![Didrachm Phaistos obverse CdM](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Didrachm_Phaistos_obverse_CdM.jpg)
In
Greek mythology
A major branch of classical mythology, Greek mythology is the body of myths originally told by the Ancient Greece, ancient Greeks, and a genre of Ancient Greek folklore. These stories concern the Cosmogony, origin and Cosmology#Metaphysical co ...
, Talos — also spelled Talus (; el, Τάλως, ''Tálōs'') or Talon (; el, Τάλων, ''Tálōn'') — was a giant
automaton
An automaton (; plural: automata or automatons) is a relatively self-operating machine, or control mechanism designed to automatically follow a sequence of operations, or respond to predetermined instructions.Automaton – Definition and More ...
made of
bronze
Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12–12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals (including aluminium, manganese, nickel, or zinc) and sometimes non-metals, such as phosphorus, or metalloids such ...
to protect
Europa
Europa may refer to:
Places
* Europe
* Europa (Roman province), a province within the Diocese of Thrace
* Europa (Seville Metro), Seville, Spain; a station on the Seville Metro
* Europa City, Paris, France; a planned development
* Europa Cliff ...
in
Crete
Crete ( el, Κρήτη, translit=, Modern: , Ancient: ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, and ...
from pirates and invaders. He circled the island's shores three times daily.
Narrative
![Vaso di Talos particolare](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Vaso_di_Talos_particolare.JPG)
Talos is usually said to have been made by
Hephaestus
Hephaestus (; eight spellings; grc-gre, Ἥφαιστος, Hḗphaistos) is the Greek god of blacksmiths, metalworking, carpenters, craftsmen, artisans, sculptors, metallurgy, fire (compare, however, with Hestia), and volcanoes.Walter Burk ...
at the request of
Zeus
Zeus or , , ; grc, Δῐός, ''Diós'', label=Genitive case, genitive Aeolic Greek, Boeotian Aeolic and Doric Greek#Laconian, Laconian grc-dor, Δεύς, Deús ; grc, Δέος, ''Déos'', label=Genitive case, genitive el, Δίας, ''D ...
, to protect
Europa
Europa may refer to:
Places
* Europe
* Europa (Roman province), a province within the Diocese of Thrace
* Europa (Seville Metro), Seville, Spain; a station on the Seville Metro
* Europa City, Paris, France; a planned development
* Europa Cliff ...
from people who would want to kidnap her. (According to
B.A. Sparkes (1996),
[ "The most detailed treatment in literature is to be found in the '']Argonautica
The ''Argonautica'' ( el, Ἀργοναυτικά , translit=Argonautika) is a Greek epic poem written by Apollonius Rhodius in the 3rd century BC. The only surviving Hellenistic epic, the ''Argonautica'' tells the myth of the voyage of Jason a ...
'' rd century BC
Rd is an abbreviation for road.
RD or Rd may also refer to:
Arts and entertainment
* ''Real Drive'', an anime by Production I.G
* RD (group), a British girl group also known as Ruff Diamondz
* ''Rilindja Demokratike'', an Albanian newspaper
Bu ...
... however, we have detailed images of the episode, 150 years earlier, dated to around 400 BC."[ ])
According to (pseudo-)Apollodorus, however, there were three theories regarding Talos:
# Talos may have been a survivor from the Age of Bronze, a descendant of the brazen race () that sprang from ''meliae
In Greek mythology, the Meliae (also called Meliads) (; grc, Μελίαι, or , ) were usually considered to be the nymphs of the ash tree, whose name they shared.
Mythology
According to Hesiod, the Meliae (probably meaning all tree-nymphs) w ...
'' "ash-tree nymphs" according to ''Argonautica
The ''Argonautica'' ( el, Ἀργοναυτικά , translit=Argonautika) is a Greek epic poem written by Apollonius Rhodius in the 3rd century BC. The only surviving Hellenistic epic, the ''Argonautica'' tells the myth of the voyage of Jason a ...
'' (The conception that Hesiod
Hesiod (; grc-gre, Ἡσίοδος ''Hēsíodos'') was an ancient Greek poet generally thought to have been active between 750 and 650 BC, around the same time as Homer. He is generally regarded by western authors as 'the first written poet i ...
's men of the Age of Bronze were actually made of bronze is extended to men of the age of gold by Lucian
Lucian of Samosata, '; la, Lucianus Samosatensis ( 125 – after 180) was a Hellenized Syrian satirist, rhetorician and pamphleteer
Pamphleteer is a historical term for someone who creates or distributes pamphlets, unbound (and therefore ...
for humorous effect).
# Talos was a brass ''robot'' measuring 30m high, who was forged by the god Hephaestus and was given to Minos
In Greek mythology, Minos (; grc-gre, Μίνως, ) was a King of Crete, son of Zeus and Europa. Every nine years, he made King Aegeus pick seven young boys and seven young girls to be sent to Daedalus's creation, the labyrinth, to be eaten ...
to protect the island of Crete
Crete ( el, Κρήτη, translit=, Modern: , Ancient: ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, and ...
against the invaders. The island was 260 km long and Talos had to cover this distance 3 times a day.
# Talos was a brass ''bull'' who was forged by the god Hephaestus and was given to Minos
In Greek mythology, Minos (; grc-gre, Μίνως, ) was a King of Crete, son of Zeus and Europa. Every nine years, he made King Aegeus pick seven young boys and seven young girls to be sent to Daedalus's creation, the labyrinth, to be eaten ...
The pseudo-Platonic dialogue ''Minos'' rationalized the myth, thrice yearly showing at each village in turn the laws of Minos inscribed on brass tablets.
Talos had one vein, which went from his neck to his ankle, bound shut by only one bronze nail. The ''Argo
In Greek mythology the ''Argo'' (; in Greek: ) was a ship built with the help of the gods that Jason and the Argonauts sailed from Iolcos to Colchis to retrieve the Golden Fleece. The ship has gone on to be used as a motif in a variety of sour ...
'', transporting Jason
Jason ( ; ) was an ancient Greek mythological hero and leader of the Argonauts, whose quest for the Golden Fleece featured in Greek literature. He was the son of Aeson, the rightful king of Iolcos. He was married to the sorceress Medea. He w ...
and the Argonauts
The Argonauts (; Ancient Greek: ) were a band of heroes in Greek mythology, who in the years before the Trojan War (around 1300 BC) accompanied Jason to Colchis in his quest to find the Golden Fleece. Their name comes from their ship, '' Argo'', ...
, approached Crete after obtaining the Golden Fleece
In Greek mythology, the Golden Fleece ( el, Χρυσόμαλλον δέρας, ''Chrysómallon déras'') is the fleece of the golden-woolled,, ''Khrusómallos''. winged ram, Chrysomallos, that rescued Phrixus and brought him to Colchis, where P ...
. As guardian of the island, Talos kept the ''Argo'' at bay by hurling great boulders at it. According to (pseudo-)Apollodorus,[ Talos was slain when ]Medea
In Greek mythology, Medea (; grc, Μήδεια, ''Mēdeia'', perhaps implying "planner / schemer") is the daughter of King Aeëtes of Colchis, a niece of Circe and the granddaughter of the sun god Helios. Medea figures in the myth of Jason an ...
the sorceress either drove him mad with drugs, or deceived him into believing that she would make him immortal by removing the nail. In ''Argonautica'', Medea hypnotized him from the ''Argo'', driving him mad with the ''keres
In Greek mythology, the Keres (; Ancient Greek: Κῆρες), singular Ker (; Κήρ), were female death-spirits. They were the goddesses who personified violent death and who were drawn to bloody deaths on battlefields. Although they were pre ...
'' (female death-spirits) that she raised, so that he dislodged the nail, and "the ichor
In Greek mythology, ichor () is the ethereal fluid that is the blood of the gods and/or immortals. The Ancient Greek word () is of uncertain etymology, and has been suggested to be a foreign word.
In classical myth
Ichor originates in Greek my ...
ran out of him like molten lead", exsanguinating and killing him. Translator P. Green,[ notes that the ''Argonautica''s Talos story is somewhat reminiscent of the story of ]Achilles' heel
An Achilles' heel (or Achilles heel) is a weakness in spite of overall strength, which can lead to downfall. While the mythological origin refers to a physical vulnerability, idiomatic references to other attributes or qualities that can lead to ...
.
Variations and interpretations
In the Cretan dialect, ''talôs'' was the equivalent of the Greek ''hêlios'', the Sun: The lexicon of Hesychius of Alexandria
Hesychius of Alexandria ( grc, Ἡσύχιος ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς, Hēsýchios ho Alexandreús, lit=Hesychios the Alexandrian) was a Greek grammarian who, probably in the 5th or 6th century AD,E. Dickey, Ancient Greek Scholarship (2007) ...
notes simply "Talos is the Sun".:126 In Crete, Zeus was worshipped as ''Zeus Tallaios'', "Solar Zeus", absorbing the earlier god as an epithet
An epithet (, ), also byname, is a descriptive term (word or phrase) known for accompanying or occurring in place of a name and having entered common usage. It has various shades of meaning when applied to seemingly real or fictitious people, di ...
in the familiar sequence.
''"Zeus Tallaios"'' is discussed in Cook (1964).[ The god was identified with the ''Tallaia'', a spur of the Ida range in Crete. On a coin from Phaistos he is winged; in Greek vase-paintings and Etruscan bronze mirrors he is not.
The ideas of Talos vary widely, with one consistent detail: in Greek imagery outside Crete, Talos is always being vanquished.
He seems to have been an enigmatic figure to the Greeks themselves.
Talos is described by Greeks in two versions:
* In one version, Talos is a gift from Hephaestus to ]Minos
In Greek mythology, Minos (; grc-gre, Μίνως, ) was a King of Crete, son of Zeus and Europa. Every nine years, he made King Aegeus pick seven young boys and seven young girls to be sent to Daedalus's creation, the labyrinth, to be eaten ...
, forged with the aid of the Cyclopes
In Greek mythology and later Roman mythology, the Cyclopes ( ; el, Κύκλωπες, ''Kýklōpes'', "Circle-eyes" or "Round-eyes"; singular Cyclops ; , ''Kýklōps'') are giant one-eyed creatures. Three groups of Cyclopes can be distinguish ...
in the form of a bull
A bull is an intact (i.e., not castrated) adult male of the species ''Bos taurus'' (cattle). More muscular and aggressive than the females of the same species (i.e., cows), bulls have long been an important symbol in many religions,
includin ...
.[ this is the source of the later impression that Talos was an ]automaton
An automaton (; plural: automata or automatons) is a relatively self-operating machine, or control mechanism designed to automatically follow a sequence of operations, or respond to predetermined instructions.Automaton – Definition and More ...
.
* In the other version, Talos is a gift from Zeus to Europa.
Or he may have been the son of ''Kres
KRES (104.7 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a classic country music format. Licensed to Moberly, Missouri, United States, the station serves the Columbia, Missouri, area. The station is currently owned by Alpha Media, through licensee Alph ...
'', the personification of Crete;
in ''Argonautica'', Talos threw rocks at any approaching ship to protect his island. In the Byzantine
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinopl ...
encyclopedia called the ''Suda
The ''Suda'' or ''Souda'' (; grc-x-medieval, Σοῦδα, Soûda; la, Suidae Lexicon) is a large 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia of the ancient Mediterranean world, formerly attributed to an author called Soudas (Σούδας) or Souidas ...
'' (10th century), it is said that according to the Simonides of Keos
Simonides of Ceos (; grc-gre, Σιμωνίδης ὁ Κεῖος; c. 556–468 BC) was a Greek lyric poet, born in Ioulis on Ceos. The scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria included him in the canonical list of the nine lyric poets esteemed ...
when the Sardinia
Sardinia ( ; it, Sardegna, label=Italian, Corsican and Tabarchino ; sc, Sardigna , sdc, Sardhigna; french: Sardaigne; sdn, Saldigna; ca, Sardenya, label=Algherese and Catalan) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after ...
ns did not wish to release Talos to Minos, he heated himself – by jumping into a fire – and clasped them in his embrace.
A.B. Cook (1914)[ first suggested that the single vein closed by a nail or plug referred to the lost-wax method of casting.] Robert Graves
Captain Robert von Ranke Graves (24 July 1895 – 7 December 1985) was a British poet, historical novelist and critic. His father was Alfred Perceval Graves, a celebrated Irish poet and figure in the Gaelic revival; they were both Celtic ...
— whose interpretation of Greek mythology is controversial among many scholars — suggests that this myth is based on a misinterpretation of an image of Athena
Athena or Athene, often given the epithet Pallas, is an ancient Greek goddess associated with wisdom, warfare, and handicraft who was later syncretized with the Roman goddess Minerva. Athena was regarded as the patron and protectress of ...
demonstrating the lost-wax process
Lost-wax casting (also called "investment casting", "precision casting", or ''cire perdue'' which has been adopted into English from the French, ) is the process by which a duplicate metal sculpture (often silver, gold, brass, or bronze) i ...
of casting steel, which Daedalus
In Greek mythology, Daedalus (, ; Greek: Δαίδαλος; Latin: ''Daedalus''; Etruscan: ''Taitale'') was a skillful architect and craftsman, seen as a symbol of wisdom, knowledge and power. He is the father of Icarus, the uncle of Perdix, an ...
would have brought to Sardinia
Sardinia ( ; it, Sardegna, label=Italian, Corsican and Tabarchino ; sc, Sardigna , sdc, Sardhigna; french: Sardaigne; sdn, Saldigna; ca, Sardenya, label=Algherese and Catalan) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after ...
.
In the film '' Jason and the Argonauts'' from 1963, Talos dies in a dramatic way that makes the public wonder if he is a programmed robot or maybe more.[Frontisi-Ducroux, Françoise. “Dédale Et Talos. Mythologie Et Histoire Des Techniques.” Revue Historique, vol. 243, no. 2 (494), 1970, pp. 281–296 Alexandre Marcinkowski et Jérôme Wilgaux, « Automates et créatures artificielles d’Héphaïstos : entre science et fiction », Techniques & Culture ]n ligne
N, or n, is the fourteenth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''en'' (pronounced ), plural ''ens''.
History
...
43-44 , 2004
See also
* ''Talos No. 2
''Talos No. 2'' is an outdoor 1959–1977 bronze sculpture created by the American artist James Lee Hansen. It is located in the Portland Transit Mall, Transit Mall of Downtown Portland, downtown Portland, Oregon, in the United States.
Descriptio ...
'' – an abstract bronze sculpture in Portland, Oregon
Portland (, ) is a port city in the Pacific Northwest and the largest city in the U.S. state of Oregon. Situated at the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers, Portland is the county seat of Multnomah County, the most populous co ...
* '' Jason and the Argonauts'' – a 1963 movie in which Talos appears
Footnotes
References
External links
*
Talos in the Greek Mythology Link
*Mayor, Adrienne
"The Robot and the Witch: Talos and Medea"
chapter 1 of ''Gods and Robots : Myths, Machines, and Ancient Dreams of Technology''. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018.
{{Authority control
Automata in Greek Mythology
Characters in the Argonautica
Greek giants
Legendary creatures in popular culture
Solar gods
Cretan characters in Greek mythology
Helios