Tauya (also Inafosa) is a Rai Coast language spoken in the Ramu River valley,

Madang Province Madang is a province of Papua New Guinea. The province is on the northern coast of mainland Papua New Guinea and has many of the country's highest peaks, active volcanoes and its biggest mix of languages. The capital is the town of Madang. D ...

Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ho, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country i ...

by approximately 350 people. The Linguistics Department at the

University of Manitoba The University of Manitoba (U of M, UManitoba, or UM) is a Canadian public research university in the province of Manitoba.Winnipeg Winnipeg () is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada. It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers, near the longitudinal centre of North America. , Winnipeg had a city population of 749,6 ...

Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by tot ...

, has Tauya language resources.

Classification

Tauya is closely genetically related to the

Biyom Language Biyom is a Rai Coast language spoken in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bil ...

and is grouped with Tauya in the Rai Coast subgroup. The two languages relate although Biyom is spoken higher up the mountains as they border close to each other and have been found to have some similarities in diction such as the word ''kaŋgora'' meaning initiate which was directly borrowed from the Biyom Language. From this it is known that the two languages have had frequent communication as well as intermarriage between the societies.

Phonology

Consonants

In Tauya, four of the consonants ''r, k, kʷ,ʔʷ'' have restrictions to specific parts of word structure. ''r'' occurs in the word-medial position of words in the language and ''k, kʷ'' occur mostly in the word-initial position. ''ʔʷ'' is restricted to the morpheme- initial position.

Vowels

Tauya has five vowels similar to most languages in Papua New Guinea. ''e'' vowel follows many linguistic rules of increasing argument from a lesser clause to a main one. The vowel may change in sound to a sound that is near by, and rounds the lips when in a word. # ''yate -> yati'' #* go Tauya allows for the

diphthong A diphthong ( ; , ), also known as a gliding vowel, is a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable. Technically, a diphthong is a vowel with two different targets: that is, the tongue (and/or other parts of the speech o ...

s ''ai, au, ae, ao, ou, oi'' (although ''oi'' is rare).

Grammar

Typology

Tauya is considered a SOV order language as sentences end strictly with a verb. # ''Niʔisana safe-ra sai ni-pe-i-na'' #* Long ago ancestor snake eat #* Long ago the ancestors ate snakes #''Ai ne-pi-ʔa-ra pofa oʔo ʔamai-oʔonou-te-i-na...'' #*Sibling firewood pick up-collect get #*All of her older sisters picked up and collected firewood... Some exceptions do exist as some are derivative to the SOV and use the verb to carry the meaning. # ''Pu-pa pu-pa yate ʔatou-ti-a-na...'' #* Run run go arrive #* He ran and ran and went and arrived... The Tauya language is a suffixing one and in arguments it is verb agreement is primarily used and

case marking A grammatical case is a category of nouns and noun modifiers (determiners, adjectives, participles, and numerals), which corresponds to one or more potential grammatical functions for a nominal group in a wording. In various languages, nomina ...

is secondarily used. Verb agreement is used to mark singular or plural in

arguments An argument is a statement or group of statements called premises intended to determine the degree of truth or acceptability of another statement called conclusion. Arguments can be studied from three main perspectives: the logical, the dialectic ...

. Medial verbs are used to mark subject of a medial clause that is different or the same from verbs in a clause with a relationship to a following clause.

Syllables

Tauya syllable structure consists of an onset consonant of (C)V(V). In plural forms of personal pronouns consonants are the final in morphemes, these ones all have a consonant ending of ''n'' as seen in ''sen''. The use of consonant in the ending word is followed by a vowel initial in transitive verbs, impersonal verbs and inalienable nouns. Using them to mark objects, experiencers, and possessors inflecting with ~pi suffix.

Nouns

Consist of personal pronouns, deictic pronouns and full nouns as classes of nouns. # These are determined as classes based on suffixing as personal pronouns within Tauya language with ''~na,'' emphatic, ''~nasi,'' restrictive'','' and ''~ʔunama,'' too. Deictic pronouns do not use these but full nouns are marked as an inflected pronoun. # Tauya uses 5 dependent locative roots ''afa~,'' above'', pise~,'' uphill'', ofe~,'' below'', tofe~,'' downhill'','' and ''ma~'' are combined with deictic pronouns; but do not work with personal pronouns and full nouns.

Personal pronouns

Differentiated by person and only two numbers occurring in various cases, such as the unmarked absolutive case. Using third person singular, ''ne'' personal pronouns can occur with proclitics on transitive or impersonal verbs for marking objects or experiencers and inalienable nouns for possessors. Third person singular is used independently while in inalienable nouns third person objects, experiencers, and possessors are unmarked.

References

External links

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tauya Language Rai Coast languages Languages of Madang Province