''Tetraplasandra'' is a no longer recognised

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

of plants in the ivy family,

Araliaceae The Araliaceae are a family of flowering plants composed of about 43 genera and around 1500 species consisting of primarily woody plants and some herbaceous plants. The morphology of Araliaceae varies widely, but it is predominantly distinguisha ...

. They are small to medium

tree In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are ...

s, (rarely

shrub A shrub (often also called a bush) is a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees ...

s or large trees) of mesic to wet

forest A forest is an area of land dominated by trees. Hundreds of definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing, and ecological function. The United Nations' ...

s.Porter P. Lowry II. 1990. "Araliaceae", pages 224-237. In: Warren L. Wagner, Derral R. Herbst, and Sy H. Sohmer. ''Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii'', Revised Edition, 1999. Bishop Museum Press: Hololulu Some

authors An author is the writer of a book, article, play, mostly written work. A broader definition of the word "author" states: "''An author is "the person who originated or gave existence to anything" and whose authorship determines responsibility f ...

have recognized as many as 19

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

in ''Tetraplasandra'',Earl Edward Sherff. 1955. "Revision of the Hawaiian members of the genus ''Tetraplasandra'' A. Gray". ''Fieldiana: Botany'' 29(2):49-142. while others have recognized as few as six. In 2007, the

of a scientific paper recommended that the genus be divided into nine species.Annemarie Costello and Timothy J. Motley. 2007. "Phylogenetics of the Tetraplasandra Group (Araliaceae) Inferred from ITS, 5S-NTS, and Morphology". ''Systematic Botany'' 32(2):464-477. In 2010, all of these nine species were included in ''

Polyscias ''Polyscias'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. They bear pinnately compound leaves. In 2003, a checklist and nomenclator was published for Araliaceae.David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bibli ...

'' subgenus ''Tetraplasandra'', a

subgenus In biology, a subgenus (plural: subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus. In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between t ...

of 21 species in the large genus ''Polyscias'', which will comprise about 250 species, when about 90 undescribed species are

published Publishing is the activity of making information, literature, music, software and other content available to the public for sale or for free. Traditionally, the term refers to the creation and distribution of printed works, such as books, newsp ...

.Porter P. Lowry II and Gregory M. Plunkett. 2010. "Recircumscription of ''Polyscias'' (Araliaceae) to include six related genera, with a new infrageneric classification and a synopsis of species". ''

Plant Diversity and Evolution This is a list of academic journals, monographic series, and other serials published by E. Schweizerbart. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N P Q R S T U V W Z {{columns-list, colwidth=30em, *''Zeitschrift ...

'' (formerly ''Botanische Jahrbucher'') 128(1-2):55-84. . (See ''External links'' below). The range of variation in ''Tetraplasandra'' is unusually large for a genus in Araliaceae David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bibliography of Araliaceae''. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. . (See ''External links'' below). Most of the species were originally described in other genera which were later merged with ''Tetraplasandra''. The

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...

for the genus is ''T. hawaiensis''.''Tetraplasandra'' In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In:

Regnum Vegetabile The International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) is an organization established to promote an understanding of plant biodiversity, facilitate international communication of research between botanists, and oversee matters of uniformity and ...

(see ''External links'' below). As

defined A definition is a statement of the meaning of a term (a word, phrase, or other set of symbols). Definitions can be classified into two large categories: intensional definitions (which try to give the sense of a term), and extensional defini ...

by in 1970, ''Tetraplasandra'' is

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsew ...

Hawaii Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in the Western United States, located in the Pacific Ocean about from the U.S. mainland. It is the only U.S. state outside North America, the only state that is an archipelago, and the only stat ...

William R. Philipson. 1970. "A redefinition of ''Gastonia'' and related genera (Araliaceae)". ''Blumea'' 18(2):497-505. and occurs on six of the eight main

island An island (or isle) is an isolated piece of habitat that is surrounded by a dramatically different habitat, such as water. Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets, skerries, cays or keys. An island ...

Niihau Niihau ( Hawaiian: ), anglicized as Niihau ( ), is the westernmost main and seventh largest inhabited island in Hawaii. It is southwest of Kauaʻi across the Kaulakahi Channel. Its area is . Several intermittent playa lakes provide wetland hab ...

and

Kahoolawe Kahoolawe (Hawaiian: ), anglicized as Kahoolawe (), is the smallest of the eight main volcanic islands in the Hawaiian Islands. Kahoolawe is located about southwest of Maui and also southeast of Lānaʻi, and it is long by wide, with a total ...

are low-lying and dry; consequently, they do not support ''Tetraplasandra''. ''T. oahuensis'', ''T. kavaiensis'', and ''T. hawaiensis'' are found on six, five, and four of the islands, respectively. The other species are single-island endemics. ''T. oahuensis'' and ''T.kavaiensis'' have done well in cultivation in

Southern California Southern California (commonly shortened to SoCal) is a geographic and Cultural area, cultural region that generally comprises the southern portion of the U.S. state of California. It includes the Los Angeles metropolitan area, the second most po ...

. They are sensitive to heat, but very tolerant of shade, and they need some wind protection.Kerin E. Lilleeng-Rosenberger. 2005. ''Growing Hawaii's Native Plants''. Mutual Publishing. In

horticulture Horticulture is the branch of agriculture that deals with the art, science, technology, and business of plant cultivation. It includes the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, herbs, sprouts, mushrooms, algae, flowers, seaweeds and no ...

, ''T. kavaiensis'' has often been misidentified as ''T. meiandra''. True ''T. meiandra'' is now treated as a

synonym A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are all ...

of ''T. oahuensis''.

Anthony Huxley Anthony Julian Huxley (2 December 1920 – 26 December 1992) was a British botanist. He edited '' Amateur Gardening'' from 1967 to 1971, and was vice-president of the Royal Horticultural Society in 1991. He was the son of Julian Huxley. He was ...

, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press, Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. (set). ''T. gymnocarpa'', a rare tree of Oahu, is considered an oddity, since it is the only species in Araliaceae whose flowers have a completely

superior ovary In the flowering plants, an ovary is a part of the female reproductive organ of the flower or gynoecium. Specifically, it is the part of the pistil which holds the ovule(s) and is located above or below or at the point of connection with the bas ...

.David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. . (See ''External links'' below). The genus ''Tetraplasandra'' has long been known as a close relative of the obsolete genera '' Gastonia'', '' Reynoldsia'', and '' Munroidendron''. This was confirmed by a pollen study in 1971.Charles C. Tseng. 1971. "Light and Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies on Pollen of ''Tetraplasandra'' (Araliaceae) and Relatives". ''American Journal of Botany'' 58(6):505-516. In 2010, those four genera, along with ''

Arthrophyllum ''Arthrophyllum'' is a defunct genus of plants in the family Araliaceae.Gregory M. Plunkett, Jun Wen, Porter P. Lowry II, Murray J. Henwood, Pedro Fiaschi, and Anthony D. Mitchell. accepted, undated. Araliaceae, pages ??. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor ...

'' and '' Cuphocarpus'', were all sunk into ''

'', raising the number of species in that genus from about 100 to 159. Four Hawaiian

names A name is a term used for identification by an external observer. They can identify a class or category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given context. The entity identified by a name is called its referent. A persona ...

are applied to groups of ''Tetraplasandra'' species. ''T. hawaiensis'' is known as ohe. ''T. kavaiensis'' and ''T. gymnocarpa'' are called oheohe. ''T. waimeae'' is called ohe kikoola. ''T. oahuensis'' and ''T. lydgatei'' are called ohe mauka. The related name, ohe makai, is applied to ''

Polyscias sandwicensis ''Polyscias sandwicensis'', known as the 'ohe makai or ''Ohe kukuluāeo'' in Hawaiian, is a species of flowering plant in the family Araliaceae, that is endemic to Hawaii. It is a tree, reaching a height of high with a trunk diameter of . It ...

'', formerly known as ''

Reynoldsia sandwicensis ''Polyscias sandwicensis'', known as the 'ohe makai or ''Ohe kukuluāeo'' in Hawaiian, is a species of flowering plant in the family Araliaceae, that is endemic to Hawaii. It is a tree, reaching a height of high with a trunk diameter of . It ...

''. These names closely correspond to

clade A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ...

s currently recognized within ''Tetraplasandra''.

Species in ''Polyscias'' subgenus ''Tetraplasandra''

Most of the information in the species list is from Lowry and Plunkett (2010).

Synonyms A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are all ...

are

of species accepted by Sherff (1955) or by Frodin and Govaerts (2003), except for ''Tetraplasandra lydgatei'' and ''Tetraplasandra bisattenuata'', which were resurrected after 2003. For complete synonymy and

distribution Distribution may refer to: Mathematics *Distribution (mathematics), generalized functions used to formulate solutions of partial differential equations * Probability distribution, the probability of a particular value or value range of a vari ...

within the Hawaiian Islands, see Lowry (1990). * '' Polyscias belensis'' –

New Guinea New Guinea (; Hiri Motu Hiri Motu, also known as Police Motu, Pidgin Motu, or just Hiri, is a language of Papua New Guinea, which is spoken in surrounding areas of Port Moresby (Capital of Papua New Guinea). It is a simplified version of ...

* '' Polyscias bisattenuata'' (= ''Tetraplasandra bisattenuata'') –

Kauai Kauai, () anglicized as Kauai ( ), is geologically the second-oldest of the main Hawaiian Islands (after Niʻihau). With an area of 562.3 square miles (1,456.4 km2), it is the fourth-largest of these islands and the 21st largest island ...

* ''

Polyscias borneensis ''Polyscias'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. They bear pinnately compound leaves. In 2003, a checklist and nomenclator was published for Araliaceae.David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bibl ...

'' –

Borneo Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and eas ...

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

* ''

Polyscias florosa ''Polyscias'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. They bear pinnately compound leaves. In 2003, a checklist and nomenclator was published for Araliaceae.David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bibl ...

'' –

* '' Polyscias flynnii'' ( Lowry & K.R.Wood) Lowry & G. M. Plunkett (= ''Tetraplasandra flynnii'') – Kauai * ''

Polyscias gymnocarpa ''Polyscias gymnocarpa'', commonly known as the Koolau Range 'ohe or Koolau tetraplasandra, is a species of flowering plant in the family Araliaceae, that is endemic to the Hawaiian island of Oahu. It is threatened by habitat loss Habitat ...

'' (

Hillebrand Hillebrand is a surname, with variants such as Hillebrandt and Hillebrant: Hillebrand *Art Hillebrand ( 1878–1941), American football player * Candîce Hillebrand, South African-born singer-songwriter *Harold Newcomb Hillebrand, (1887–1953), ...

) Lowry & G. M. Plunkett (= '' Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa'') – (

Oahu Oahu () (Hawaiian language, Hawaiian: ''Oʻahu'' ()), also known as "The Gathering place#Island of Oʻahu as The Gathering Place, Gathering Place", is the third-largest of the Hawaiian Islands. It is home to roughly one million people—over t ...

) * '' Polyscias hawaiensis'' (

Asa Gray Asa Gray (November 18, 1810 – January 30, 1888) is considered the most important American botanist of the 19th century. His ''Darwiniana'' was considered an important explanation of how religion and science were not necessarily mutually excl ...

) Lowry & G. M. Plunkett (= ''Tetraplasandra hawaiensis'') –

Molokai Molokai , or Molokai (), is the fifth most populated of the eight major islands that make up the Hawaiian Islands, Hawaiian Islands archipelago in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. It is 38 by 10 miles (61 by 16 km) at its greatest length an ...

, Lānai,

Maui The island of Maui (; Hawaiian: ) is the second-largest of the islands of the state of Hawaii at 727.2 square miles (1,883 km2) and is the 17th largest island in the United States. Maui is the largest of Maui County's four islands, which ...

island of Hawaii Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii ) is the largest island in the United States, located in the state of Hawaii. It is the southeasternmost of the Hawaiian Islands, a chain of volcanic islands in the North Pacific Ocean. With an area of , it has 63% of th ...

* ''

Polyscias kavaiensis ''Polyscias'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. They bear pinnately compound leaves. In 2003, a checklist and nomenclator was published for Araliaceae.David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bibl ...

'' (

H.Mann Horace Mann Jr. (February 25, 1844 – 1868) was an American botanist, son of Horace Mann. His mother was one of the famous Peabody Sisters Mary Tyler Peabody Mann. Mentored in botany by Henry David Thoreau, whom he accompanied on an expedition t ...

) Lowry & G. M. Plunkett (= ''T. micrantha'', ''T. turbans'') –

, Lānai,

* ''

Polyscias lanutoensis ''Polyscias'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. They bear pinnately compound leaves. In 2003, a checklist and nomenclator was published for Araliaceae.David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bibl ...

'' (= ''Reynoldsia lanutoensis'', ''Reynoldsia grayana'', ''Reynoldsia tauensis'') –

Samoa Samoa, officially the Independent State of Samoa; sm, Sāmoa, and until 1997 known as Western Samoa, is a Polynesian island country consisting of two main islands (Savai'i and Upolu); two smaller, inhabited islands (Manono Island, Manono an ...

* '' Polyscias lydgatei'' (= ''Tetraplasandra lydgatei'') – Oahu * '' Polyscias marchionensis'' (= '' Reynoldsia marchionensis'') –

Marquesas The Marquesas Islands (; french: Îles Marquises or ' or '; Marquesan: ' ( North Marquesan) and ' ( South Marquesan), both meaning "the land of men") are a group of volcanic islands in French Polynesia, an overseas collectivity of France in t ...

* ''

Polyscias oahuensis ''Polyscias oahuensis'' is a species of tree in the ivy family known by the common name ohe mauka''. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it occurs on all the major islands except for Niihau and Kahoolawe.T. oahuensis'', ''T. pupukeensis'', ''T. waianensis'') –

, Lānai,

* ''

Polyscias philipsonii ''Polyscias'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. They bear pinnately compound leaves. In 2003, a checklist and nomenclator was published for Araliaceae.David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bibli ...

'' – New Guinea * ''

Polyscias pleiosperma ''Polyscias'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. They bear pinnately compound leaves. In 2003, a checklist and nomenclator was published for Araliaceae.David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bibli ...

'' (= ''Reynoldsia pleiosperma'') – Samoa * '' Polyscias racemosa'' (= ''Munroidendron racemosum'') – Kauai * ''

'' (= ''

'') – Oahu, Molokai, Lānai, Maui, island of Hawaii * '' Polyscias serratifolia'' (= ''Gastonia serratifolia'') –

Malesia Malesia is a biogeographical region straddling the Equator and the boundaries of the Indomalayan and Australasian realms, and also a phytogeographical floristic region in the Paleotropical Kingdom. It has been given different definitions. The ...

Solomon Islands Solomon Islands is an island country consisting of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands in Oceania, to the east of Papua New Guinea and north-west of Vanuatu. It has a land area of , and a population of approx. 700,000. Its capita ...

* '' Polyscias spectabilis'' (= ''Gastonia spectabilis'') – New Guinea to Solomon Islands * '' Polyscias verrucosa'' (= '' Reynoldsia verrucosa'', ''Reynoldsia tahitiensis'') –

Tahiti Tahiti (; Tahitian ; ; previously also known as Otaheite) is the largest island of the Windward group of the Society Islands in French Polynesia. It is located in the central part of the Pacific Ocean and the nearest major landmass is Austr ...

* '' Polyscias waialealae'' (

Rock Rock most often refers to: * Rock (geology), a naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals or mineraloids * Rock music, a genre of popular music Rock or Rocks may also refer to: Places United Kingdom * Rock, Caerphilly, a location in Wales ...

) Lowry & G. M. Plunkett (= ''Tetraplasandra waialealae'', ''T. lihuensis'') – Kauai * ''

Polyscias waimeae ''Polyscias'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. They bear pinnately compound leaves. In 2003, a checklist and nomenclator was published for Araliaceae.David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bib ...

'' ( Wawra) Lowry & G. M. Plunkett (= ''Tetraplasandra waimeae'') – Kauai

History

The

genus name Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...

was erected by

in 1854,''Tetraplasandra'' in

International Plant Names Index The International Plant Names Index (IPNI) describes itself as "a database of the names and associated basic bibliographical details of seed plants, ferns and lycophytes." Coverage of plant names is best at the rank of species and genus. It inclu ...

. (see ''External links'' below). in his account of the

botany Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek w ...

of the

U.S. Exploring Expedition The United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842 was an exploring and surveying expedition of the Pacific Ocean and surrounding lands conducted by the United States. The original appointed commanding officer was Commodore Thomas ap Catesby ...

(1838-1842).Asa Gray. 1854. Series: ''United States Exploring Expedition (1838-1842)''; Volume 15: ''Botany. Phanerogamia.'':727. (See ''External links'' below). The

name A name is a term used for identification by an external observer. They can identify a class or category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given context. The entity identified by a name is called its referent. A personal ...

derived Derive may refer to: * Derive (computer algebra system), a commercial system made by Texas Instruments * ''Dérive'' (magazine), an Austrian science magazine on urbanism *Dérive, a psychogeographical concept See also * *Derivation (disambiguatio ...

from

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

, ''tetraplasios'', "fourfold", and ''andros'', "male, stamen".Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. ''CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names'' volume IV. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington, DC;, USA. London, UK. (set). (see ''External links'' below). Asa Gray named only one species, ''T. hawaiensis'', in ''Tetraplasandra''. The tree that was later known as ''Tetraplasandra oahuensis'' (now ''Polyscias oahuensis''), he named ''Gastonia oahuensis'', but with considerable doubt about its placement.Asa Gray. 1854. Series: ''United States Exploring Expedition (1838-1842)''; Volume 15: ''Botany. Phanerogamia.'':726. (See ''External links'' below). In 1867,

Horace Mann Jr. Horace Mann Jr. (February 25, 1844 – 1868) was an American Botany, botanist, son of Horace Mann. His mother was one of the famous Peabody Sisters Mary Tyler Peabody Mann. Mentored in botany by Henry David Thoreau, whom he accompanied on an expe ...

named two new species, ''H. kavaiensis'' and ''H. dipyrenum'' in ''Heptapleurum'', a genus that

Joseph Gaertner Joseph Gaertner (12 March 1732 – 14 July 1791) was a German botanist, best known for his work on seeds, ''De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum'' (1788-1792). Biography He was born in Calw, and studied in Göttingen under Albrecht von Haller. ...

had named in 1791,''Heptapleurum'' in

. (see ''External links'' below). in ''

De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum ''De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum'', also known by its standard botanical abbreviation ''Fruct. Sem. Pl.'', is a three-volume botanic treatise by Joseph Gaertner. The first volume was published in December 1788. The second volume was published ...

''.Joseph Gaertner. 1791. ''

''. 2:472. (See ''External links'' below). Mann created a new

section Section, Sectioning or Sectioned may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * Section (music), a complete, but not independent, musical idea * Section (typography), a subdivision, especially of a chapter, in books and documents ** Section sign ...

in ''Heptapleurum'' for the two Hawaiian species. He named the new section "Pterotropia".Horace Mann Jr. 1867. page 168. In: "Enumeration of Hawaiian Plants" ''Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences'' 7:143-235. (See ''External links'' below). ''Heptapleurum'' is no longer recognized and its

is now known as '' Schefflera stellata''.''Heptapleurum'' In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In:

(see ''External links'' below).

Earl Edward Sherff Earl () is a rank of the nobility in the United Kingdom. The title originates in the Old English word ''eorl'', meaning "a man of noble birth or rank". The word is cognate with the Scandinavian form ''jarl'', and meant "chieftain", particular ...

did not consider the two species named by Mann to be truly distinct. He included both in ''Tetraplasandra kavaiensis'', which he divided into eight

varieties Variety may refer to: Arts and entertainment Entertainment formats * Variety (radio) * Variety show, in theater and television Films * ''Variety'' (1925 film), a German silent film directed by Ewald Andre Dupont * ''Variety'' (1935 film), ...

, including ''T. kavaiensis'' var. ''dipyrena''. From 1864 to 1868,

Berthold Carl Seemann Berthold Carl Seemann (25 February 1825, in Hanover, Germany – 10 October 1871, in Nicaragua, Central America), was a German botanist. He travelled widely and collected and described plants from the Pacific and South America. In 1844 he trav ...

published a series of articles in the ''

Journal of Botany, British and Foreign ''Journal of Botany, British and Foreign'' is a monthly journal that was published from 1863 to 1942, and founded by Berthold Carl Seemann Berthold Carl Seemann (25 February 1825, in Hanover, Germany – 10 October 1871, in Nicaragua, Centra ...

'', all of which were entitled "Revision of the natural order Hederaceae".Berthold Carl Seeman. 1864 - 1868. "Revision of the natural order Hederaceae". ''Journal of Botany, British and Foreign'' vol. 2(1864):235-250, 289-309 – vol. 3(1865):73-81, 173-181, 265-276, 361-363 – vol. 4(1866):352-353 – vol. 5(1867):236-239, 285-286 – vol. 6(1868):129-142. (see External links below). In 1868, he published a book by the same title.Berthold Carl Seemann. 1868. ''Revision of the Natural Order Hederaceae: Being a Reprint, with Numerous Additions and Corrections, of a Series of Papers Published in the "Journal of Botany" British and Foreign''. Original publisher: Reeve and Company. Reprint: Book on Demand Pod. (See ''External links'' below). He divided what later became Hawaiian ''Tetraplasandra'' into four genera. He maintained ''Tetraplasandra'' for ''T. hawaiensis'' and created two new genera; ''Triplasandra'', for Asa Gray's ''Gastonia oahuensis'' and ''Dipanax'' for Mann's ''Tetraplasandra dipyrena''. He placed Mann's ''Tetraplasandra kavaiensis'' in ''Agalma'',Page 103. In: Berthold Carl Seemann. 1868. ''Revision of the Natural Order Hederaceae: Being a Reprint, with Numerous Additions and Corrections, of a Series of Papers Published in the "Journal of Botany" British and Foreign''. Original publisher: Reeve and Company. Reprint: Book on Demand Pod. (See ''External links'' below). a genus that Friedrich A.W. Miquel had established in 1856.''Agalma'' in

. (see ''External links'' below).Friedrich A.W. Miquel. 1856. ''Bonplandia'' 4:138. (See ''External links'' below). In 1873,

Heinrich Wawra von Fernsee Heinrich Wawra Ritter von Fernsee, born Jindřich Blažej Vávra, (February 2, 1831 in Brno, Moravia – May 1887 in Baden bei Wien) was a Czech-Austrian ship surgeon, botanist and explorer. The youngest of five sons of a miller, he stu ...

named a new species from

as ''Tetraplasandra waimeae''.Heinrich Wawra von Fernsee. 1873. ''Beiträge zur flora der hawai'schen inseln''. 56:158. In 1888, in the first

flora Flora is all the plant life present in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring (indigenous) native plants. Sometimes bacteria and fungi are also referred to as flora, as in the terms '' gut flora'' or '' skin flora''. E ...

of the Hawaiian Islands, Wilhelm B. Hillebrand raised Horace Mann Jr's ''Pterotropia'' to generic

rank Rank is the relative position, value, worth, complexity, power, importance, authority, level, etc. of a person or object within a ranking, such as: Level or position in a hierarchical organization * Academic rank * Diplomatic rank * Hierarchy * H ...

as ''Pterotropia''. He added to it, a new species from Oahu, which he named ''Pterotropia gymnocarpa''.Wilhelm B. Hillebrand (published posthumously by William Francis Hillebrand). 1888. ''Flora of the Hawaiian Islands'': 149-155. This

work Work may refer to: * Work (human activity), intentional activity people perform to support themselves, others, or the community ** Manual labour, physical work done by humans ** House work, housework, or homemaking ** Working animal, an animal tr ...

was published

posthumously Posthumous may refer to: * Posthumous award - an award, prize or medal granted after the recipient's death * Posthumous publication – material published after the author's death * ''Posthumous'' (album), by Warne Marsh, 1987 * ''Posthumous'' (E ...

by his son,

William Francis Hillebrand William Francis Hillebrand (December 12, 1853 – February 7, 1925) was an American chemist. Biography He was the son of the renowned botanist William Hillebrand. He studied at Cornell University and then in Germany at the University of Heidelber ...

to whom the name ''Pterotropia'' is often incorrectly attributed. The name ''Pterotropia'' is now considered

illegitimate Legitimacy, in traditional Western common law, is the status of a child born to parents who are legally married to each other, and of a child conceived before the parents obtain a legal divorce. Conversely, ''illegitimacy'', also known as ''b ...

because, while ''Pterotropia'' is an older name, ''Dipanax'' is older at generic rank and therefore has priority. Wilhelm B. Hillebrand put two species in ''Tetraplasandra'': ''T. hawaiensis'' and ''T. waimeae''. He placed four species in ''Triplasandra'': ''Tri. oahuensis'', ''Tri. meiandra'', ''Tri. lydgatei'', and ''Tri. kaalae''. Three of these were newly named. ''Tetraplasandra waimeae'' is now known to be closer to ''T. oahuensis'' than to ''T. hawaiensis''. In 1898, in a

monograph A monograph is a specialist work of writing (in contrast to reference works) or exhibition on a single subject or an aspect of a subject, often by a single author or artist, and usually on a scholarly subject. In library cataloging, ''monograph ...

on Araliaceae for ''

Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien ''Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien'' (1887–1915) by Adolf Engler (1844–1930) and Karl Anton Prantl is a complete revision of plant families down to generic level and often even further. As such it forms part of the Engler system of plant tax ...

'',

Hermann Harms Hermann August Theodor Harms (16 July 1870 – 27 November 1942) was a German taxonomist and botanist. Harms was born in Berlin. He worked as a botanist at the Berlin-Dahlem Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum, Botanical Museum in Berlin. ...

adopted Hillebrand's ''Pterotropia'', but sank ''Triplasandra'' back into ''Tetraplasandra''.Hermann A.T. Harms. 1898. pages 29-31 In: "Araliaceae". pages 1-62. In: H.G Adolf Engler and Karl A.E. Prantl. ''Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien'' III.Teil. 8. Abteilung. (volume 3, part 8). Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann: Leipzig, Germany. Harms accepted the six species that Hillebrand had placed in ''Triplasandra'' and ''Tetraplasandra''. He also included in ''Tetraplasandra'', the

Malesian Malesia is a biogeographical region straddling the Equator and the boundaries of the Indomalayan and Australasian realms, and also a phytogeographical floristic region in the Paleotropical Kingdom. It has been given different definitions. The ...

species that was later called ''Gastonia serratifolia'' and then '' Polyscias serratifolia''. In 1913, Joseph F.C. Rock described a new species from Kauai, and named it ''Tetraplasandra waialealae''.Joseph F.C. Rock. 1913. ''Tetraplasandra'' In: ''The Indigenous Trees of the Hawaiian Islands'': 337-349 and plates 135-139. (See ''External links'' below). In 1917,

Charles Noyes Forbes Charles Noyes Forbes (1883–1920) was an American botanist who primarily worked on Hawaii. Biography Forbes was born in Boylston, Massachusetts on 24 September 1883.Occasional papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian Ethnolog ...

named another species from Kauai as ''Tetraplasandra racemosa''.Charles Noyes Forbes. 1917. "New Hawaiian Plants.-VI." ''Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum'' 6(4):51. (See ''External links'' below). Both of these are still recognized as distinct species, but in 1952,

erected the new genus '' Munroidendron'' for ''T. racemosa''.Earl Edward Sherff. 1952. "''Munroidendron'', a new genus of Araliaceous trees from the island of Kauai". ''Botanical Leaflets'' 7(section V):21-24. published by the author. In 1955, Sherff wrote a revision of the Hawaiian species of ''Tetraplasandra''. It included a detailed taxonomic history. Sherff considered ''Tetraplasandra'' to consist of three species from Malesia and 19 from Hawaii. In this treatment, he named several new species and included others that had been named by Joseph F.C. Rock,

Otto Degener Otto Degener (May 13, 1899 – January 16, 1988) was a botanist and conservationist who specialized in identifying plants of the Hawaiian Islands. Biography Degener was born May 13, 1899 in East Orange, New Jersey. Degener graduated from the Massac ...

and Carl J.F. Skottsberg. Of all of the species named by Sherff, only ''T. bisattenuata'' is still recognized today. Sherff recognized the uniqueness of ''T. hawaiensis'', a judgement that was corroborated by subsequent

evidence Evidence for a proposition is what supports this proposition. It is usually understood as an indication that the supported proposition is true. What role evidence plays and how it is conceived varies from field to field. In epistemology, evidenc ...

. He understood that ''T. waimeae'' and ''T. waialealae'' are closely related and that these two belong in a group with ''T. oahuensis'', ''T. lydgatei'', and ''T. bisattenuata''. He placed ''Pterotropia'' in synonymy under ''Tetraplasandra'', writing that "a

ic study of ''Tetraplasandra'' reveals so much interlocking and overlapping of characters between ''Tetraplasandra'' and the species assigned to ''Pterotropia'' as to remove all warrant for their segregation". In 1990, ''Tetraplasandra'' was covered in a

of Hawaii. Only six species were recognized, pending further study.Porter P. Lowry II. 1986. "A Synopsis of Native Hawaiian Araliaceae". ''Pacific Science'' 40(1-4):79-87. These were ''T. gymnocarpa, T. hawaiensis, T. kavaiensis, T. oahuensis, T. waialealae,'' and ''T. waimeae''. A detailed description and full synonymy were given for each species. In 2000, a new species from the island of Kauai, ''Tetraplasandra flynnii'', was described in

Novon The Missouri Botanical Garden is a botanical garden located at 4344 Shaw Boulevard in St. Louis, Missouri. It is also known informally as Shaw's Garden for founder and philanthropist Henry Shaw. Its herbarium, with more than 6.6 million s ...

.Porter P. Lowry II and Kenneth R. Wood. 2000. "A New, Threatened Species of ''Tetraplasandra'' (Araliaceae) from Kauai, Hawaiian Islands, and notes on its conservation status" ''Novon'' 10(1):40-44. (See ''External links'' below). At that time, it was known from only three individuals. ''Tetraplasandra lydgatei'' was resurrected in 2005 in a

paper Paper is a thin sheet material produced by mechanically or chemically processing cellulose fibres derived from wood, rags, grasses or other vegetable sources in water, draining the water through fine mesh leaving the fibre evenly distributed ...

Pacific Science ''Pacific Science'' is a quarterly multidisciplinary peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the biological and physical sciences of the Pacific basin, focusing especially on biogeography, ecology, evolution, geology and volcanology, oceanograph ...

.Timothy J. Motley. 2005. "''Tetraplasandra lydgatei'' (Araliaceae): taxonomic recognition of a rare endemic species". ''Pacific Science'' 59(1):105-110. At that time, it was known from only six individuals on the island of Oahu. In 2007, a

molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

study Study or studies may refer to: General * Education **Higher education * Clinical trial * Experiment * Observational study * Research * Study skills, abilities and approaches applied to learning Other * Study (art), a drawing or series of drawi ...

compared by

cladistic Cladistics (; ) is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups (" clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is typically shared derived char ...

methods, the

DNA sequence DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Th ...

s of two

regions In geography, regions, otherwise referred to as zones, lands or territories, are areas that are broadly divided by physical characteristics (physical geography), human impact characteristics (human geography), and the interaction of humanity and t ...

nuclear Nuclear may refer to: Physics Relating to the nucleus of the atom: * Nuclear engineering *Nuclear physics *Nuclear power *Nuclear reactor *Nuclear weapon *Nuclear medicine *Radiation therapy *Nuclear warfare Mathematics *Nuclear space *Nuclear ...

DNA for eight species of ''Tetraplasandra'' and their close relatives. The two DNA regions, known as

Internal transcribed spacer Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) is the spacer DNA situated between the small-subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and large-subunit rRNA genes in the chromosome or the corresponding transcribed region in the polycistronic rRNA precursor transcript. I ...

and non-transcribed spacer are adjacent to

gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a ba ...

s for

Ribosomal RNA Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA which is the primary component of ribosomes, essential to all cells. rRNA is a ribozyme which carries out protein synthesis in ribosomes. Ribosomal RNA is transcribed from ribosomal ...

. In this study, the former genus ''Tetraplasandra'' was resolved as

monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...

and consisting of three

s. ''T. hawaiensis'' was found to be

sister A sister is a woman or a girl who shares one or more parents with another individual; a female sibling. The male counterpart is a brother. Although the term typically refers to a familial relationship, it is sometimes used endearingly to refer to ...

to the rest of ''Tetraplasandra''. ''T. kavaiensis'', ''T. flynnii'', and ''T. gymnocarpa'' formed a strongly supported clade. The remaining clade consisted of ''T. bisattenuata'', ''T. oahuensis'', ''T. waimeae'', and ''T. waialealae''. ''T. bisattenuata'' was found to be distinct and the authors recommended that it be reinstated. ''Tetraplasandra oahuensis'' is heterogeneous and probably polyspecific, but the authors recommended that further studies be conducted before any attempt to divide it.

''Polyscias'' subgenus ''Tetraplasandra''

In 2010, a

molecular A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions which satisfy this criterion. In quantum physics, organic chemistry, and bioche ...

phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...

study was

for the seven genera which at that time constituted the

pinnate Pinnation (also called pennation) is the arrangement of feather-like or multi-divided features arising from both sides of a common axis. Pinnation occurs in biological morphology, in crystals, such as some forms of ice or metal crystals, and in ...

Araliaceae.Gregory M. Plunkett and Porter P. Lowry II. 2010. "Paraphyly and polyphyly in ''Polyscias'' sensu lato: molecular evidence and the case for recircumscribing the "pinnate genera" of Araliaceae". ''Plant Diversity and Evolution'' (formerly ''Botanische Jahrbucher'') 128(1-2):23-54. . It was found that the six smaller genera are all embedded in the large genus ''

''. In a companion paper, published simultaneously, the six smaller genera (''

, Cuphocarpus, Gastonia, Reynoldsia, Munroidendron,'' and ''Tetraplasandra'') were placed in synonymy under ''Polyscias'', thereby raising the number of species in that genus from about 100 to 159. About 80 species from

Madagascar Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, links=no, ; french: République de Madagascar), is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately off the coast of East Africa ...

and ten from

New Caledonia ) , anthem = "" , image_map = New Caledonia on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg , map_alt = Location of New Caledonia , map_caption = Location of New Caledonia , mapsize = 290px , subdivision_type = Sovereign st ...

are known from recently collected specimens. They will be named and described in forthcoming papers. Many of these were photographed during

field work Field research, field studies, or fieldwork is the collection of raw data outside a laboratory, library, or workplace setting. The approaches and methods used in field research vary across disciplines. For example, biologists who conduct f ...

.''Polyscias'' in

Tropicos Tropicos is an online botanical database containing taxonomic information on plants, mainly from the Neotropical realm (Central, and South America). It is maintained by the Missouri Botanical Garden and was established over 25 years ago. The data ...

. (See ''External links'' below). ''Polyscias'' has been divided into 11

subgenera In biology, a subgenus (plural: subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus. In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between t ...

, with seven species placed

incertae sedis ' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ...

, that is, without decision on which

part Part, parts or PART may refer to: People *Armi Pärt (born 1991), Estonian handballer * Arvo Pärt (born 1935), Estonian classical composer *Brian Part (born 1962), American child actor *Dealtry Charles Part (1882–1961), sheriff (1926–1927) a ...

of ''Polyscias'' they should belong to. ''Polyscias'' subgenus Tetraplasandra comprises 21 species, consisting of the former genera ''Tetraplasandra'', ''Munroidendron'', and ''Reynoldsia'', as well as the two

species that were in ''Gastonia'', and four of the six species that Philipson had placed in ''Polyscias''

Eupteron.William R. Philipson. 1979. "Araliaceae" In: ''Flora Malesiana'', series 1, volume 9, part 1: 1-105. (part 1). (See ''External links'' below). ''

Polyscias acuminata ''Polyscias'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. They bear pinnately compound leaves. In 2003, a checklist and nomenclator was published for Araliaceae.David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bibli ...

'' might also belong to ''Polyscias'' subgenus Tetraplasandra. It was placed incertae sedis, but has

characters Character or Characters may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Literature * ''Character'' (novel), a 1936 Dutch novel by Ferdinand Bordewijk * ''Characters'' (Theophrastus), a classical Greek set of character sketches attributed to The ...

resembling those of subgenus Tetraplasandra. In other ways, however, it resembles ''

Polyscias nodosa ''Polyscias'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. They bear pinnately compound leaves. In 2003, a checklist and nomenclator was published for Araliaceae.David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bibl ...

'', the sole

member Member may refer to: * Military jury, referred to as "Members" in military jargon * Element (mathematics), an object that belongs to a mathematical set * In object-oriented programming, a member of a class ** Field (computer science), entries in ...

of ''Polyscias'' subgenus Eupteron. The former genus ''Tetraplasandra'' is a

group A group is a number of persons or things that are located, gathered, or classed together. Groups of people * Cultural group, a group whose members share the same cultural identity * Ethnic group, a group whose members share the same ethnic iden ...

and is sister to a clade consisting of only two species: ''Polyscias racemosa'' and ''Polyscias sandwicensis''. The former had constituted the

monospecific In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unispec ...

genus ''Munroidendron'' and the latter is the

for the previously accepted genus ''Reynoldsia''. This "Hawaiian clade" of 11 species consists of all of the

native Native may refer to: People * Jus soli, citizenship by right of birth * Indigenous peoples, peoples with a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory ** Native Americans (disambiguation) In arts and entert ...

Hawaiian members of ''Polyscias''. The former genus ''Reynoldsia'' turned out to be

diphyletic In taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In c ...

, with its single Hawaiian species not forming a clade with the four species from Samoa, Tahiti, and the Marquesas. Basal relationships in ''Polyscias'' subgenus Tetraplasandra remain obscure because of insufficient

taxon In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular nam ...

sampling in

studies.

References

Sources

Gregory M. Plunkett, Jun Wen, Porter P. Lowry II, Murray J. Henwood, Pedro Fiaschi, and Anthony D. Mitchell. accepted, undated. Araliaceae, pages ??. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor); ?? (volume editor). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume ??. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN ??

External links

Lowry & Plunkett.2010Hawaii BarcodingUniversity of Hawaii at Hilo

World Checklist and Bibliography of AraliaceaeWorld ChecklistskewbooksKew Gardens

''Tetraplasandra''''Heptapleurum''Index Nominum GenericorumResearch and CollectionsSmithsonian National Museum of Natural History

''Tetraplasandra''Mabberley's Plant-Book

''Tetraplasandra''''Heptapleurum''''Agalma''Plant NamesIPNI

''Gastonia'', page 726''Tetraplasandra'', page 727View BookBotany. Phanerogamia.Gray, Asa, 1810-1888GAuthorsBiodiversity Heritage Library

CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: R-ZBotany & Plant ScienceLife ScienceCRC Press

''Heptapleurum'', page 472View Book''De fructibus et seminibus plantarum'' vol. 2DTitlesBHL

''Heptapleurum kavaiense'' and ''Heptapleurum dipyrenum'', page 168''Enumeration of Hawaiian Plants''View BookProceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences vol. 7 (1865-1868)PTitlesBHL

''Tetraplasandra'', vol. 2 page 238''Agalma'', vol. 2 page 297''Dipanax'', vol. 6 page 130''Triplasandra'', vol. 6 page 139Journal of botany, British and foreignJTitlesBiodiversity Heritage Library

''Revision of the Natural Order Hederaceae''

Google Books Google Books (previously known as Google Book Search, Google Print, and by its code-name Project Ocean) is a service from Google Inc. that searches the full text of books and magazines that Google has scanned, converted to text using optical c ...

''Revision of the natural order Hederaceae''Amazon.com

''Agalma'', page 138View BookBonplandia. Zeitschrift für die gesammte Botanik. j.4 (1856)BTitlesBiodiversity Heritage Library

''Tetraplasandra'', page 337View BookThe indigenous trees of the Hawaiian Islands /by Joseph F. Rock ; with two hundred and fifteen photo-engravings.ITitlesBHL

New Hawaiian Plants - VI, page 51View BookOccasional papers of Bernice P. Bishop Museum, vol. 6, part 4 (1917)OTitlesBHL

Lowry and Wood (2000)View BookNovon a journal of botanical nomenclature from the Missouri Botanical Garden. volume 10 (2000)NTitlesBHL

''Tetraplasandra'' (Search Exact)
And''Polyscias'' (Search Exact)
At:Names
At:Tropicos
At:Science and Conservation
At:Missouri Botanical Garden

Flora Malesiana home page

''Tetraplasandra hawaiensis''Forestry ExtensionNREMDepartments and UnitsCTAHRAcademicsUH Manoa

''Tetraplasandra oahuensis''
At:Species Records of ''Tetraplasandra''
At:''Tetraplasandra''
At:List of Genera
At:Araliaceae
At:List of families
At:Families and Genera in GRIN
At:Queries
At:GRIN taxonomy for plants

subgenus Tetraplasandra''Polyscias''AraliaceaeApiineaeApiales
In: ···Embryophyta
At:Streptophytina
At:Streptophyta
At:Viridiplantae
At:Eukaryota
At:Taxonomy
At:UniProt

''Polyscias hawaiensis''''Polyscias''AraliaceaeApialesAsteranaeMagnoliopsidaAngiospermaeHierarchy List for Kingdom Plantae from Kingdom to ClassData Access and ToolsITIS

''Polyscias hawaiensis''''Polyscias''AraliaceaeApialesMagnoliopsidaTracheophytaPlantsGlobal Species

''Polyscias hawaiensis''''Polyscias kavaiensis''''Polyscias oahuensis''AraliaceeFamily IndexPlants of HawaiiStarr EnvironmentalHawaiian Ecosystems at Risk

''Tetraplasandra''List by Scientific NameHawaiian Ethnobotany Online DatabaseBishop Museum
{{Taxonbar, from=Q7706661 Historically recognized angiosperm genera Araliaceae Endemic flora of Hawaii Trees of Hawaii Apiales genera Polyscias Flora without expected TNC conservation status