Klastline River Klastline can refer to:
* Klastline Cone, a volcanic cone in British Columbia, Canada
*Klastline Plateau
The Klastline Plateau is a plateau in the Stikine Region of the Northern Interior of British Columbia, Canada. A subplateau of the Stikine ...
watershed
Watershed is a hydrological term, which has been adopted in other fields in a more or less figurative sense. It may refer to:
Hydrology
* Drainage divide, the line that separates neighbouring drainage basins
* Drainage basin, called a "watershe ...
in northwest part of the province of British Columbia, Canada. It flows generally west for about to join Kakiddi Creek about south of Kakiddi Creek's confluence with the Klastline River. Tennaya Creek's
watershed
Watershed is a hydrological term, which has been adopted in other fields in a more or less figurative sense. It may refer to:
Hydrology
* Drainage divide, the line that separates neighbouring drainage basins
* Drainage basin, called a "watershe ...
covers and its mean annual
discharge
Discharge may refer to
Expel or let go
* Discharge, the act of firing a gun
* Discharge, or termination of employment, the end of an employee's duration with an employer
* Military discharge, the release of a member of the armed forces from serv ...
is estimated at . The mouth of Tennaya Creek is located about southeast of Telegraph Creek, about southwest of Iskut and about south-southwest of Dease Lake. Tennaya Creek's watershed's
land cover
Land cover is the physical material at the surface of Earth. Land covers include grass, asphalt, trees, bare ground, water, etc. Earth cover is the expression used by ecologist Frederick Edward Clements that has its closest modern equivalent being ...
is classified as 31.3%
barren
Barren primarily refers to a state of barrenness (infertility)
Barren may also refer to:
Places
* Barren, Missouri
*Barren County, Kentucky
* Barren Island (Andaman Islands)
*Barren Island, Brooklyn
*Barren River Lake
Other uses
* ''Barren Count ...
, 26.0%
conifer forest
A forest is an area of land dominated by trees. Hundreds of definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing, and ecological function. The United Nations' ...
, 17.9% snow/glacier, 12.6%
herbaceous
Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials.
Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous"
The fourth edition of t ...
, 9.9%
shrubland
Shrubland, scrubland, scrub, brush, or bush is a plant community characterized by vegetation dominated by shrubs, often also including grasses, herbs, and geophytes. Shrubland may either occur naturally or be the result of human activity. It m ...
, and small amounts of other cover.
Tennaya Creek is in
Mount Edziza Provincial Park
Mount Edziza Provincial Park is a provincial park in Cassiar Land District of northern British Columbia, Canada. It was established on 27 July 1972 to protect the Mount Edziza volcanic complex and the surrounding Tahltan Highland.
Geography
The p ...
and the
Tenh Dẕetle Conservancy
The Tenh Dẕetle Conservancy is a conservancy located in Cassiar Land District of British Columbia, Canada. It was established as the Mount Edziza Conservancy on 30 March 2021 and then renamed to its current form on 31 January 2022.
Geography
Th ...
, both of which lie within the traditional territory of the
Tahltan
The Tahltan or Nahani are a First Nations people of the Athabaskan-speaking ethnolinguistic group who live in northern British Columbia around Telegraph Creek, Dease Lake, and Iskut. The Tahltan constitute the fourth division of the ''Nahane' ...
people.
Geography
Tennaya Creek originates from the eastern slope of Mount Edziza, a massive glaciated mountain in the middle of the
Big Raven Plateau
The Big Raven Plateau is a volcanic plateau, lava plateau in northern British Columbia, Canada, located west of Mount Edziza in Mount Edziza Provincial Park. It is part of the Tahltan Highland, which is the southwestern sub-region of the Stikine P ...
. From its source, Tennaya Glacier, Tennaya Creek flows about southeast through a vegetated canyon. Tennaya Creek then flows east through the canyon for another before entering Kakiddi Valley where it flows an additional northwest into the southwestern end of Nuttlude Lake, an expansion of Kakiddi Creek.
Geology
At the head of Tennaya Creek are four active
cirque
A (; from the Latin word ') is an amphitheatre-like valley formed by glacial erosion. Alternative names for this landform are corrie (from Scottish Gaelic , meaning a pot or cauldron) and (; ). A cirque may also be a similarly shaped landform ...
s exposing the internal structure of
Ice Peak
Ice Peak is a stratovolcano, located west of Tatogga and south of Mount Edziza, British Columbia, Canada. It overlaps the 7.5-million-year-old Armadillo Peak. It lies on a large volcanic plateau, which is made of basaltic lava flows from the ...
, an eroded
stratovolcano
A stratovolcano, also known as a composite volcano, is a conical volcano built up by many layers (strata) of hardened lava and tephra. Unlike shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes are characterized by a steep profile with a summit crater and per ...
predating the main edifice of Mount Edziza. Exposed in the steep headwalls of these cirques are thick flows of trachyte and
pyroclastic
Pyroclastic rocks (derived from the el, πῦρ, links=no, meaning fire; and , meaning broken) are clastic rocks composed of rock fragments produced and ejected by explosive volcanic eruptions. The individual rock fragments are known as pyroc ...
breccia belonging to the Ice Peak Formation. Tennaya Creek has also cut through the base of the volcano, resulting in deep dissection of the underlying
basement rock
In geology, basement and crystalline basement are crystalline rocks lying above the mantle and beneath all other rocks and sediments. They are sometimes exposed at the surface, but often they are buried under miles of rock and sediment. The baseme ...
s. A
diabase
Diabase (), also called dolerite () or microgabbro,
is a mafic, holocrystalline, subvolcanic rock equivalent to volcanic basalt or plutonic gabbro. Diabase dikes and sills are typically shallow intrusive bodies and often exhibit fine-graine ...
intrusion
In geology, an igneous intrusion (or intrusive body or simply intrusion) is a body of intrusive igneous rock that forms by crystallization of magma slowly cooling below the surface of the Earth. Intrusions have a wide variety of forms and com ...
is exposed along the northwestern headwall of Tennaya Creek for about ; it is the largest
subvolcanic A subvolcanic rock, also known as a hypabyssal rock, is an intrusive igneous rock that is emplaced at depths less than within the crust, and has intermediate grain size and often porphyritic texture between that of volcanic rocks and plutonic r ...
intrusion related to the Ice Peak volcano.
Trachyte flows of the younger Kakiddi Formation occur in the south forks of Tennaya Creek. The source of these lava flows was originally thought to be The Neck, but radiometric dating of this
volcanic plug
A volcanic plug, also called a volcanic neck or lava neck, is a volcanic object created when magma hardens within a vent on an active volcano. When present, a plug can cause an extreme build-up of high gas pressure if rising volatile-charged mag ...
suggests that it formed during the emplacement of the older Ice Peak Formation. They instead probably issued from vents in or adjacent to the valleys containing them. A nearly wide and thick trachyte flow of the Kakiddi Formation forms a flat interfluve between the lower reaches of Sorcery and Tennaya creeks. It probably issued from Ice Peak or Nanook Dome on the southeastern rim of Mount Edziza.
Two small volcanic cones of the Big Raven Formation occur in two cirques at the head of Tennaya Creek. Icefall Cone on the northeast spur of Tennaya Cirque is completely buried under glacial ice and
moraine
A moraine is any accumulation of unconsolidated debris (regolith and rock), sometimes referred to as glacial till, that occurs in both currently and formerly glaciated regions, and that has been previously carried along by a glacier or ice shee ...
.
Ridge Cone
Ridge Cone is a cinder cone in northern British Columbia, Canada. It is thought to have last erupted in the Holocene period and is part of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.talus, moraine,
fluvial
In geography and geology, fluvial processes are associated with rivers and streams and the deposits and landforms created by them. When the stream or rivers are associated with glaciers, ice sheets, or ice caps, the term glaciofluvial or fluviog ...
gravel and glacial ice. Most of the lava from these cones probably cascaded down the steep Tennaya and Idiji cirque headwalls into Tennaya Creek valley.
The north side of Tennaya Creek contains a zone of
mineralization
Mineralization may refer to:
* Mineralization (biology), when an inorganic substance precipitates in an organic matrix
** Biomineralization, a form of mineralization
** Mineralization of bone, an example of mineralization
** Mineralized tissues are ...
called the West Creek occurrence or West Creek showing. It includes a quartz vein carrying pyrite, chalcopyrite and
sphalerite
Sphalerite (sometimes spelled sphaelerite) is a sulfide mineral with the chemical formula . It is the most important ore of zinc. Sphalerite is found in a variety of deposit types, but it is primarily in Sedimentary exhalative deposits, sedimen ...
. Sampling of this vein in 2016 returned values in gold, silver and copper.
History
The field name for Tennaya Creek was Icefall Creek, so-named because a spectacular icefall was observed at the head of Tennaya Creek valley. The current name was adopted in 1980 and is a combination of the Tahltan words "ten" and "naya", which mean "ice" and "be come down" respectively. Prior to the creation of the Tenh Dẕetle Conservancy in 2021, Tennaya Creek was located in the
Mount Edziza Recreation Area
The Mount Edziza Recreation Area was a recreation area in Cassiar Land District of northwestern British Columbia, Canada, located southeast of the community of Telegraph Creek. It was established on 27 February 1972 along with Mount Edziza Provi ...