)
, map_type=Cyprus
, map_caption=Location within Cyprus
, coordinates=
, alternate_name=Kalavasos-Tenta or Tenda
, location=
Larnaca District,
Cyprus
Cyprus ; tr, Kıbrıs (), officially the Republic of Cyprus,, , lit: Republic of Cyprus is an island country located south of the Anatolian Peninsula in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Its continental position is disputed; while it is ge ...
, excavations=1947–1984
, archaeologists=
Porphyrios Dikaios
Porphyrios Dikaios (Greek: Πορφύριος Δίκαιος) FSA (16 August 190423 August 1971) was a Greek Cypriot archaeologist born in Nicosia.
He studied archaeology in the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, in the British ...
, discovered=1940
, public_access=yes
, type=
Settlement
Settlement may refer to:
*Human settlement, a community where people live
*Settlement (structural), the distortion or disruption of parts of a building
* Closing (real estate), the final step in executing a real estate transaction
*Settlement (fin ...
, cultures=
Cypriote Aceramic Neolithic
, built=c. 8000 BC
, abandoned=before 5000 BC
, epochs=
PPNB
Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) is part of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, a Neolithic culture centered in upper Mesopotamia and the Levant, dating to years ago, that is, 8800–6500 BC. It was typed by British archaeologist Kathleen Kenyon duri ...
, image=File:Different points of view (42076690562) (cropped).jpg
, caption=View of Tenta (protective structure)
, imagealttext=A large sand-coloured conical tent on a small hill before a pale blue sky, with a few trees and a herd of sheep on dry grassland in the foreground
, management=
Cyprus Department of Antiquities
Tenta, also referred to as Kalavasos-Tenta or Tenda, is an
Aceramic Aceramic is defined as "not producing pottery". In archaeology, the term means "without pottery".
Aceramic societies usually used bark, basketry, gourds and leather for containers. It is sometimes used to refer to a specific early Neolithic perio ...
Neolithic
The Neolithic period, or New Stone Age, is an Old World archaeological period and the final division of the Stone Age. It saw the Neolithic Revolution, a wide-ranging set of developments that appear to have arisen independently in several p ...
settlement located in modern
Kalavasos near the southern coast of
Cyprus
Cyprus ; tr, Kıbrıs (), officially the Republic of Cyprus,, , lit: Republic of Cyprus is an island country located south of the Anatolian Peninsula in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Its continental position is disputed; while it is ge ...
.
The settlement is approximately 38 kilometres southwest of
Larnaca
Larnaca ( el, Λάρνακα ; tr, Larnaka) is a city on the south east coast of Cyprus and the capital of the district of the same name. It is the third-largest city in the country, after Nicosia and Limassol, with a metro population of 1 ...
and approximately 45 kilometres south of
Nicosia.
Tenta occupies a small natural hill on the west side of the Vasilikos valley, close to the
Nicosia–Limassol highway.
The earliest occupation at the
site
Site most often refers to:
* Archaeological site
* Campsite, a place used for overnight stay in an outdoor area
* Construction site
* Location, a point or an area on the Earth's surface or elsewhere
* Website, a set of related web pages, typical ...
has been
dated to around 8000 BC, which is contemporary with the sites
Shillourokambos
Shillourokambos ( el, Σιλλουρόκαμπος) is a Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) site near Parekklisia, 6 km east of Limassol in southern Cyprus. It is located on a low plateau. Excavations began in 1992. The settlement has four phases ...
and
Mylouthkia,
and notably predating
Khirokitia
Khirokitia (sometimes spelled Choirokoitia; el, Χοιροκοιτία , suggested meaning ''Pig-cradle'', from 'pig, boar' + 'place of origin, cradle'; tr, Hirokitya) is an archaeological site on the island of Cyprus dating from the Neolit ...
by almost a millennium.
It was still settled during the
6th millennium BC
The 6th millennium BC spanned the years 6000 BC to 5001 BC (c. 8 ka to c. 7 ka). It is impossible to precisely date events that happened around the time of this millennium and all dates mentioned here are estimates mostly based on geological an ...
,
but deserted at some point before the advent of the Cypriotic
Ceramic Neolithic.
Six seasons of
excavation in Tenta occurred from 1947 to 1984.
The obtained data is of interest to studies of
cultural change Culture change is a term used in public policy making that emphasizes the influence of cultural capital on individual and community behavior. It has been sometimes called repositioning of culture, which means the reconstruction of the cultural conce ...
in
Prehistoric Cyprus
The Prehistoric Period is the oldest part of Cypriot history. This article covers the period 10,000 to 800 BC and ends immediately before the documented history of Cyprus begins.
Epipalaeolithic
Cyprus was not settled in the Paleolithic (befo ...
because Tenta's architectural remains, artefacts, human burials, flora and fauna have been "virtually unchanged for two millennia, suggesting that there was considerable continuity in social organisation as well as technological and economic practices."
Today, the site is open to visitors (with entrance fee), and protected by a characteristic, modern cone-shaped roof.
The roof is considered a local
landmark,
and the site a popular tourist attraction.
Background and name
The
Vasilikos valley is located in the
Larnaca District of southern
Cyprus
Cyprus ; tr, Kıbrıs (), officially the Republic of Cyprus,, , lit: Republic of Cyprus is an island country located south of the Anatolian Peninsula in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Its continental position is disputed; while it is ge ...
.
The valley was known to be abundant in
archaeological site
An archaeological site is a place (or group of physical sites) in which evidence of past activity is preserved (either prehistoric or historic or contemporary), and which has been, or may be, investigated using the discipline of archaeology a ...
s from numerous extensive surveys conducted due to excavations of accidentally discovered sites; however these sites were widely scattered in Cyprus.
According to local tradition, the name of the location refers back to 327 AD when Saint
Helena, mother of Constantine I
Flavia Julia Helena ''Augusta'' (also known as Saint Helena and Helena of Constantinople, ; grc-gre, Ἑλένη, ''Helénē''; AD 246/248– c. 330) was an '' Augusta'' and Empress of the Roman Empire and mother of Emperor Constantine th ...
, stayed there in a tent ( el, Tέντα).
Helena supposedly pitched her tent after walking up the Vasilikos valley ( el, Βασιλικός), ''vasilikos'' meaning "royal place or land".
Excavation history
The archealogical site of Tenta was first reported by
Porphyrios Dikaios
Porphyrios Dikaios (Greek: Πορφύριος Δίκαιος) FSA (16 August 190423 August 1971) was a Greek Cypriot archaeologist born in Nicosia.
He studied archaeology in the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, in the British ...
in 1940 when artefacts were discovered during the construction of a mining railway line.
In 1947, Dikaios undertook a two-week
archaeological excavation focused 25 metres south of the summit of Tenta.
Eleven locals and several students from
Brandeis University
, mottoeng = "Truth even unto its innermost parts"
, established =
, type = Private research university
, accreditation = NECHE
, president = Ronald D. Liebowitz
, ...
were employed to assist with the excavation.
A detailed report of the excavation was never published, but a plan of the excavation was released in 1960, which showed a
trench
A trench is a type of excavation or in the ground that is generally deeper than it is wide (as opposed to a wider gully, or ditch), and narrow compared with its length (as opposed to a simple hole or pit).
In geology, trenches result from ero ...
being excavated approximately five metres below and adjacent to a curvilinear wall.
Since many sites of Cyprus had only been fleetingly explored,
Vassos Karageorghis
Vassos Karageorghis (Greek: Βάσος Καραγιώργης) FBA (29 April 1929 – 21 December 2021) was a Cypriot archaeologist and director of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus.
Biography
He attended the Pancyprian Gymnasium, he studied ...
, the Director of the
Department of Antiquities of Cyprus, worked with Ian Todd, who had previously assisted in numerous excavations in
Turkey
Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula in ...
and
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...
, to direct the Vasilikos Valley project which included five seasons of excavation in Tenta between 1976 and 1984.
The project was sponsored by Brandeis University and funded by the
National Science Foundation
The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent agency of the United States government that supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering. Its medical counterpart is the National ...
.
To locate sites, Todd walked nineteen different
transect
A transect is a path along which one counts and records occurrences of the objects of study (e.g. plants).
There are several types of transect. Some are more effective than others.
It requires an observer to move along a fixed path and to count ...
s across the valley from east to west – from the Kalavasos Dam to the coast. Each transect was positioned equidistant from each other.
Problems of the archaeological field survey in Cyprus include erosion as many sites were situated on different gradients, which often affects the estimation of the size of a site as well as makes it more challenging for surveyors to find where artefacts are located.
Furthermore,
aggradation
Aggradation (or alluviation) is the term used in geology for the increase in land elevation, typically in a river system, due to the deposition of sediment. Aggradation occurs in areas in which the supply of sediment is greater than the amount of ...
was also considered to be a potential problem impacting the discovery of sites due to the increase in land elevation.
Although the excavations ended in 1984, details about the findings were published as late as 2005.
Architectural remains
![Kalavasos Tenta01a](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Kalavasos_Tenta01a.JPG)
All structures discovered in Tenta are curvilinear and thus from the
Aceramic Neolithic
Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) denotes the first stage of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, in early Levantine and Anatolian Neolithic culture, dating to years ago, that is, 10,000–8,800 BCE. Archaeological remains are located in the Levantine and U ...
period due to neighbouring
Neolithic
The Neolithic period, or New Stone Age, is an Old World archaeological period and the final division of the Stone Age. It saw the Neolithic Revolution, a wide-ranging set of developments that appear to have arisen independently in several p ...
settlements like
Khirokitia
Khirokitia (sometimes spelled Choirokoitia; el, Χοιροκοιτία , suggested meaning ''Pig-cradle'', from 'pig, boar' + 'place of origin, cradle'; tr, Hirokitya) is an archaeological site on the island of Cyprus dating from the Neolit ...
exhibiting similar features.
From the excavations, it was discovered that public buildings were constructed at the
summit of Tenta's natural hill, "first in stone and
mudbrick, then entirely in mudbrick and finally entirely in stone."
Furthermore, homes at the site were unearthed to find that the stone structures were built of
limestone
Limestone ( calcium carbonate ) is a type of carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of . Limestone forms whe ...
with a mixture of
diabase locally accessible in the
Vasilikos river.
The walls of the curvilinear structures stood to one metre or more in height and were determined to vary thickness between 25 and 60 centimetres as well as varied in colour including grey, reddish-brown, light brown, and dark brown.
The floors and walls of the buildings were often made of
gypsum
Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate, with the chemical formula . It is widely mined and is used as a fertilizer and as the main constituent in many forms of plaster, blackboard or sidewalk chalk, and drywal ...
, lime, or a combination of both as well as "coated with a thin, whitish
plaster
Plaster is a building material used for the protective or decorative coating of walls and ceilings and for moulding and casting decorative elements. In English, "plaster" usually means a material used for the interiors of buildings, while "re ...
layer laid on a base of friable mud plaster". The stones of the buildings were predominately found to be laid neatly in parallel as well as had within them platforms, benches and seats.
The flat as well as domed roofs of the buildings in Tenta were constructed from branches,
reeds, and
rammed earth
Rammed earth is a technique for constructing foundations, floors, and walls using compacted natural raw materials such as earth, chalk, lime, or gravel. It is an ancient method that has been revived recently as a sustainable building method.
...
and the surfaces of the walls of the buildings were often intricately decorated such as a "painting depicting two human figures with upraised hands."
Furthermore, approximately 40 to 45 structures were excavated in total, and it was estimated that the population in Tenta never exceeded 150 people based on the size and shape of the structures.
Artefacts
Approximately one thousand man-made artefacts
crafted with stone, animal bone or shell were recovered from the Tenta excavations.
The artefacts were found within and outside buildings as well as within soil deposits.
All objects were retrieved using a
sieve
A sieve, fine mesh strainer, or sift, is a device for separating wanted elements from unwanted material or for controlling the particle size distribution of a sample, using a screen such as a woven mesh or net or perforated sheet materia ...
, which assisted in recovering many of the objects which were small and fragmented due to the rubbish that had enveloped them, especially in soil deposits.
The artefacts found are predominantly from the Aceramic Neolithic period with the exception of two clay plugs, a characteristic of the
Chalcolithic
The Copper Age, also called the Chalcolithic (; from grc-gre, χαλκός ''khalkós'', "copper" and ''líthos'', "stone") or (A)eneolithic (from Latin '' aeneus'' "of copper"), is an archaeological period characterized by regular ...
period, which were found in the wall of a building.
Artefacts discovered on the settlement include stone vessels, axes,
hammerstone
In archaeology, a hammerstone is a hard cobble used to strike off lithic flakes from a lump of tool stone during the process of lithic reduction. The hammerstone is a rather universal stone tool which appeared early in most regions of the wo ...
s, and chipped
stone tools
A stone tool is, in the most general sense, any tool made either partially or entirely out of stone. Although stone tool-dependent societies and cultures still exist today, most stone tools are associated with prehistoric (particularly Stone Ag ...
like blades.
Furthermore, there is evidence of proficiency from the inhabitants of Tenta such as their complex shapes carved in stone vessels.
Rare artefacts were also found inside the walls of structures "including pendants, beads, large arrowheads and ground-stone implements covered with
ochre."
Copious
picrolite, a crystal varying from dark green to grey most commonly found in the
Kouris Dam
Kouris Dam, gr, Φράγμα Κούρη, is the largest dam of a network of 107 dams in Cyprus. It is in the Limassol District and is fed by the Kouris River along with other smaller watercourses including the Diarizos River which has its water ...
, was likely used by the villagers to make jewellery during the
Aceramic Neolithic
Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) denotes the first stage of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, in early Levantine and Anatolian Neolithic culture, dating to years ago, that is, 10,000–8,800 BCE. Archaeological remains are located in the Levantine and U ...
period.
Furthermore,
chert
Chert () is a hard, fine-grained sedimentary rock composed of microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline quartz, the mineral form of silicon dioxide (SiO2). Chert is characteristically of biological origin, but may also occur inorganically as a ...
was used as a tool by the villagers of Tenta to break things by force as well as to start fires because sparks ignite easily when the rock is struck on a hard surface.
A selection of artefacts are displayed in the
Cyprus Museum and the
Larnaca District Archaeological Museum
Larnaca District Museum is a museum in Larnaca, Cyprus that has displays that show the "historical development of the city of Kition and the District of Larnaka in general." It was inaugurated in 1969. and was formerly named Larnaca District Arch ...
.
Human burials
![Khirokitia near Larnaca 01-2017 img9](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Khirokitia_near_Larnaca_01-2017_img9.jpg)
Fourteen human
burials containing eighteen individuals were excavated at Tenta.
The eighteen skeletons were buried in contracted positions and positioned to the internal house walls, within oval pits not accompanied with any gifts or offerings, just beneath the floors or outside the structures.
The burials include adults, children and infants buried separately, except the remains of four infants buried together in one pit.
The average age at death for males and females was 30.5 years and 36.5 years respectively.
This six-year gap between the sexes may be due to limitations of a small sample size as well as poor preservation and age averaging techniques, especially due to the differences in neighbouring Neolithic settlements in which the longevity of males is greater than females. Furthermore, the average height for males and females was and , respectively.
Analysis of the skeletons' teeth suggest that the inhabitants had generally good dental health as well as a diet sufficient in
protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, res ...
and
carbohydrate
In organic chemistry, a carbohydrate () is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water) and thus with the empirical formula (where ''m'' may or m ...
s.
This is due to the inhabitants' main diet consisting of plants as well as domesticated or hunted animals like fallow deer, pig and cattle. Moreover, analysis of the eighteen skeletons determined that the inhabitants of Tenta may have suffered from
hemolytic anemia
Hemolytic anemia or haemolytic anaemia is a form of anemia due to hemolysis, the abnormal breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs), either in the blood vessels (intravascular hemolysis) or elsewhere in the human body (extravascular). This most commonly ...
and
iron-deficiency anemia
Iron-deficiency anemia is anemia caused by a lack of iron. Anemia is defined as a decrease in the number of red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. When onset is slow, symptoms are often vague such as feeling tired, weak, shor ...
, as well as having practiced
artificial cranial deformation
Artificial cranial deformation or modification, head flattening, or head binding is a form of body alteration in which the skull of a human being is deformed intentionally. It is done by distorting the normal growth of a child's skull by applying ...
due to 11.1% of them having their skulls bound.
Such practices were also common in the neighbouring Neolithic settlement of Khirokitia, and also during later periods in Cyprus such as the
Late Bronze Age
The Bronze Age is a historic period, lasting approximately from 3300 BC to 1200 BC, characterized by the use of bronze, the presence of writing in some areas, and other early features of urban civilization. The Bronze Age is the second prin ...
.
Botanical remains
The botanical remains from Tenta revealed the subsistence practices in the Aceramic Neolithic period.
It was expected that the botanical remains of wheat,
barley
Barley (''Hordeum vulgare''), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. It was one of the first cultivated grains, particularly in Eurasia as early as 10,000 years ago. Globally 70% of barley p ...
and various
legumes would be found in Tenta based on the earlier excavations from the neighbouring Neolithic settlements of
Kastros and Khirokitia. The remains were recovered using a
froth flotation
Froth flotation is a process for selectively separating hydrophobic materials from hydrophilic. This is used in mineral processing, paper recycling and waste-water treatment industries. Historically this was first used in the mining industry, wher ...
process designed by
Anthony Legge.
According to Todd, "
proximately 10 litres of every excavated deposit were
..examined and sorted under low power (10×–50×) magnification using a
Bausch and Lomb
Bausch + Lomb is an eye health products company based in Vaughan, Ontario, Canada. It is one of the world's largest suppliers of contact lenses, lens care products, pharmaceuticals, intraocular lenses, and other eye surgery products. The compa ...
stereo microscope."
Components of the plant such as roots,
stems and seeds were analysed separately and were compared with modern samples.
Only 175 from the 416 botanical remains recovered via froth flotation contained carbon to analyse accurately.
There was a smaller amount of carbonised remains to analyse compared to neighbouring Neolithic settlements due to the damage from excavating the remains with picks and trowels.
From the 2074 litres sieved out of 7764 litres of carbonised botanical remains via froth flotation, it was discovered that "domesticated plants from the site consist of
emmer
Emmer wheat or hulled wheat is a type of awned wheat. Emmer is a tetraploid (4''n'' = 4''x'' = 28 chromosomes). The domesticated types are ''Triticum turgidum'' subsp. ''dicoccum'' and ''Triticum turgidum ''conv.'' durum''. The wild plant is ...
and
einkorn wheat
Einkorn wheat (from German ''Einkorn'', literally "single grain") can refer either to a wild species of wheat (''Triticum'') or to its domesticated form. The wild form is '' T. boeoticum'' (syn. ''T. m.'' ssp. ''boeoticum''), the domesticated ...
, barley (probably
two-row),
lentil
The lentil (''Lens culinaris'' or ''Lens esculenta'') is an edible legume. It is an annual plant known for its lens-shaped seeds. It is about tall, and the seeds grow in pods, usually with two seeds in each. As a food crop, the largest pro ...
and possibly pea."
The distribution of botanical remains as well as the
fire pit
A fire pit or a fire hole can vary from a pit dug in the ground to an elaborate gas burning structure of stone, brick, and metal. The defining feature of fire pits is that they are designed to contain fire and prevent it from spreading.
Some rece ...
s and
hearths inside and outside the architectural remains were examined and compared to neighbouring Neolithic settlements.
It was discovered that more hearths and fire pits were outside and between buildings than inside them, suggesting that the cooking in the period was conducted outside.
Two hearths from the site revealed that civilians had gathered wild resources for cooking such as
fig
The fig is the edible fruit of ''Ficus carica'', a species of small tree in the flowering plant family Moraceae. Native to the Mediterranean and western Asia, it has been cultivated since ancient times and is now widely grown throughout the world ...
,
pistachio, grape, olive and
plum, but the analysis of the botanical remains did not indicate the specific cooking process or storage practices in the Aceramic Neolithic period.
Faunal remains
From the excavations at Tenta, 2817
fauna
Fauna is all of the animal life present in a particular region or time. The corresponding term for plants is ''flora'', and for fungi, it is ''funga''. Flora, fauna, funga and other forms of life are collectively referred to as ''Biota (ecology ...
l bone fragments were recovered.
As shown in the table below, the majority of bone fragments (99.7%) were from
deer
Deer or true deer are hoofed ruminant mammals forming the family Cervidae. The two main groups of deer are the Cervinae, including the muntjac, the elk (wapiti), the red deer, and the fallow deer; and the Capreolinae, including the re ...
, pig and
caprinae
The subfamily Caprinae, also sometimes referred to as the tribe Caprini, is part of the ruminant family Bovidae, and consists of mostly medium-sized bovids. A member of this subfamily is called a caprine, or, more informally, a goat-antelope (a ...
(sheep and goat), which highlights that the civilians of Tenta predominately surrounding these mammals coupled with the remaining 0.3% of fragments being cat, fox and
rodent
Rodents (from Latin , 'to gnaw') are mammals of the order Rodentia (), which are characterized by a single pair of continuously growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws. About 40% of all mammal species are rodents. They are n ...
.
From
epiphyseal plate
The epiphyseal plate (or epiphysial plate, physis, or growth plate) is a hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone. It is the part of a long bone where new bone growth takes place; that is, the whole bone is alive, wit ...
data obtained from the faunal remains, it was found that 72% of deer, 28% of pig, 60% of caprinae were culled as adults.
A collection of
antlers from deer were also found intact inside three buildings and believed to have been possibly showcased by villagers in Tenta as an achievement of their hunting.
The process of recovering the faunal remains involved sieving excavated deposits through all 1 cm, 5 mm and 3 mm meshes.
Despite this high standard process of retrieving faunal remains, the bone fragments recovered were fragile and there was a high risk of the bone splitting, which resulted in many of the bones breaking and splintering.
Thus, the veracity of any interpretation of the faunal remains may contribute to
preservation bias during faunal
assemblage.
The range of animals recovered in the neighbouring Neolithic settlement of Khirokitia similarly was mostly deer, pig and caprinae with a small representation of cat, fox and rodent in the bone fragments.
Hence, the same array of animals – based on the
husbanding of pigs and caprines and the hunting of deer – provided the basis for subsistence economies in the Aceramic Neolithic period.
The main aim of culling these animals for the Tenta and Khirokitia villagers was to consume their meat, but also most likely use their skin and bones for clothes and tools.
Furthermore, cats and foxes were most likely to have been imported by colonists and used for their pelts as well as
exterminators of vermin such as rodents.
''Numbers and percentages of identified faunal bone fragments from Tenta''.
Protective shelter
In 1994 to 1995,
Vassos Karageorghis
Vassos Karageorghis (Greek: Βάσος Καραγιώργης) FBA (29 April 1929 – 21 December 2021) was a Cypriot archaeologist and director of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus.
Biography
He attended the Pancyprian Gymnasium, he studied ...
commissioned and the Anastasios G. Leventis Foundation funded the construction of a tent-like conical or "pyramidal"
structure that improved the protection of the remnants of Tenta from the elements.
The shelter consists of
glulam
Glued laminated timber, commonly referred to as glulam, is a type of structural engineered wood product constituted by layers of dimensional lumber bonded together with durable, moisture-resistant structural adhesives so that all of the grain ru ...
beams coated by a
PVC membrane and cost US$340,000 over the two year construction phase.
The structure has been called a local
landmark.
References
{{reflist
1947 archaeological discoveries
Archaeological sites in Cyprus
Former populated places in Cyprus
Neolithic Cyprus
Neolithic settlements