Talos

In Greek mythology, Talos — also spelled Talus (; el, Τάλως, ''Tálōs'') or Talon (; el, Τάλων, ''Tálōn'') — was a giant automaton made of bronze to protect Europa in Crete from pirates and invaders. He circled the island's shores three times daily.

Narrative

Talos is usually said to have been made by Hephaestus at the request of Zeus, to protect Europa from people who would want to kidnap her. (According to B.A. Sparkes (1996), "The most detailed treatment in literature is to be found in the ''Argonautica'' rd century BC... however, we have detailed images of the episode, 150 years earlier, dated to around 400 BC." )

According to (pseudo-)Apollodorus, however, there were three theories regarding Talos:
# Talos may have been a survivor from the Age of Bronze, a descendant of the brazen race () that sprang from '' meliae'' "ash-tree nymphs" according to ''Argonautica'' (The conception that Hesiod's men of the Age of Bronze were actually made of bronze is extended to men of the age of gold by Lucian for humorous effect).
# Talos was a brass ''robot'' measuring 30m high, who was forged by the god Hephaestus and was given to Minos to protect the island of Crete against the invaders. The island was 260 km long and Talos had to cover this distance 3 times a day.
# Talos was a brass ''bull'' who was forged by the god Hephaestus and was given to Minos

The pseudo-Platonic dialogue ''Minos'' rationalized the myth, thrice yearly showing at each village in turn the laws of Minos inscribed on brass tablets.

Talos had one vein, which went from his neck to his ankle, bound shut by only one bronze nail. The '' Argo'', transporting Jason and the Argonauts, approached Crete after obtaining the Golden Fleece. As guardian of the island, Talos kept the ''Argo'' at bay by hurling great boulders at it. According to (pseudo-)Apollodorus, Talos was slain when Medea the sorceress either drove him mad with drugs, or deceived him into believing that she would make him immortal by removing the nail. In ''Argonautica'', Medea hypnotized him from the ''Argo'', driving him mad with the '' keres'' (female death-spirits) that she raised, so that he dislodged the nail, and "the ichor ran out of him like molten lead", exsanguinating and killing him. Translator P. Green, notes that the ''Argonautica''s Talos story is somewhat reminiscent of the story of Achilles' heel.

Variations and interpretations

In the Cretan dialect, ''talôs'' was the equivalent of the Greek ''hêlios'', the Sun: The lexicon of Hesychius of Alexandria notes simply "Talos is the Sun".^:126 In Crete, Zeus was worshipped as ''Zeus Tallaios'', "Solar Zeus", absorbing the earlier god as an epithet in the familiar sequence.
''"Zeus Tallaios"'' is discussed in Cook (1964). The god was identified with the ''Tallaia'', a spur of the Ida range in Crete. On a coin from Phaistos he is winged; in Greek vase-paintings and Etruscan bronze mirrors he is not.

The ideas of Talos vary widely, with one consistent detail: in Greek imagery outside Crete, Talos is always being vanquished.
He seems to have been an enigmatic figure to the Greeks themselves.
Talos is described by Greeks in two versions:
* In one version, Talos is a gift from Hephaestus to Minos, forged with the aid of the Cyclopes in the form of a bull. this is the source of the later impression that Talos was an automaton.
* In the other version, Talos is a gift from Zeus to Europa.
Or he may have been the son of '' Kres'', the personification of Crete;
in ''Argonautica'', Talos threw rocks at any approaching ship to protect his island. In the Byzantine encyclopedia called the '' Suda'' (10th century), it is said that according to the Simonides of Keos when the Sardinians did not wish to release Talos to Minos, he heated himself – by jumping into a fire – and clasped them in his embrace.

A.B. Cook (1914) first suggested that the single vein closed by a nail or plug referred to the lost-wax method of casting. Robert Graves — whose interpretation of Greek mythology is controversial among many scholars — suggests that this myth is based on a misinterpretation of an image of Athena demonstrating the lost-wax process of casting steel, which Daedalus would have brought to Sardinia.

In the film '' Jason and the Argonauts'' from 1963, Talos dies in a dramatic way that makes the public wonder if he is a programmed robot or maybe more.Frontisi-Ducroux, Françoise. “Dédale Et Talos. Mythologie Et Histoire Des Techniques.” Revue Historique, vol. 243, no. 2 (494), 1970, pp. 281–296 Alexandre Marcinkowski et Jérôme Wilgaux, « Automates et créatures artificielles d’Héphaïstos : entre science et fiction », Techniques & Culture n ligne 43-44 , 2004

See also

* '' Talos No. 2'' – an abstract bronze sculpture in Portland, Oregon
* '' Jason and the Argonauts'' – a 1963 movie in which Talos appears

Footnotes

References

External links

*
Talos in the Greek Mythology Link
*Mayor, Adrienne
"The Robot and the Witch: Talos and Medea"
chapter 1 of ''Gods and Robots : Myths, Machines, and Ancient Dreams of Technology''. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018.

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Automata in Greek Mythology
Characters in the Argonautica
Greek giants
Legendary creatures in popular culture
Solar gods
Cretan characters in Greek mythology
Helios