courtesy name
A courtesy name (), also known as a style name, is a name bestowed upon one at adulthood in addition to one's given name. This practice is a tradition in the East Asian cultural sphere, including China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam.Ulrich Theobald ...
Three Kingdoms
The Three Kingdoms () from 220 to 280 AD was the tripartite division of China among the dynastic states of Cao Wei, Shu Han, and Eastern Wu. The Three Kingdoms period was preceded by the Han dynasty#Eastern Han, Eastern Han dynasty and wa ...
period and later for the
Jin dynasty (266–420)
The Jin dynasty (; ) or the Jin Empire, sometimes distinguished as the (司馬晉) or the (兩晉), was an imperial dynasty of China that existed from 266 to 420. It was founded by Sima Yan (Emperor Wu), eldest son of Sima Zhao, who had pr ...
. Tao Huang was most notable for his administration of Jiaozhou for more than twenty years, during the Eastern Wu and Western Jin eras. He was also responsible for Wu's victory against Jin in Jiao between 268 and 271, one of the few major victories Wu had over Jin in the final years of the Three Kingdoms.
Service in Eastern Wu
Tao Huang was from Moling County, Daling commandery. His father, Tao Ji (陶基) was once the Inspector of Jiaozhou and Tao Huang himself held a few posts in the Wu government.
In 263, the people of
Jiaozhi commandery
Jiaozhi (standard Chinese, pinyin: ''Jiāozhǐ''), or Giao Chỉ (Vietnamese), was a historical region ruled by various Chinese dynasties, corresponding to present-day northern Vietnam. The kingdom of Nanyue (204–111 BC) set up the Jiaozhi Co ...
in Jiaozhou led by Lü Xing (呂興) rebelled and killed the local administrators, Sun Xu (孫諝) and Deng Xun (鄧荀). The rebels aligned themselves with
and the situation deteriorated for Wu later that year, as Wei's conquest of Shu allowed them to annex Jiaozhi. In 268, relations between the Sima Jin Dynasty (which had replaced Wei in 266) and Wu broke down. The Wu emperor,
Sun Hao
Sun Hao (243 – January or February 284), courtesy name Yuanzong, originally named Sun Pengzu with the courtesy name Haozong, was the fourth and last emperor of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was the son ...
ordered his general Xiu Ze (修則) to invade Jin's territories in Jiaozhou but Xiu was killed by Jin's Grand Administrator of Jiaozhi, Yang Ji (楊稷). Tao Huang (then Administrator of Cangwu),
Xue Xu
Xue Xu (died 271) was an official and military general of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China.
Life
Xue Xu's ancestral home was in Zhuyi County (竹邑縣), Pei Commandery (沛郡), which is around present-day S ...
and
Yu Si
Yu Si (218 - 271), courtesy name Shihong, was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China.
Life
Yu Si was the fourth son of Yu Fan, an official who served under Sun Quan, the f ...
were sent to take his place in defending against Jin. At that point, the Jiaozhou commanderies of Jiuzhen (九真) and Rinan (日南) had been conquered by Jin.
Tao Huang faced Yang Ji at Fen River(分水) and was defeated along with having two of his subordinates killed in battle. This angered his superior, Xue Xu, who at that point was considering on abandoning the region as a whole. However, later one night, Tao Huang carried out a raid on one of the Jin generals, Dong Yuan (董元), and had much success, reversing their losses. Impressed with his recent victory, Xue Xu handed over his command of Wu's Jiaozhou over to Tao Huang. Soon, Tao Huang routed Dong Yuan again, capturing his treasury ships.
Tao Huang then used the loot from the captured ships to pay a powerful local from Fuyan (扶嚴), Liang Qi (梁奇), to aid him against Jin. He then used another portion of it to successfully bribe the brother of Dong Yuan's starred general, Xie Xi (解系). This led to Dong Yuan fearing that Xie Xi would betray him as well, and he had Xi executed. With the death of Xie Xi, Tao Huang and Xue Xu besieged the Jin forces in Jiaozhi and captured many of their generals, including Yang Ji. They were sent to Jianye where all of them were ordered to be executed by Sun Hao. Jiuzhen, Jizhen and Rinan followed suit and were back in Wu's hands. Although Jin had been completely defeated in Jiao, a Wu official in Jiuzhen, Li Zuo (李祚), rebelled and defected to Jin. Tao Huang attacked him and retook the commandery.
Tao Huang was made the Inspector of Jiaozhou for his merits during the campaign, succeeding Yu Si, who was also made Inspector of Jiaozhou, but presumably died soon after his appointment. As Inspector of Jiaozhou, Tao Huang pacified the local tribes in Wuping (武平), Jiude (九德), and Xinchang (新昌) and annexed their territories. Tao Huang was popular and beloved by the populace of Jiaozhou. On one occasion, he was appointed as Commander of
Wuchang
Wuchang forms part of the urban core of and is one of 13 urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Wuhan, the capital of Hubei Province, China. It is the oldest of the three cities that merged into modern-day Wuhan, and stood on the ri ...
and left the province. The people of Jiao were devastated and insisted on having Tao Huang to stay, so he was reappointed as administrator of the region.
In 279, Jin launched its conquest of Wu. Tao Huang was positioned far from the action and was fighting the rebel,
Guo Ma
Guo Ma ( 279) was a military general of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. In 279, Guo and his colleagues rebelled in Guangzhou following the death of their superior, Xiu Yun (修允 or 脩允). His rebellion later coincided with the ...
, in Guangzhou at the time, so he did not participate in the defence. Jianye capitulated in 280 and Sun Hao formally surrendered to the Jin forces. Sun wrote a letter to Tao Huang's son, Tao Rong (陶融) to ask his father to surrender. Upon hearing the news, Tao Huang mourned his state for days before replying to give his surrender.
Emperor Wu of Jin
Emperor Wu of Jin (; 236 – 16 May 290), personal name Sima Yan (), courtesy name Anshi (安世), was the grandson of Sima Yi, nephew of Sima Shi and son of Sima Zhao. He became the first emperor of the Jin dynasty after forcing Cao Huan, ...
allowed him to keep his existing positions while granting him promotions.
Service in the Jin Dynasty
Shortly after Wu's demise, Emperor Wu intended to reduce the number of troops in each province and commandery across the state. Tao Huang personally wrote a letter to the emperor to exclude Jiaozhou from this policy. His reasoning were that Jiaozhou was too far from the capital in
Luoyang
Luoyang is a city located in the confluence area of Luo River (Henan), Luo River and Yellow River in the west of Henan province. Governed as a prefecture-level city, it borders the provincial capital of Zhengzhou to the east, Pingdingshan to the ...
, and the harsh terrains meant that a rebellion by the locals or officials would be hard to put down. He also pointed out the imminent threat of the independent commanderies around the area and his previous encounters with the
Cham
Cham or CHAM may refer to:
Ethnicities and languages
*Chams, people in Vietnam and Cambodia
**Cham language, the language of the Cham people
***Cham script
***Cham (Unicode block), a block of Unicode characters of the Cham script
*Cham Albanian ...
kingdom of
Lâm Ấp
Lâm Ấp (Vietnamese pronunciation of Middle Chinese 林邑 *''liɪm ʔˠiɪp̚'', > standard Chinese: Linyi) was a kingdom located in central Vietnam that existed from around 192 AD to 629 AD in what is today central Vietnam, and was one of the ...
, led by their king
Phạm Hùng
Phạm Hùng (June 11, 1912 – March 10, 1988) was a Vietnamese politician and the 2nd Prime Minister of the Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam from 1987 to 1988.
Life
Phạm Hùng was born on June 11, 1912, in Vĩnh Long Pro ...
, and their ally,
Funan
Funan (; km, ហ៊្វូណន, ; vi, Phù Nam, Chữ Hán: ) was the name given by Chinese cartographers, geographers and writers to an ancient Indianized state—or, rather a loose network of states ''(Mandala)''—located in mainla ...
. In the same letter, Tao Huang also requested that taxes in Jiao be paid with pearls, which were the local people's general source of income, and that merchants were to be allowed to trade in the region. Emperor Wu agreed and granted Tao's requests.(吳既平，普減州郡兵，璜上言曰：交土荒裔，鬥絕一方，或重譯而言，連帶山海。又南郡去州海行千有餘里，外距林邑才七百里。夷帥范熊世為逋寇，自稱為王，數攻百姓。且連接扶南，種類猥多，朋黨相倚，負險不賓。往隸吳時，數作寇逆，攻破郡縣，殺害長吏。臣以尪駑，昔為故國所采，偏戍在南，十有餘年。雖前後征討，翦其魁桀，深山僻穴，尚有逋竄。又臣所統之卒本七千餘人，南土溫濕，多有氣毒，加累年征討，死亡減耗，其見在者二千四百二十人。今四海混同，無思不服，當卷甲清刃，禮樂是務。而此州之人，識義者寡，厭其安樂，好為禍亂。又廣州南岸，周旋六千餘里，不賓屬者乃五萬餘戶，及桂林不羈之輩，復當萬戶。至於服從官役，才五千餘家。二州脣齒，唯兵是鎮。又甯州興古接據上流，去交址郡千六百里，水陸並通，互相維衛。州兵未宜約損，以示單虛。夫風塵之變，出於非常。臣亡國之餘，議不足采，聖恩廣厚，猥垂飾擢，蠲其罪釁，改授方任，去辱即寵，拭目更視，誓念投命，以報所受，臨履所見，謹冒瞽陳。又以「合浦郡土地磽確，無有田農，百姓唯以采珠為業，商賈去來，以珠貿米。而吳時珠禁甚嚴，慮百姓私散好珠，禁絕來去，人以饑困。又所調猥多，限每不充。今請上珠三分輸二，次者輸一，粗者蠲除。自十月訖二月，非采上珠之時，聽商旅往來如舊」。並從之。) Book of Jin, Volume 57
Tao Huang governed Jiaozhou for another 10 years before passing away in 290. It is said that the people of the province mourned his death greatly. He was posthumously named as "Marquis Lie (烈侯)". He was succeeded by Wu Yan, also a former official of Wu.
Book of Jin
The ''Book of Jin'' is an official Chinese historical text covering the history of the Jin dynasty from 266 to 420. It was compiled in 648 by a number of officials commissioned by the imperial court of the Tang dynasty, with chancellor Fang X ...
Zizhi Tongjian
''Zizhi Tongjian'' () is a pioneering reference work in Chinese historiography, published in 1084 AD during the Northern Song dynasty in the form of a chronicle recording Chinese history from 403 BC to 959 AD, covering 16 dynast ...