ...

. Songs 3:7 : grc, τοῦ Σαλωμών,, , of Salomon,, label=none – LXX LXX Brenton : grc, του Σολομώντος, , of Solomon, label=none – ABP Songs 3:8 : hbo, , ḥe-reḇ, swords, label=none – WLC : grc, ρομφαίαν, , a ''

rhomphaia The rhomphaia ( grc, ῥομφαία) was a close-combat bladed weapon used by the Thracians as early as 350-400 BC. Rhomphaias were weapons with a straight or slightly curved single-edged blade attached to a pole, which in most cases was consider ...

'' / a (Greek single-edged) broadsword, label=none – LXX LXX Brenton ABP : la, gladios, , ''

gladii ''Gladius'' () is a Latin word meaning "sword" (of any type), but in its narrow sense it refers to the sword of ancient Roman foot soldiers. Early ancient Roman swords were similar to those of the Greeks, called '' xiphe'' (plural; singular ''xi ...

'' / (Roman double-edged) swords, label=none – Vg :: Compare Judges 19:29. Songs 3:9 : hbo, , šə-lō-mōh, Shalomo, label=none – WLC : grc, Σαλωμών, , Salomon, label=none – LXX LXX Brenton : grc, Σολομών, , Solomon, label=none – ABP : la, Salomon, , Salomon, label=none – Vg Songs 3:10 : grc, ἀργύριον, , silver, label=none – LXX LXX Brenton : grc, αργυρίου, , of silver ''or'' silvery / a piece of silver, label=none – ABP Songs 3:11 : hbo, , ṣə-’e-nāh ū-rə-’e-nāh bə-nō-wṯ ṣî-yō-wn, Go forth and see daughters of Zion, label=none – WLC : grc, ἐξέλθατε καὶ ἴδετε, , come forth and behold, label=none – LXX LXX : grc, Θυγατέρες Σιών εξέλθετε, και ίδετε, , O daughters of Sion come forth, and behold, label=none – Brenton : grc, εξέλθετε και ίδετε θυγατέρες Σιών, , Come forth and behold, o daughters of Sion, label=none – ABP : la, Egredimini et videte, filiae Sion,, , Go out and see, (o) daughters of Sion,, label=none – Vg

Book of Isaiah The Book of Isaiah ( he, ספר ישעיהו, ) is the first of the Latter Prophets in the Hebrew Bible and the first of the Major Prophets in the Christian Old Testament. It is identified by a superscription as the words of the 8th-century BC ...

Isaiah 7:14 : hbo, , hā-‘al-māh,, young woman, label=none – WLC 1QIsa : hbo, , hā-‘al-māh tā,, young woman, label=none – Targ : grc, παρθένος, , virgin, label=none – LXX LXX ABP Brenton : la, virgo, , virgin, label=none – Vg Vg

Isaiah 29 Isaiah 29 is the twenty-ninth Chapters and verses of the Bible, chapter of the Book of Isaiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christianity, Christian Bible. This book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet Isaiah, and i ...

:13 : hbo, , wat-tə-hî yir-’ā-ṯām ’ō-ṯî, miṣ-waṯ ’ă-nā-šîm mə-lum-mā-ḏāh., and their fear towards me is taught by the commandment of men., label=none – MT : grc, μάτην δὲ σέβονταί με διδάσκοντες ἐντάλματα ἀνθρώπων καὶ διδασκαλίας., , and in vain they worship me, teaching heprecepts and instructions of men., label=none – LXX, ABP :: Compare New Testament quotation: :: grc, μάτην δὲ σέβονταί με, διδάσκοντες διδασκαλίας ἐντάλματα ἀνθρώπων·, , In vain they now worship me, teaching sdoctrines heprecepts of men., label=none –

Mark 7 Mark 7 is the seventh chapter of the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. This chapter explores Jesus' relationships with both fellow Jews and Gentiles. Jesus speaks with the Pharisees and scribes, and then with his discipl ...

Isaiah 40 Isaiah 40 is the fortieth chapter of the Book of Isaiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible, and the first chapter of the section known as "Deutero-Isaiah" (Isaiah 40- 55), dating from the time of the Israelites' ex ...

:3 : hbo, , mə-sil-lāh lê-lō-hê-nū., a highway for our god., label=none – MT : grc, τὰς τρίβους τοῦ θεοῦ ἡμῶν., , the roads of our God., label=none – LXX, ABP : la, semitas Dei nostri., , hepaths of our God., label=none – Vg Vg ::Compare New Testament quotations: :: grc, τὰς τρίβους αὐτοῦ·, , the roads of him., label=none –

Mark 1 Mark 1 is the first chapter of the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. Text The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 45 verses. Textual witnesses Some early manuscripts containi ...

:3,

Matthew 3 Matthew 3 is the third chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. It is the first chapter dealing with the ministry of Jesus, with events taking place some three decades after the close of the Infancy Narrative, infancy narrative rel ...

Luke 3 Luke 3 is the third chapter of the Gospel of Luke in the New Testament The New Testament grc, Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη, transl. ; la, Novum Testamentum. (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon. It discusses th ...

:4 :: grc, τὴν ὁδὸν Κυρίου, , the way of heLord, label=none –

John 1 John 1 is the first chapter in the Gospel of John in the New Testament of the Holy Bible. The author of the book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that John composed this gospel.Holman Illu ...

:23 Isaiah 42:19 : hbo, , ‘aḇ·dî, my servant, label=none – MT : grc, παίδες μου, , my servants, label=none – ABP

Isaiah 53 Isaiah 53 is the fifty-third chapter of the Book of Isaiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet Isaiah and is one of the Nevi'im. Chapters 40 through 55 are ...

:10 : hbo, , yir-’eh ze-ra‘ ya-’ă-rîḵ yā-mîm;, he shall see isseed/offspring, he shall prolong isdays;, label=none – MT : grc, ὄψεται σπέρμα μακρόβιον·, opsetai sperma makrobion., eshall see a long-lived seed., label=none – LXX, ABP Brenton : la, videbit semen longævum,, , ewill see long-lived seed,, label=none – Vg Vg

:11 : hbo, , yir-’eh, he shall see, label=none – MT : hbo, , yir-’eh 'ór, he shall see helight, label=none – 4QIsa : grc, δείξαι αυτῴ φῶς, , to show to him light, label=none – LXX, LXX, ABP Brenton : la, videbit, , ewill see, label=none – Vg Vg

Notes

References

Bibliography

* * * * * * * * * (E-book edition) * *

Emanuel Tov Emanuel Tov, ( he, עמנואל טוב; born September 15, 1941, Amsterdam, Netherlands as Menno Toff) is a Dutch Israeli, emeritus J. L. Magnes Professor of Bible Studies in the Department of Bible at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He has ...

, ''The Text-Critical Use of the Septuagint in Biblical Research'' (TCU), 1981 (1st edition), 1997 (2nd edition), 2015 (3rd edition). *

, ''Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible'' (TCHB), 1992 (1st edition), 2001 (2nd edition), 2012 (3rd edition), 2022 (4th edition). *

, ''Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible, Qumran, Septuagint: Collected Writings, Volume 3'' (2015). * * * * *

External links

Digitized Hebrew and Greek Manuscripts: Access and Issues
– Introduction to online biblical textual studies {{DEFAULTSORT:Textual variants in the Hebrew Bible Biblical criticism Early versions of the Bible Hebrew Bible Hebrew Bible versions and translations Jewish manuscripts Old Testament-related lists Septuagint manuscripts Textual criticism