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Telium, plural telia, are structures produced by rust fungi as part of the reproductive cycle. They are typically yellow or orange drying to brown or black and are exclusively a mechanism for the release of teliospores which are released by wind or water to infect the alternate
File:Stem rust close up.jpg, '' Puccinia graminis'' on wheat.
File:Gymnosporangium sabinae fg05.JPG, ''
File:Puccina graminis lifecycle.gif, Life Cycle of ''Puccina graminis''
Telium, plural telia, are structures produced by rust fungi as part of the reproductive cycle. They are typically yellow or orange drying to brown or black and are exclusively a mechanism for the release of teliospores which are released by wind or water to infect the alternate host
A host is a person responsible for guests at an event or for providing hospitality during it.
Host may also refer to:
Places
* Host, Pennsylvania, a village in Berks County
People
*Jim Host (born 1937), American businessman
* Michel Host ...
in the rust life-cycle. The telial stage provides an overwintering strategy in the life cycle of a parasitic heteroecious
A heteroecious parasite is one that requires at least two hosts. The ''primary host'' is the host in which the parasite spends its adult life; the other is the ''secondary host''. Both hosts are required for the parasite to complete its life cycle ...
fungus by producing teliospores; this occurs on cedar trees. A primary aecial stage is spent parasitizing a separate host plant which is a precursor in the life cycle of heteroecious fungi. Teliospores are released from the telia in the spring. The spore
In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, f ...
s can spread many kilometers through the air, however most are spread near the host plant.
Host plants
There are a number of plants that can be infected by the telial stage. Therefore, the telial stage is considered a pathogen to those plants. A few specific plant pathogenic species are listed here with theirhosts
A host is a person responsible for guests at an event or for providing hospitality during it.
Host may also refer to:
Places
*Host, Pennsylvania, a village in Berks County
People
*Jim Host (born 1937), American businessman
*Michel Host ( ...
.
# '' Puccinia graminis'' or known commonly as black stem rust. It infects many different cereal crops.
# '' Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae''. It infects the eastern red cedar. This is shown to the right.
# ''Gymnosporangium sabinae
''Gymnosporangium sabinae'' (also ''Gymnosporangium fuscum'' and other names) (pear rust, European pear rust, or pear trellis rust) is a fungal heteroecious plant pathogen with ''Juniperus'' (juniper trees and shrubs) as the primary ( telial) ho ...
''. It infects pear trees.
Gymnosporangium sabinae
''Gymnosporangium sabinae'' (also ''Gymnosporangium fuscum'' and other names) (pear rust, European pear rust, or pear trellis rust) is a fungal heteroecious plant pathogen with ''Juniperus'' (juniper trees and shrubs) as the primary ( telial) ho ...
'' on a pear tree leaf.
Spore stages
The life cycle of rust fungi can have up to five different spore stages and can get quite complex.Schumann, G.L. et al. 2010. Essential Plant Pathology. American Phytopathological Society. Second Edition. St. Paul. pp. 43–44 These stages are: * Stage 0: Pycniospores * Stage I: Aeciospores * Stage II: Urediniospores * Stage III: Teliospores * Stage IV: BasidiosporesReferences