The term target–action
design paradigm
A design is a plan or specification for the construction of an object or system or for the implementation of an activity or process or the result of that plan or specification in the form of a prototype, product, or process. The verb ''to design'' ...
refers to a kind of
software architecture, where a
computer program is divided into
objects
Object may refer to:
General meanings
* Object (philosophy), a thing, being, or concept
** Object (abstract), an object which does not exist at any particular time or place
** Physical object, an identifiable collection of matter
* Goal, an ...
which dynamically establish relationships by telling each other which object they should target and what action or message to send to that target when an event occurs. This is especially useful when implementing
graphical user interfaces, which are by nature
event-driven.
Advantages
The target–action approach to event-driven systems allows far more dynamism when compared to other, more static approaches, such as by
subclassing. That is because subclassing is a relatively stiff way to program: a programmer must lay out the internal interconnection logic of a program at design time and this cannot be changed later, unless the program is stopped, reengineered, and rebuilt. On the other hand, target-action based programming can change these completely at
run-time, thus allowing the program to create new interrelationships and novel behavior by itself.
A prime example of this approach is the
OpenStep API, which partly thanks to being based on the dynamic
Objective-C language, has much of its graphical user interface implemented by using the target-action paradigm. Consider the following example, written in Objective-C:
utton setTarget: self
utton setAction: @selector(doSomething)
Now when the
button identified by the
variable
Variable may refer to:
* Variable (computer science), a symbolic name associated with a value and whose associated value may be changed
* Variable (mathematics), a symbol that represents a quantity in a mathematical expression, as used in many ...
is pressed, the runtime system will try to send a message named to the object in which this code has been invoked. It is also very well possible to determine the message to be sent at run-time:
utton setTarget: self
utton setAction: NSSelectorFromString([textField stringValue">extField_stringValue.html" ;"title="utton setAction: NSSelectorFromString(
utton setAction: NSSelectorFromString([textField stringValue
Here the message which is to be sent is determined by consulting a textbox">text field
type=search
placeholder=An example text box, which can be used to search the English Wikipedia.
A text box (input box), text field or text entry box is a control element of a graphical user interface, that should enable the user to input ...
's string value (the string of text which the user typed into a text field). This string is afterwards converted into a message (using the NSSelectorFromString function (computing)">function) and passed to the button as its action. This is possible because, under Objective-C, methods are represented by a selector, a simple string describing the method to be called. When a message is sent, the selector is sent into the ObjC runtime, matched against a list of available methods, and the method's implementation is called. The implementation of the method is looked up at runtime, not compile time.
Because of the extreme dynamism and freedom of behavior given to programs designed with the target-action paradigm, it can happen that the program designer incorrectly implements a part of the interconnection logic and this can lead to sometimes hard to trace bugs. This is due to the lack of compile-time control provided by the compiler which cannot see the interconnections. Thus interconnection consistency control is left entirely to the programmer.
The result of an incorrectly connected target-action binding can differ based on how the particular system in which the program is implemented regards this:
* it can ignore the condition and perform nothing (such as in the button example above – if the target of a button doesn't respond to its action message, pushing the button simply does nothing)
* it can consider such a state to be a
– an operating system by NeXT Software Inc. (now