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A tankard is a form of drinkware consisting of a large, roughly cylindrical, drinking cup with a single handle. Tankards are usually made of
silver Silver is a chemical element with the Symbol (chemistry), symbol Ag (from the Latin ', derived from the Proto-Indo-European wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂erǵ-, ''h₂erǵ'': "shiny" or "white") and atomic number 47. A soft, whi ...
or
pewter Pewter () is a malleable metal alloy consisting of tin (85–99%), antimony (approximately 5–10%), copper (2%), bismuth, and sometimes silver. Copper and antimony (and in antiquity lead) act as hardeners, but lead may be used in lower grades of ...
, but can be made of other materials, for example
wood Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It is an organic materiala natural composite of cellulose fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin th ...
,
ceramic A ceramic is any of the various hard, brittle, heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant materials made by shaping and then firing an inorganic, nonmetallic material, such as clay, at a high temperature. Common examples are earthenware, porcelain ...
, or
leather Leather is a strong, flexible and durable material obtained from the tanning, or chemical treatment, of animal skins and hides to prevent decay. The most common leathers come from cattle, sheep, goats, equine animals, buffalo, pigs and hogs, ...
. A tankard may have a hinged
lid A lid, also known as a cover, is part of a container, and serves as the closure or seal, usually one that completely closes the object. Lids can be placed on small containers such as tubs as well as larger lids for open-head pails and drums. S ...
, and tankards featuring glass bottoms are also fairly common. Tankards are shaped and used similarly to
beer stein A beer stein ( ), or simply stein, is either a traditional beer mug made out of stoneware or specifically an ornamental beer mug sold as a souvenir or collectible. An 1894 article on beer mugs in the American ''Vogue'' magazine that describes ...
s.


Wooden tankards

The word "tankard" originally meant any wooden vessel (13th century) and later came to mean a drinking vessel. The earliest tankards were made of wooden staves, similar to a
barrel A barrel or cask is a hollow cylindrical container with a bulging center, longer than it is wide. They are traditionally made of wooden staves and bound by wooden or metal hoops. The word vat is often used for large containers for liquids, ...
, and did not have lids. A 2000-year-old wooden tankard of approximately four-pint capacity has been unearthed in Wales.


Glass bottoms

Metal tankards often come with a glass bottom. The legend is that the glass-bottomed tankard was developed as a way of refusing the
King's shilling The King's shilling, sometimes called the Queen's shilling when the Sovereign is female, is a historical slang term referring to the earnest payment of one shilling given to recruits to the Armed forces of the United Kingdom in the 18th, 19th and ...
, i.e., conscription into the British Army or Navy. The drinker could see the coin in the bottom of the glass and refuse the drink, thereby avoiding conscription. However, this is likely a myth since the Navy could
press Press may refer to: Media * Print media or news media, commonly called "the press" * Printing press, commonly called "the press" * Press (newspaper), a list of newspapers * Press TV, an Iranian television network People * Press (surname), a fam ...
by force, rendering deception unnecessary. In a bar fight, the first punch was thrown while the recipient had the tankard raised to his mouth; another legend has it that the glass bottom was implemented to see the attack coming. A further story is that the glass bottom merely allowed the drinker to judge the clarity of their drink while forgoing the expense of a fragile pint glass. Glass bottoms are sometimes
retrofitted Retrofitting is the addition of new technology or features to older systems. Retrofits can happen for a number of reasons, for example with big capital expenditures like naval vessels, military equipment or manufacturing plants, businesses or go ...
to antique tankards, reducing their value and authenticity.


Conversions

Covered tankards fell out of fashion in 19th century England resulting in a number of them being converted to other roles such as jugs.


Modern tankards

Metal and ceramic tankards are still manufactured but are regarded as specialty or novelty items. Modern metal tankards are often engraved to commemorate some occasion. Glass tankards—that is, straight-sided or inward-sloping glass vessels with strap handles—are still in everyday use.


Lead leaching from pewter

In previous centuries, the
pewter Pewter () is a malleable metal alloy consisting of tin (85–99%), antimony (approximately 5–10%), copper (2%), bismuth, and sometimes silver. Copper and antimony (and in antiquity lead) act as hardeners, but lead may be used in lower grades of ...
used to make tankards often contained
lead Lead is a chemical element with the symbol Pb (from the Latin ) and atomic number 82. It is a heavy metal that is denser than most common materials. Lead is soft and malleable, and also has a relatively low melting point. When freshly cu ...
, which exposed the drinker to medical effects, ranging from heavy metal poisoning to
gout Gout ( ) is a form of inflammatory arthritis characterized by recurrent attacks of a red, tender, hot and swollen joint, caused by deposition of monosodium urate monohydrate crystals. Pain typically comes on rapidly, reaching maximal intensit ...
. This effect was exacerbated in
cider Cider ( ) is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermented juice of apples. Cider is widely available in the United Kingdom (particularly in the West Country) and the Republic of Ireland. The UK has the world's highest per capita consumption, ...
-drinking areas—such as Somerset, UK—as the acidity of the cider leached the lead from the pewter more quickly.
Clay Clay is a type of fine-grained natural soil material containing clay minerals (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g. kaolin, Al2 Si2 O5( OH)4). Clays develop plasticity when wet, due to a molecular film of water surrounding the clay par ...
tankards became prevalent in this area. Pewter is now widely lead-free.


In popular culture

A 1970s TV advertising campaign for
Whitbread Whitbread plc is a multinational British hotel and restaurant company headquartered in Houghton Regis, England. The business was founded as a brewery in 1742, and had become the largest brewery in the world by the 1780s. Its largest division ...
beer features a
pub landlord A landlord is the owner of a house, apartment, condominium, land, or real estate which is rented or leased to an individual or business, who is called a tenant (also a ''lessee'' or ''renter''). When a juristic person is in this position, th ...
spinning a
tall tale A tall tale is a story with unbelievable elements, related as if it were true and factual. Some tall tales are exaggerations of actual events, for example fish stories ("the fish that got away") such as, "That fish was so big, why I tell ya', it n ...
to an American tourist, who suspiciously asks: "Are you ''really'' Lord Tankard?"A Allotment and Vegetable Gardening
/ref>


Gallery

File:Terracotta tankard MET DP121207.jpg, A white
slipware Slipware is pottery identified by its primary decorating process where slip is placed onto the leather-hard (semi-hardened) clay body surface before firing by dipping, painting or splashing. Slip is an aqueous suspension of a clay body, which ...
tankard from
Cyprus Cyprus ; tr, Kıbrıs (), officially the Republic of Cyprus,, , lit: Republic of Cyprus is an island country located south of the Anatolian Peninsula in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Its continental position is disputed; while it is geo ...
, circa 1600–1150 B.C Image:Tankard2.jpg, Little ceramic tankard with lid Image:Pewter Tankard.jpg, Pewter tankard File:Stein Glass (Beer).svg, Modern glass stein or tankard Image:A NORWEGIAN BURR-BIRCH TANKARD.jpg, A 19th-century Norwegian burr-birch tankard. File:Honkajoki.vaakuna.svg, Wooden tankard in the coat of arms of
Honkajoki Honkajoki (''Hongonjoki'' until 1952) is a former municipality of Finland. It was merged with the town of Kankaanpää on 1 January 2021. It was located in the province of Western Finland and was part of the Satakunta region. The population of Ho ...


See also

*
Beer stein A beer stein ( ), or simply stein, is either a traditional beer mug made out of stoneware or specifically an ornamental beer mug sold as a souvenir or collectible. An 1894 article on beer mugs in the American ''Vogue'' magazine that describes ...
*
Häufebecher A ''häufebecher'' () is a stackable beaker, usually made of silver. They were well established in Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country i ...
*
Kronkåsa A kronkåsa ( sv, crown cup, plural ''kronkåsor'') is a form of elaborate drinking cup that was used during the Renaissance in Sweden. Description A kronkåsa is a drinking vessel where the handles are exaggeratedly long and elaborate, thus form ...
*
Maß ' (pronounced ) or ' ( Swiss spelling, elsewhere used for dialectal ) is the German word describing the amount of beer in a regulation mug, in modern times exactly . The same word is also often used as an abbreviation for ', the handled drinki ...


References


External links


An ancient Middle Eastern tankard at the British Museum
{{Glassware Drinkware Beer vessels and serving ca:Xop (atuell) it:Boccale