Tetrarogidae

Tetraroginae is a subfamily of marine ray-finned fishes, commonly known as waspfishes or sailback scorpionfishes, belonging to the family Scorpaenidae, the scorpionfishes and their relatives. These fishes are native to the Indian Ocean and the West Pacific. As their name suggests, waspfishes are often venomous; having poison glands on their spines. They are bottom-dwelling fish, living at depths to . These creatures usually live in hiding places on the sea bottom.

Taxonomy and etymology

Tetraroginae, or Tetrarogidae, was first formally recognised as a taxonomic grouping in 1949 by the South African ichthyologist J.L.B. Smith. The 5th edition of Fishes of the World treats this as a subfamily of the scorpionfish family Scorpaenidae, however other authorities treat it as a valid family, the Tetrarogidae. A recent study placed the waspfishes into an expanded stonefish clade, within the family Synanceiidae, because all of these fish have a lachrymal sabre that can project a switch-blade-like mechanism out from underneath their eye.

The name of the subfamily is based on the genus name ''Tetraroge'', which was described in 1860 by Albert Günther and its name means "four clefts", an allusion to the four clfts in the gills in comparison to the five clefts in the gills of ''Pentaroge'', now regarded as a synonym of ''Gymnapistes''.

Genera

The following genera are classified within the subfamily Tetraroginae:
* Genus ''Ablabys'' Kaup, 1873
* Genus ''Centropogon'' Gunther, 1860
* Genus ''Coccotropsis'' Barnard, 1927
* Genus ''Cottapistus'' Bleeker'' Gunther, 1860
* Genus ''Gymnapistes'' Swainson, 1839
* Genus ''Liocranium'' Ogilby, 1903
* Genus ''Neocentropogon'' Matsubara, 1943
* Genus ''Neovespicula'' Mandrytsa, 2001
* Genus ''Notesthes'' Ogilby, 1903
* Genus ''Ocosia'' Jordan & Starks, 1904
* Genus ''Paracentropogon'' Bleeker, 1876
* Genus '' Pseudovespicula'' Mandrytsa, 2001
* Genus '' Richardsonichthys'' J.L.B. Smith, 1958
* Genus ''Snyderina'' Jordan & Starks, 1901
* Genus ''Tetraroge'' Gunther, 1860
* Genus ''Vespicula'' Jordan & Richardson, 1910

The genus ''Vespicula'' is not universally recognised, its type species is '' Apistus trachinoides'', which some workers have placed in the monotypic genus ''Trichosomus'' Swainson, 1839 with the two remaining species being classified within the genus ''Pseudovespicula''.

Characteristics

Tetraroginae waspfishes have compressed bodies with heads typically with ridges and spines. The spines on the operculum are divergent and the gill membrane is free from isthmus. There is a large mobile spine below each eye which may be projected outwards. The venom borne on the spines of these fishes is very potent. They are small fish, from .

Distribution and habitat

Tetraroginae waspfishes are almost all found in the Indian and western Pacific Ocean, the exception is the smoothskin scorpionfish (''Coccotropsis gymnoderma'') found in the southeastern Atlantic off South Africa. They are demersal fishes, mostly marine, but some species will live in brackish water with one, the bullrout (''Notesthes robusta'') spending mucjh of its life in the freshwater reaches of rivers.

Biology

Tetraroginae waspfishes are extremely venomous and the wounds inflicted by the spines can be extremely painful and may even be dangerous. They are predatory fishes, which feed on crustaceans and fishes.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2584482

Scorpaenidae
Marine fish families
Taxa named by J. L. B. Smith