''Taphrina'' is a

fungal A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from th ...

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

within the

Ascomycota Ascomycota is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, forms the subkingdom Dikarya. Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi or ascomycetes. It is the largest phylum of Fungi, with over 64,000 species. The def ...

that causes leaf and

catkin A catkin or ament is a slim, cylindrical flower cluster (a spike), with inconspicuous or no petals, usually wind-pollinated (anemophilous) but sometimes insect-pollinated (as in ''Salix''). They contain many, usually unisexual flowers, arranged cl ...

curl diseases and witch's brooms of certain flowering plants. One of the more commonly observed species causes peach

leaf curl Peach leaf curl is a plant disease characterized by distortion and coloration of leaves and is caused by the fungus ''Taphrina deformans'', which infects peach, nectarine, and almond trees. ''T. deformans'' is found in the United States, Europe, ...

. ''Taphrina'' typically grow as

yeast Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom. The first yeast originated hundreds of millions of years ago, and at least 1,500 species are currently recognized. They are estimated to constitut ...

s during one phase of their life cycles, then infect plant tissues in which typical

hyphae A hypha (; ) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium. Structure A hypha consists of one or ...

are formed, and ultimately they form a naked layer of

asci ASCI or Asci may refer to: * Advertising Standards Council of India * Asci, the plural of ascus, in fungal anatomy * Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative * American Society for Clinical Investigation * Argus Sour Crude Index * Association of ...

on the deformed, often brightly pigmented surfaces of their hosts. No discrete fruit body is formed outside of the

gall Galls (from the Latin , 'oak-apple') or ''cecidia'' (from the Greek , anything gushing out) are a kind of swelling growth on the external tissues of plants, fungi, or animals. Plant galls are abnormal outgrowths of plant tissues, similar to be ...

-like or blister-like tissues of the hosts. The asci form a layer lacking

paraphyses Paraphyses are erect sterile filament-like support structures occurring among the reproductive apparatuses of fungi, ferns, bryophytes and some thallophytes. The singular form of the word is paraphysis. In certain fungi, they are part of the fe ...

, and they lack

croziers A crosier or crozier (also known as a paterissa, pastoral staff, or bishop's staff) is a stylized staff that is a symbol of the governing office of a bishop or abbot and is carried by high-ranking prelates of Roman Catholic, Eastern Catholi ...

. The

ascospore An ascus (; ) is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced in ascomycete fungi. Each ascus usually contains eight ascospores (or octad), produced by meiosis followed, in most species, by a mitotic cell division. However, asci in some genera or s ...

s frequently bud into multiple yeast cells within the asci. Phylogenetically, ''Taphrina'' is a member of a

basal Basal or basilar is a term meaning ''base'', ''bottom'', or ''minimum''. Science * Basal (anatomy), an anatomical term of location for features associated with the base of an organism or structure * Basal (medicine), a minimal level that is nec ...

group within the Ascomycota, and type genus for the subphylum

Taphrinomycotina The Taphrinomycotina are one of three subdivisions constituting the Ascomycota (fungi that form their spores in a sac-like ascus) and is more or less synonymous with the slightly older invalid name Archiascomycetes (sometimes spelled Archaeascom ...

, the class

Taphrinomycetes The Taphrinomycetes are a class of ascomycete fungi belonging to the subdivision Taphrinomycotina. It includes the single order Taphrinales, which includes 2 families, 8 genera and 140 species In biology, a species is the basic unit of cl ...

, and order

Taphrinales The Taphrinomycetes are a class of ascomycete fungi belonging to the subdivision Taphrinomycotina. It includes the single order Taphrinales, which includes 2 families, 8 genera and 140 species In biology, a species is the basic unit of cl ...

Species

* ''

Taphrina alni ''Taphrina alni'' is a fungal plant pathogen that causes alder tongue gall, a chemically induced distortion of female alder catkins (''Alnus glutinosa'').Ellis, Hewett A. (2001). ''Cecidology''. Vol.16, No.1. p. 24.

'' (Berk. & Broome) Gjaerum * ''

Taphrina aurea ''Taphrina aurea'' is an ascomycete fungus that is a plant pathogen. It causes leaf blisters on poplar trees ''Populus'' is a genus of 25–30 species of deciduous flowering plants in the family Salicaceae, native to most of the Northern He ...

'' (Pers.) Fr. * ''

Taphrina betulina ''Taphrina betulina'' is a fungal plant pathogen that causes the gall, witches broom, which is a chemical infection of birch buds or the developing shoots, leading to a proliferation of growth. It was first described by Emil Rostrup in 1883 an ...

'' Rostr. * ''

Taphrina bullata ''Taphrina bullata'' is an ascomycete fungus that is a plant pathogen Plant pathology (also phytopathology) is the scientific study of diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiologic ...

'' (Berkeley) Tulasne * ''

Taphrina caerulescens ''Taphrina caerulescens'' is a species of fungus in the family Taphrinaceae. It is a pathogenic Ascomycete fungus that causes oak leaf blister disease on various species of oak trees (''Quercus'' spp.). The associated anamorph species is ''Lalari ...

'' (Desmaz. & Mont.) Tul. * ''

Taphrina coryli Taphrina coryli is an ascomycete fungus that is a plant pathogen Plant pathology (also phytopathology) is the scientific study of diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological fa ...

'' * ''

Taphrina deformans ''Taphrina deformans'' is a fungus and plant pathogen, and a causal agent of peach leaf curl. Peach trees infected with ''T. deformans'' will experience leaf puckering and distortion, acquiring a characteristic downward and inward curl. Leaves w ...

'' (Berk.) Tul. * ''

Taphrina entomospora ''Taphrina entomospora'' is a fungal plant pathogen that infects the leaves of ''Nothofagus''. ''T. entomospora'' infection results in chlorosis and changes in parenchyma structure of the leaf causing premature senescence. The species was f ...

'' Thaxter * ''

Taphrina faulliana ''Taphrina'' is a fungus, fungal genus within the Ascomycota that causes leaf and catkin curl diseases and witch's brooms of certain flowering plants. One of the more commonly observed species causes peach leaf curl. ''Taphrina'' typically grow a ...

'' Mix * ''

Taphrina filicina ''Taphrina'' is a fungal genus within the Ascomycota that causes leaf and catkin curl diseases and witch's brooms of certain flowering plants. One of the more commonly observed species causes peach leaf curl. ''Taphrina'' typically grow as yeast ...

'' Rostr. * '' Taphrina hiratsukae'' Nishida * '' Taphrina johansonii'' Sadebeck * '' Taphrina maculans'' Butler * ''

Taphrina padi ''Taphrina padi'' is a fungal plant pathogen that induces the form of pocket plum gall that occurs on bird cherry (''Prunus padus''). The gall is a chemically induced distortion of the fruits, which are swollen, hollow, curved and greatly elonga ...

'' (Jacz.) Mix * '' Taphrina piri'' * '' Taphrina polystichi'' Mix * '' Taphrina populina'' (Fr. ex Fr.) Fr. * '' Taphrina potentillae'' (Farl.) Johans. * '' Taphrina pruni'' Tul. * '' Taphrina sadebeckii'' Johans. * '' Taphrina tosquinetii'' (WestendD.) Magnus * '' Taphrina ulmi'' (Fuckel) Johans. * ''

Taphrina wiesneri ''Taphrina wiesneri'' is a plant pathogen causing witch's broom, or plant gall formations, on cherry trees (''Prunus'' & '' Cerasus'' spp). It is an important pest species of the ornamental cherry '' Cerasus'' X ''yedoensis'' in Japan.Komatsu, ...

'' (Rathay) Mix

Footnotes

References

Broad leaf plant diseases in Canada (BC)- leaf spot example of TaphrinaThe Oregon Coalition of Interdisciplinary Databases: "Archiascomycetes: Early Diverging Ascomycetes"
# {{Taxonbar, from=Q141187 Taphrinomycetes Ascomycota genera Taxa named by Elias Magnus Fries Taxa described in 1815