Several

braille Braille (Pronounced: ) is a tactile writing system used by people who are visually impaired, including people who are blind, deafblind or who have low vision. It can be read either on embossed paper or by using refreshable braille disp ...

alphabets are used in Ghana. For English,

Unified English Braille Unified English Braille Code (UEBC, formerly UBC, now usually simply UEB) is an English language Braille code standard, developed to permit representing the wide variety of literary and technical material in use in the English-speaking world today ...

has been adopted. Four other languages have been written in braille:

Akan Akan may refer to: People and languages *Akan people, an ethnic group in Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire *Akan language, a language spoken by the Akan people *Kwa languages, a language group which includes Akan * Central Tano languages, a language group ...

(Twi), Ga, Ewe, and

Dagaare Dagaare is the language of the Dagaaba people of Ghana, Burkina Faso, and Ivory Coast. It has been described as a dialect continuum that also includes Waale and Birifor. Dagaare language varies in dialect stemming from other family languages i ...

. All three alphabets are based on the

basic braille The goal of braille uniformity is to unify the braille alphabets of the world as much as possible, so that literacy in one braille alphabet readily transfers to another. Unification was first achieved by a convention of the ''International Congre ...

letter values of basic Latin alphabet: : The braille equivalents of print letters beyond these are described below. English Braille punctuation is used in both Ghana and (according to UNESCO 2013) Togo. Braille is not in active use in Ghana for any language but English. However, there are some older publications in these braille alphabets.

Akan (Twi) Braille

Akan has one extra vowel letters. ''ɔ'' could be expected from international/African norms; ''ɛ'' is specific to Ghana.

Ga and Dagaare Braille

Ga and Dagaare add a third extra letter, ''ŋ''.

Ewe Braille

Ewe adds several additional consonants: ''ɖ'', ''ƒ'', ''ɣ'', ''ʋ''. The ''ɖ'' and ''ɣ'' are the international/African norm (see also

Nigerian braille Several braille alphabets are used in Nigeria. For English, Unified English Braille has been adopted. Three other languages have been written in braille: Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba. All three alphabets are based on English readings, with the additio ...

); ''ƒ'' and ''ʋ'' are from the English ''th'' sounds, the closest approximation in that language after ''f'' and ''v''.

Braille for Togolese languages

Ewe is the primary language of

Togo Togo (), officially the Togolese Republic (french: République togolaise), is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. It extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, where its c ...

, and is evidently used in Togo with the same braille assignments as in Ghana. UNESCO (2013 990 reports several additional Togolese alphabets it was unable to confirm, but which were designed in conjunction with the Ghanaian languages; they evidently use the Ghanaian Ewe assignments: * Bassar and Konkomba are written in

plus Ewe ''ŋ, ɔ''. * Kabiye has ''ɖ ɛ ɣ ɩ ŋ ɔ ʊ''. The letters '' ɩ'' and '' ʊ'' follows international norms, and are equivalent to ''ị'' and ''ụ'' in

Igbo Braille Several braille alphabets are used in Nigeria. For English, Unified English Braille has been adopted. Three other languages have been written in braille: Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba. All three alphabets are based on English readings, with the additio ...

. (Unesco reports ''u/ʊ'' braille values are exchanged from the norm, a likely copy error.) The other letters are as in Ewe. *

Moba Multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) is a subgenre of strategy video games in which two teams of players compete against each other on a predefined battlefield. Each player controls a single character with a set of distinctive abilities that i ...

has ''ɛ ɩ ŋ ɔ'', with ''ɩ'' as in Kabiye. *

Tem Tem or TEM may refer to: Acronyms * Threat and error management, an aviation safety management model. * Telecom Expense Management * Telecom Equipment Manufacturer * TEM (currency), local to Volos, Greece * TEM (nuclear propulsion), a Russian ...

has ''ɖ ɛ ɩ ŋ ɔ υ'', as in Kabiye. In addition, UNESCO reports that various Togolese languages have for nasal vowels, for high tone, for mid tone, and for low tone. All five of these languages are spoken in Ghana as well as Togo, but Unesco does not report on them being reduced to braille there.

References

*UNESCO (2013
World Braille Usage
3rd edition. {{Braille French-ordered braille alphabets Akan language