Taraxippus (insect)

In Greek mythology, the Taraxippus (plural: ''taraxippoi'', "horse disturber", Latin ''equorum conturbator'') was a presence, variously identified as a ghost or dangerous site, blamed for frightening horses at hippodromes throughout Greece. Some ''taraxippoi'' were associated with the Greek hero cults or with Poseidon in his aspect as a god of horses ( grc, Ποσειδῶν ῐ̔́πποs) who brought about the death of Hippolytus. Pausanias, the ancient source offering the greatest number of explanations, regards it as an epithet rather than a single entity.

Origin

The most notorious of the ''taraxippoi'' was the ''Taraxippos Olympios'' at Olympia. Pausanias describes the site:

Horse- and chariot-races were a part of funeral games from the Homeric era. The use of a hero's tomb or an altar as the turning-post of a racetrack originates in rituals for the dead. In the ''Iliad,'' Achilles kills Hector in retribution for the death of his friend Patroclus, then drives his chariot around the funeral pyre three times, dragging the Trojan prince's body. This magical encircling may originally have been a binding propitiation of the dead, to assure their successful passage into the afterlife and keep them from returning.

The horse had been established as a funerary animal by the Archaic era. Commemorative art in Greece, the Etruscan civilization and ancient Rome often depicts a chariot scene or the deceased riding a horse into the afterlife. The design of the turning posts ''(metae)'' on a Roman race course was derived from Etruscan funeral monuments, and the far turn of the Circus Maximus skirted an underground altar used for the Consualia festival at which "Equestrian Neptune" (the Roman equivalent of Poseidon Hippos, {{lang, grc, Ποσειδῶν ῐ̔́πποs) was honored. The turn of a racetrack is the most likely spot for a crash, and so the natural dangers of a sharp curve combined with the sacral aura of a tomb or other religious site led to a belief in a supernatural presence. Race horses were often adorned with good-luck charms or amulets to ward off malevolence.

Examples

Some said the source of terror at Olympia was the ghost of Oenomaus, harming chariot racers as he had harmed suitors of Hippodamia. Others say it was a tomb of Myrtilus, who caused the death of Oenomaus. Others said it was the tomb of an Earth-born giant, Ischenus.

At the Isthmian Games, the ''Taraxippos Isthmios'' was the ghost of Glaucus of Pontiae, who was torn apart by his own horses. The ''Taraxippos Nemeios'' caused horses to panic during the Nemean Games: "At Nemea of the Argives there was no hero who harmed the horses, but above the turning-point of the chariots rose a rock, red in color, and the flash from it terrified the horses, just as though it had been fire."

The comic playwright Aristophanes makes a joke in ''The Knights'' calling Cleon ''Taraxippostratus'', "Disturber of the Horse Troops."Aristophanes, ''Knights'' 247; Lowell Edmunds, ''Cleon, ''Knights'' and Aristophanes' Politics'' (University Press of America, 1987), p. 5.

References

Further reading

* Monica Visintin, "Il misterioso Taraxippos," in ''La Vergine E L'Eroe: Temesa E La Leggenda Di Euthymos Di Locri'' (Edipuglia,1992), pp. 91–9
(in Italian)

Horse behavior
Greek legendary creatures
Ancient Olympia
Ancient Greek religion
Greek ghosts