The Tappan Zee Bridge, officially named the Governor Mario M. Cuomo Bridge, is a twin
cable-stayed bridge
A cable-stayed bridge has one or more ''towers'' (or ''pylons''), from which cables support the bridge deck. A distinctive feature are the cables or stays, which run directly from the tower to the deck, normally forming a fan-like pattern o ...
spanning the
Hudson River
The Hudson River is a river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern New York. It originates in the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York and flows southward through the Hudson Valley to the New York Harbor between N ...
between
Tarrytown
Tarrytown is a village in the town of Greenburgh in Westchester County, New York. It is located on the eastern bank of the Hudson River, approximately north of Midtown Manhattan in New York City, and is served by a stop on the Metro-North Hu ...
and
Nyack in the U.S. state of
New York
New York most commonly refers to:
* New York City, the most populous city in the United States, located in the state of New York
* New York (state), a state in the northeastern United States
New York may also refer to:
Film and television
* '' ...
. It was built to replace the
original Tappan Zee Bridge, which was located just to the south. The new bridge's north span carries the northbound and westbound automobile traffic of the
New York State Thruway
{{Infobox road
, state = NY
, type = NYST
, alternate_name = Governor Thomas E. Dewey Thruway
, maint = NYSTA
, map = {{maplink, frame=yes, plain=yes, frame-align=center, frame-width=290, type=line, stroke-width=2, type2=line, from2=New Yor ...
,
Interstate 87 (I-87) and
I-287; it also carries a
shared use path
A shared-use path, mixed-use path or multi-use pathway is a path which is 'designed to accommodate the movement of pedestrians and cyclists'. Examples of shared-use paths include sidewalks designated as shared-use, bridleways and rail trails. A ...
for bicycles and pedestrians. The south span carries southbound and eastbound automobile traffic.
The process to replace the original bridge kicked off in 2012, with construction on the new spans beginning by contractor Tappan Zee Constructors in 2013. The ''
Left Coast Lifter
''Left Coast Lifter'' is a floating derrick barge or sheerleg which was built to assist in the eastern span replacement of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge. The barge carries a shear legs crane which is the largest barge crane ever used ...
'' (one of the world's biggest cranes) was instrumental in the construction of the bridge. The north span officially opened to westbound traffic on August 26, 2017, and eastbound traffic temporarily began using the north span on October 6, 2017. Contractors then began demolishing the old bridge. An opening ceremony for the south span was held on September 7, 2018, and traffic started using the new span three days later.
The bridge's official name, commemorating former New York Governor
Mario Cuomo
Mario Matthew Cuomo (, ; June 15, 1932 – January 1, 2015) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 52nd governor of New York for three terms, from 1983 to 1994. A member of the Democratic Party, Cuomo previously served as t ...
, has been controversial since its announcement. A petition and several pieces of proposed legislation have sought to restore the bridge's name to that of its predecessor.
History
The
Tappan Zee
The Tappan Zee (; also Tappan Sea or Tappaan Zee) is a natural widening of the Hudson River, about across at its widest, in southeastern New York. It stretches about along the boundary between Rockland and Westchester counties, downstream fr ...
river crossing was named by 17th century
Dutch
Dutch commonly refers to:
* Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands
* Dutch people ()
* Dutch language ()
Dutch may also refer to:
Places
* Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States
* Pennsylvania Dutch Country
People E ...
settlers. The Tappan Zee Bridge is the only crossing of the Hudson between
Westchester and
Rockland counties. The
original Tappan Zee Bridge was a
cantilever bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using structures that project horizontally into space, supported on only one end (called cantilevers). For small footbridges, the cantilevers may be simple beam (structure), beams; however, large cantilever ...
built from 1952 to 1955. The bridge was long and spanned the Hudson at its second-widest point. It was the longest bridge in New York State, at a length of including approaches. Built immediately after the
Korean War
, date = {{Ubl, 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953 (''de facto'')({{Age in years, months, weeks and days, month1=6, day1=25, year1=1950, month2=7, day2=27, year2=1953), 25 June 1950 – present (''de jure'')({{Age in years, months, weeks a ...
, the bridge had a low
construction
Construction is a general term meaning the art and science to form objects, systems, or organizations,"Construction" def. 1.a. 1.b. and 1.c. ''Oxford English Dictionary'' Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) Oxford University Press 2009 and com ...
budget of only $81 million and a designed life-span of only 50 years.
During its first decade, the bridge carried fewer than 40,000 vehicles per day.
Planning
By the start of the 21st century, the old Tappan Zee Bridge was "decaying" and "overburdened".
The deteriorating structure bore an average of 140,000 vehicles per day, substantially more traffic than its designed capacity.
The
collapse of Minnesota's I-35W Mississippi River bridge in 2007 raised worries about the Tappan Zee Bridge's structural integrity. These concerns, together with traffic overcapacity and increased maintenance costs, escalated the serious discussions already ongoing about replacing the Tappan Zee with a
tunnel
A tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through surrounding soil, earth or rock, and enclosed except for the entrance and exit, commonly at each end. A pipeline is not a tunnel, though some recent tunnels have used immersed tube cons ...
or a new bridge. Six options were identified and submitted for project study and environmental review.
![Tappan zee bridge-1](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Tappan_zee_bridge-1.jpg)
The
Federal Highway Administration
The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is a division of the United States Department of Transportation that specializes in highway transportation. The agency's major activities are grouped into two programs, the Federal-aid Highway Program a ...
issued a report in October 2011 designating the Tappan Zee's replacement to be a dual-
span
Span may refer to:
Science, technology and engineering
* Span (unit), the width of a human hand
* Span (engineering), a section between two intermediate supports
* Wingspan, the distance between the wingtips of a bird or aircraft
* Sorbitan ester ...
twin bridge. The new bridge was to be built a few yards to the north of the existing bridge, connecting to the existing
highway
A highway is any public or private road or other public way on land. It is used for major roads, but also includes other public roads and public tracks. In some areas of the United States, it is used as an equivalent term to controlled-access ...
approaches of the New York State Thruway (I-87/I-287) on both river banks.
The New York State Thruway Authority requested design proposals from four companies in 2012 and eventually received three project proposals.
The authority awarded a $3.142 billion contract to Tappan Zee Constructors (TZC), whose proposal was not only the least expensive but also promised the shortest construction timeline and included plans to minimize environmental impact.
Originally, some motorists thought that bridge tolls could more than double (to $12-$15 for automobiles, eastbound only), rising to those of New York City's Hudson River crossings.
However, the state passed legislation freezing the toll on the bridge at $5 through 2020 in its 2016 legislative session.
The new Tappan Zee Bridge was proposed to include four vehicle lanes on each span, for a total of eight lanes, as well as a shared-use bicycle and pedestrian path. Like its predecessor, the new Tappan Zee Bridge is to be administered by the
New York State Thruway Authority
The New York State Thruway Authority (NYSTA) is a public benefit corporation in New York State, United States. The NYSTA was formed in 1950 with the responsibility of constructing, maintaining, and operating the New York State Thruway, a syste ...
. The authority is the project co-sponsor, along with the state
Department of Transportation.
[
]
Construction
The New York Metropolitan Transportation Council The New York Metropolitan Transportation Council (NYMTC) is the metropolitan planning organization for New York City, Long Island, and the lower Hudson Valley ( Putnam, Rockland, and Westchester counties). It is a federally mandated planning foru ...
added the Tappan Zee Bridge to its list of projects eligible for federal funds in August 2012. The United States Department of Transportation
The United States Department of Transportation (USDOT or DOT) is one of the executive departments of the U.S. federal government. It is headed by the secretary of transportation, who reports directly to the President of the United States and ...
approved the plan on September 25, 2012. The approval process took fewer than 10 months as opposed to the traditional multi-year process as a result of being placed on a "fast track" for approval by the Obama Administration
Barack Obama's tenure as the 44th president of the United States began with his first inauguration on January 20, 2009, and ended on January 20, 2017. A Democrat from Illinois, Obama took office following a decisive victory over Republican ...
. On December 17, 2012, New York state officials dropped their proposal for a 45 percent increase on the state Thruway toll for trucks, while advancing a $3.14 billion project to replace the bridge. The project was funded through a public-private partnership.
Construction began as scheduled in October 2013, with completion targeted for 2017. TZC, the contractor, was composed of several design, engineering, and construction firms including Fluor Corporation
Fluor Corporation is an American multinational engineering and construction firm headquartered in Irving, Texas. It is a holding company that provides services through its subsidiaries in the following areas: oil and gas, industrial and infrastru ...
, American Bridge Company
The American Bridge Company is a heavy/civil construction firm that specializes in building and renovating bridges and other large, complex structures. Founded in 1900, the company is headquartered in Coraopolis, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pitts ...
, Granite Construction Northeast and Traylor Bros. The Left Coast Lifter
''Left Coast Lifter'' is a floating derrick barge or sheerleg which was built to assist in the eastern span replacement of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge. The barge carries a shear legs crane which is the largest barge crane ever used ...
was used to install groups of pre-assembled girders one full span at a time. The contractors were obliged to finish the bridge by 2018, after which the state would fine the contractors around $100,000 per day.
By the end of 2013, General Electric had completed four seasons of dredging to remove contaminants from the river bottom. Approximately 70 percent of the sediments targeted for dredging were removed (totaling more than of sediment).
On July 19, 2016, a crane used for the construction of the bridge collapsed onto the existing older bridge. Five people were injured, including three drivers and two bridge workers; no one was killed or critically injured.
Completion
The project timeline originally indicated that the old bridge would be closed in 2016 and that the demolition of the old bridge would begin in February 2017. The new northbound/westbound span opened on August 26, 2017. Southbound/eastbound traffic remained on the existing span until October 6, 2017, when it was shifted to the new northbound/westbound span to allow for the completion of the new southbound/eastbound span. The northbound/westbound span of the new Tappan Zee Bridge temporarily carried four lanes in both directions until the new southbound/eastbound span was completed.
After some delays, the project was later expected to be completed by June 15, 2018, at a cost of $3.98 billion. However, the scheduled opening was later pushed back to mid-September. The new southbound/eastbound span was supposed to open to traffic on September 8, 2018. An opening ceremony was held on that date, but the traffic shift itself was delayed when a piece of the old bridge came loose on September 7 while being demolished. The opening of the eastbound span, which was away from the old bridge, was delayed until the old bridge could be stabilized. After the old bridge was stabilized, all lanes were opened on September 11, 2018.
The demolition of the old bridge started in November 2017 with the removal of the first steel section from the Rockland County approach. The work continued to April 2018 including the removal of the truss sections. In May 2018, the 10-million-pound main span was removed, leaving only the east and west approaches. The original plan was to complete the remaining demolition by taking down spans piece by piece in order to minimize the environmental impacts. However, when the instability of the eastern span was discovered in September 2018, it was decided to destroy it outright. The explosive demolition of the eastern approach took place on January 15, 2019, while the western approach was lowered onto a barge on May 12, 2019 and hauled away.
Structural problems
Reports of a coverup of structural problems emerged in December 2018. Dozens of bolts holding the steel girders together had failed, and some bolts broke more than a year after they had been tightened into the plates that hold the girders together. A presentation by a whistleblower included allegations that the bolts had broken due to hydrogen embrittlement
Hydrogen embrittlement (HE), also known as hydrogen-assisted cracking or hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC), is a reduction in the ductility of a metal due to absorbed hydrogen. Hydrogen atoms are small and can permeate solid metals. Once absorbed ...
, which weakened the metal. The number of failed bolts was abnormally high for a project the size of this bridge. Engineering experts warned that the structural problems could compound, causing the girders to fall and the bridge to collapse.
The issue was known as early as February 2016, when New York state officials had begun testing some bolts for breaks. The Attorney General of New York began investigating whether structural problems with the bridge had been covered up in 2017. According to a report in the ''Times Union'', the attorney general's office relied on other investigations of the bridge instead of conducting its own investigations, and the office did not treat the allegations as serious. Third-party consultant Alta Vista conducted its own study, concluding in late 2017 that hydrogen embrittlement was not the cause of the broken bolts.
In March 2021, some records relating to the case were unsealed. Following this, U.S. Representative Mondaire Jones
Mondaire L. Jones (born May 18, 1987) is an American lawyer and politician who was the U.S. representative for from 2021 to 2023. The district includes most of central and northwestern Westchester County and all of Rockland County. A member of ...
, whose district encompasses the bridge, and all Republican members of the New York State Assembly requested that the United States Department of Transportation
The United States Department of Transportation (USDOT or DOT) is one of the executive departments of the U.S. federal government. It is headed by the secretary of transportation, who reports directly to the President of the United States and ...
investigate the allegations of structural deficiencies. In response, the Federal Highway Administration
The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is a division of the United States Department of Transportation that specializes in highway transportation. The agency's major activities are grouped into two programs, the Federal-aid Highway Program a ...
issued a statement claiming it had "no safety concerns" with either of the Tappan Zee Bridge's spans. In a lawsuit filed that month, a whistleblower claimed that TZC had knowingly delivered many defective high-strength bolts and taken measures to hide evidence of the defects.
Description
The new Tappan Zee Bridge is composed of two cable-stayed decks and has a total length of . The main span of both decks is and is approached on either side by side spans. Each deck carries four lanes of traffic in one direction, plus inner and outer shoulders. The clearance below is . Upon completion, the new Tappan Zee Bridge became one of the widest cable-stayed bridges in the world, having a combined width across both decks of . The new spans equal the width of the relatively short-span, cable-stayed Leonard Zakim Bridge in Boston
Boston (), officially the City of Boston, is the state capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the United States. It is the 24th- mo ...
. Turkey's 3rd Bosphorus bridge, completed in 2016, has a single deck about wide. The new Tappan Zee Bridge is intended to last at least 100 years.
Each span contains four cable-stayed towers (two on each side of the Tappan Zee), with eight total across the length of the bridge. The towers are tall and lean five degrees outward from the vertical axis. The towers are constructed of open-box beams, with cross beams linking the towers below each deck. The towers support a total of 192 cable stays, which consist of of steel strands. The decks of each span are composed of precast concrete panels, connected underneath by "edge girders" running parallel to the edges of each deck, as well as floor beams running perpendicularly to the deck. The cable stays are anchored to the outer faces of the edge girders underneath each span. The bridge is supported by 1,250 girders, each measuring up to long and high. They are secured to splice plates by about 500 bolts.
Bicycle-pedestrian path
The north span has a bicycle and pedestrian path, which opened on June 15, 2020. This path connects the towns of Tarrytown
Tarrytown is a village in the town of Greenburgh in Westchester County, New York. It is located on the eastern bank of the Hudson River, approximately north of Midtown Manhattan in New York City, and is served by a stop on the Metro-North Hu ...
and South Nyack and measures 3.6 miles (5.8 km) in length. It has visitor centers at each end, named after the counties of Rockland and Westchester. Both of these contain restrooms, brochures, and interactive displays. The Westchester visitor center also has vendors that operate daily. The path is split into two lanes with bikes on the east and pedestrians on the west. The path has six scenic overlooks known as "belvederes." Each belvedere is named after a local point of interest and provides Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi () is a family of wireless network protocols, based on the IEEE 802.11 family of standards, which are commonly used for local area networking of devices and Internet access, allowing nearby digital devices to exchange data by radio wave ...
, a seating area, bike racks (on most), informational kiosks, and trash cans. The path also contains LED displays for warning messages.
Lighting
The bridge is equipped with LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor Electronics, device that Light#Light sources, emits light when Electric current, current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing energy i ...
s for the roadways and structures. The lights can be changed to a variety of colors for decorative purposes on major holidays such as Memorial Day
Memorial Day (originally known as Decoration Day) is a federal holiday in the United States for mourning the U.S. military personnel who have fought and died while serving in the United States armed forces. It is observed on the last Monda ...
and Christmas
Christmas is an annual festival commemorating Nativity of Jesus, the birth of Jesus, Jesus Christ, observed primarily on December 25 as a religious and cultural celebration among billions of people Observance of Christmas by country, around t ...
, traditional dates such as Mother's Day
Mother's Day is a celebration honoring the mother of the family or individual, as well as motherhood, maternal bonds, and the influence of mothers in society. It is celebrated on different days in many parts of the world, most commonly in the ...
, Father's Day
Father's Day is a holiday of honoring fatherhood and paternal bonds, as well as the influence of fathers in society. In Catholic countries of Europe, it has been celebrated on 19 March as Saint Joseph's Day since the Middle Ages. In the United ...
and St. Patrick's Day, and special commemorations throughout the year. The lighting system reputedly has the ability to be synced to music, although it has yet to be demonstrated.
Tolls
The Tappan Zee Bridge charges tolls in the Westchester southbound/eastbound direction only. On weekdays, tolls are variable based on the New York State Thruway
{{Infobox road
, state = NY
, type = NYST
, alternate_name = Governor Thomas E. Dewey Thruway
, maint = NYSTA
, map = {{maplink, frame=yes, plain=yes, frame-align=center, frame-width=290, type=line, stroke-width=2, type2=line, from2=New Yor ...
's vehicle classification system and the time of day, and are collected using a cashless toll system. On weekends, each vehicle class pays a flat rate. E-ZPass users pay the lowest rate possible, the rate normally charged from 12:00 midnight to 6:14 a.m., while other users are charged using the highest rate possible, the rate normally charged from 7:00 a.m. to 8:59 a.m. Class 2L vehicles, which have a height of less than and contain two axles, pay a flat rate of $6.83 at all times, $5.25 with a New York-issued E-ZPass, or $6.04 with an out-of-state E-ZPass.[
* See also: ]
Public transportation
The Hudson Link BRT
BRT may refer to:
Transportation
* Block register territory, a method for dispatching trains
* British Rail Telecommunications
* Brookhaven Rail Terminal
* Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company, a former transit holding company in New York City
* Bro ...
runs the HO3, HO5, HO7, and HO7X across the bridge. In the summer months Hudson Link also runs free shuttle buses on the route of the HO7 bus. Responding to widespread concerns about the lack of new public transit services, bridge planners agreed only to build one "dedicated express bus
Public transport bus services are generally based on regular operation of transit buses along a route calling at agreed bus stops according to a published public transport timetable.
History of buses Origins
While there are indications ...
lane" in each direction for use during rush hour
A rush hour (American English, British English) or peak hour (Australian English) is a part of the day during which traffic congestion on roads and crowding on public transport is at its highest. Normally, this happens twice every weekday: on ...
. Construction on the new bridge's bus lanes finished in 2020, leaving one bus lane in each direction. The bridge was also structurally built for expansion with commuter rail at a later date. The existing Tarrytown station
Tarrytown station is a commuter rail stop on the Metro-North Railroad's Hudson Line, located in Tarrytown, New York. It is one of two express stations on that line south of Croton–Harmon, along with Ossining, that serve most trains, exclud ...
of the Metro-North Railroad
Metro-North Railroad , trading as MTA Metro-North Railroad, is a suburban commuter rail service run by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA), a New York State public benefit corporations, public authority of the U.S. state of New Yor ...
's Hudson Line is located about from the new bridge's eastern landing.
Naming
During construction, the project's website referred to the crossing as the "New NY Bridge". However, other sources referred to the crossing as the "New Tappan Zee Bridge".
Governor Andrew Cuomo
Andrew Mark Cuomo ( ; ; born December 6, 1957) is an American lawyer and politician who served as the 56th governor of New York from 2011 to 2021. A member of the Democratic Party, he was elected to the same position that his father, Mario Cuo ...
was successful in passing legislation to name the bridge after his late father, former Governor Mario Cuomo
Mario Matthew Cuomo (, ; June 15, 1932 – January 1, 2015) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 52nd governor of New York for three terms, from 1983 to 1994. A member of the Democratic Party, Cuomo previously served as t ...
, on June 29, 2017. This has been met with significant opposition from residents of nearby localities. Many, including the daughter of former New York Governor Malcolm Wilson (whose name was on the original Tappan Zee Bridge), were vocal in their opposition to the name. A Reclaim New York Initiative poll of Rockland and Westchester county residents found only 14.7% of respondents supported the new name. As of November 29, 2017, over 100,000 people had signed a Change.org petition called "Return the Cuomo Bridge its original name: The Tappan Zee. That bridge is our history." Despite the official name, "Tappan Zee Bridge" remains a common name for the structure.
On December 6, 2017, State Assemblyman Kevin Byrne, a Republican
Republican can refer to:
Political ideology
* An advocate of a republic, a type of government that is not a monarchy or dictatorship, and is usually associated with the rule of law.
** Republicanism, the ideology in support of republics or agains ...
from Mahopac
Mahopac ( or ) is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in the town of Carmel in Putnam County, New York, United States. Also known as Lake Mahopac, the exurb is located some north of New York City, on US Route 6 at the county's southern centr ...
in Putnam County, announced that he would introduce legislation to change the name of the bridge to the "Malcolm Wilson Tappan Zee Bridge". The old Tappan Zee Bridge had been named for Wilson from 1994 to October 2017. A compromise bill to rename the bridge the "Governor Mario M. Cuomo Tappan Zee Bridge" was later introduced and sponsored by both Senate Deputy Majority Leader John DeFrancisco
John A. DeFrancisco (born October 16, 1946) is an attorney and Republican politician who formerly represented District 50 in the New York State Senate from 1993 to 2018. Senate District 50 comprises Skaneateles, Pompey, Van Buren, most of Onon ...
, Republican of Upstate New York, as well as Assemblyman Byrne. On June 20, 2018, the State Senate voted 40–20 in favor of renaming the bridge. However, the effort failed after the Assembly's legislative session ended without the bill being put to a vote. After Cuomo's resignation in August 2021, another bill to change the official name to "Tappan Zee Bridge" was proposed in the New York state legislature.
See also
* List of fixed crossings of the Hudson River
* Public-private partnerships in the United States
Public-private partnerships (PPP or P3) are cooperative arrangements between two or more public and private sectors, typically of a long-term nature.Hodge, G. A and Greve, C. (2007), Public–Private Partnerships: An International Performance Rev ...
References
Further reading
*
External links
The New NY Bridge (official Tappan Zee Bridge replacement project site)
Tappan Zee Bridge/I-287 Environmental Review project site
(archived March 15, 2016)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tappan Zee Bridge (2017-present)
Bridges over the Hudson River
New York State Thruway Authority
Transportation in Rockland County, New York
Transportation in Westchester County, New York
Road bridges in New York (state)
Cable-stayed bridges in the United States
Tolled sections of Interstate Highways
Bridges completed in 2017
Bridges completed in 2018
2017 establishments in New York (state)
2018 establishments in New York (state)
Interstate 87 (New York)