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Chinese history The earliest known written records of the history of China date from as early as 1250 BC, from the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC), during the reign of king Wu Ding. Ancient historical texts such as the '' Book of Documents'' (early chapte ...
, a ''Taishang Huang'' or ''Taishang Huangdi'' is an
honorific An honorific is a title that conveys esteem, courtesy, or respect for position or rank when used in addressing or referring to a person. Sometimes, the term "honorific" is used in a more specific sense to refer to an honorary academic title. It ...
and institution of a retired emperor. The former emperor had, at least in name, abdicated in favor of someone else. Although no longer the reigning sovereign, there are instances where the retired emperor became a
power behind the throne The phrase "power behind the throne" refers to a person or group that informally exercises the real power of a high-ranking office, such as a head of state. In politics, it most commonly refers to a relative, aide, or nominal subordinate of a pol ...
, often exerting more power than the reigning emperor.


History


Origin

The title ''Taishang Huangdi'' was first used when
Qin Shi Huangdi Qin Shi Huang (, ; 259–210 BC) was the founder of the Qin dynasty and the first emperor of a unified China. Rather than maintain the title of "king" ( ''wáng'') borne by the previous Shang and Zhou rulers, he ruled as the First Emperor ( ...
posthumously bestowed it upon his deceased father, King Zhuangxiang.


Development

Emperor Gaozu of Han had also bestowed the title ''Taishang Huangdi'' on his then-living father Liu Taigong. He bestowed it onto his father to express filial piety. It was also intended to preserve the
social hierarchy Social stratification refers to a society's categorization of its people into groups based on Socioeconomic status, socioeconomic factors like wealth, income, Race (human categorization), race, education, ethnicity, gender, Job, occupation, socia ...
between father and son, as the former was a commoner and the latter was a dynastic founder. In 301, during the War of the Eight Princes, Sima Lun became the emperor by forcing his puppet Emperor Hui of Jin to become the ''Taishang Huang''. The title had strictly served as an honorific before, but it had become a tool of political infighting over the course of this incident. Another significant occurrence of development was in 399, when Lü Guang of Later Liang abdicated. Lü Guang was old and had become mortally ill, but he wished to secure the transition of imperial power to his designated heir (the eldest son from his main consort) in the presence of another son who was older and posed a threat to the legitimate succession. Even though Lü Guang failed in his efforts, this incident was the earliest example where imperial retirement served as a method to secure succession. During the Northern and Southern dynasties, this institution was employed by non-Han regimes in the north as a strategy to cast away from the tradition of the horizontal succession in favor of the Han tradition of a male primogenitor pattern of succession. In contrast, due to their Han heritage, the southern regimes had no need to make use and never employed the institution as a means to stabilize successions. In 617, Li Yuan (later Emperor Gaozu of Tang) bestowed the title ''Taishang Huang'' upon
Emperor Yang Emperor Yang of Sui (隋煬帝, 569 – 11 April 618), personal name Yang Guang (), alternative name Ying (), Xianbei name Amo (), also known as Emperor Ming of Sui () during the brief reign of his grandson Yang Tong, was the second emperor of ...
of Sui in absentia. Here, Li Yuan used the honorific as a legitimating cover for his seizure of power, in which the newly-installed Yang You served as his puppet emperor. In 626 during the Xuanwu Gate Incident, Prince Li Shimin of Tang led his armed men in a coup for the throne. During the course of the coup, he succeeded in killing his rival brothers, Crown Prince Li Jiancheng and Prince Li Yuanji. Within three days, Emperor Gaozu created Li Shimin as his heir. On the ninth day of the eight month, Emperor Gaozu abdicated in favor for his son Li Shimin (who became Emperor Taizong). He remained as ''Taishang Huang'' until his death in 635.


Modern usage

In modern Chinese history after 1949,
Deng Xiaoping Deng Xiaoping (22 August 1904 – 19 February 1997) was a Chinese revolutionary leader, military commander and statesman who served as the paramount leader of the China, People's Republic of China (PRC) from December 1978 to November 1989. Aft ...
has been called ''Taishang Huang'' in a pejorative context because he wielded much of his power without assuming the titles normally taken on by China's paramount leader, and because he belonged to
Mao Zedong Mao Zedong pronounced ; also Romanization of Chinese, romanised traditionally as Mao Tse-tung. (26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976), also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary who was the List of national founde ...
's generation of leaders but wielded influence over leaders who were a generation below him. The term has also been applied to other
Communist Party A communist party is a political party that seeks to realize the socio-economic goals of communism. The term ''communist party'' was popularized by the title of '' The Manifesto of the Communist Party'' (1848) by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. ...
senior officials without formal titles who were seen as meddling in the affairs of their successors, such as Chen Yun and
Jiang Zemin Jiang Zemin (17 August 1926 – 30 November 2022) was a Chinese politician who served as general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 1989 to 2002, as chairman of the Central Military Commission from 1989 to 2004, and as pre ...
.


List of ''Taishang Huang''s

Instances of Chinese rulers who were granted the title ''Taishang Huang'' and/or ''Taishang Huangdi'': ; Early eras * King Zhuangxiang of Qin (281-247 BC). He was posthumously honored by his son, Qin Shi Huang. * Liu Taigong (282-197 BC), the father of Emperor Gao (Liu Bang), the founder of the
Han dynasty The Han dynasty (, ; ) was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China (202 BC – 9 AD, 25–220 AD), established by Emperor Gaozu of Han, Liu Bang (Emperor Gao) and ruled by the House of Liu. The dynasty was preceded by th ...
. * Emperor Hui (259-307, r. 290-307) of the Jin dynasty ; Northern and Southern dynasties * Lü Guang (337-400, r. 386-400) of
Later Liang Later Liang may refer to the following states in Chinese history: * Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms) (後涼; 386–403), one of the Sixteen Kingdoms * Western Liang (555–587), also known as Later Liang (後梁), a state during the Southern and Nor ...
, abdicated shortly before death * Emperor Xianwen (454-476, r. 465-471) of Northern Wei * Emperor Wucheng (537-569, r. 561-565) of Northern Qi * Gao Wei (557-577, r. 565-577) of Northern Qi * Emperor Xuan (559-580, r. 578–579) of Northern Zhou ; Sui and
Tang dynasty The Tang dynasty (, ; zh, t= ), or Tang Empire, was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907 AD, with an interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdo ...
rulers *
Emperor Yang Emperor Yang of Sui (隋煬帝, 569 – 11 April 618), personal name Yang Guang (), alternative name Ying (), Xianbei name Amo (), also known as Emperor Ming of Sui () during the brief reign of his grandson Yang Tong, was the second emperor of ...
(569-618, r. 604–618) of the Sui dynasty, who was proclaimed Taishang Huang while his grandson, Yang You, was nominally the emperor. He never personally accepted the title. He was the only Taishang Huang who was the grandfather – not the father – of the reigning emperor. * Emperor Gaozu (566-635, r. 618–626) who was forced to abdicate in 626 and was made Taishang Huang until his death in 635. *
Wu Zetian Wu Zetian (17 February 624 – 16 December 705), personal name Wu Zhao, was the ''de facto'' ruler of the Tang dynasty from 665 to 705, ruling first through others and then (from 690) in her own right. From 665 to 690, she was first List of ...
(690–705). The only person in Chinese history to have been both Empress Dowager and Taishang Huang. She was buried in accordance to her wishes as an Empress Dowager and Empress Consort to Emperor Gaozong. * Emperor Ruizong (684–690, 710–712), who abdicated in 712 and was made Taishang Huang until his death in 716. * Emperor Xuanzong (712–756), who was forced to abdicate in 756 and was made Taishang Huang until his death in 762. * Emperor Shunzong (761-806, r. 805), who abdicated in 805 and was made Taishang Huang until his death in 806, said to be assassinated by eunuchs. * Emperor Zhaozong (888–904), who abdicated in 900 and was made Taishang Huang until his restoration in 901. ; Yan ruler * An Lushan, who was assassinated in 757 by his son and successor An Qingxu, who claimed him to be severely ill and willing to abdicate, honored him Taishang Huang as if he was actually living. ; Min ruler * Zhuo, who was honored ''Taishang Huang'' by his son Zhuo Yanming who was claimed emperor in April 945. In July both Zhuos were killed. ;
Song dynasty The Song dynasty (; ; 960–1279) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou. The Song conquered the res ...
rulers * Emperor Huizong (1100–1126), who abdicated in 1126 and was taken into the Jin Dynasty in 1127, died in 1135. * Emperor Gaozong (1127–1162), who abdicated in 1162 and was made Taishang Huang until his death in 1187. * Emperor Xiaozong (1162–1189), who abdicated in 1189 and was made Taishang Huang until his death in 1194. *
Emperor Guangzong Emperor Guangzong of Song (30 September 1147 – 17 September 1200), personal name Zhao Dun, was the 12th emperor of the Song dynasty of China and the third emperor of the Southern Song dynasty. He was the third son of his predecessor, Emper ...
(1189–1194), who was forced to abdicate in 1194 and was made Taishang Huang until his death in 1200. ; Western Xia and Western Liao rulers * Yelü Zhilugu of Western Liao, who was made Taishang Huang by his son-in-law Kuchlug after being overthrown by the latter * Emperor Shenzong of Western Xia ; Later rulers * Emperor Yingzong of Ming (1435–1449, 1457–1464) of the
Ming dynasty The Ming dynasty (), officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last ort ...
was a Taishang Huang from his capture by the Mongols in 1449 until his return to the throne in 1457. He was the only Taishang Huang who was a brother of the reigning emperor. * The Qianlong Emperor (1735–1796) of the
Qing dynasty The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speak ...
, who nominally abdicated and made himself ''Taishang Huang'' in 1796 but held on to power until his death in 1799. ;
Vietnam Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making it ...
*
Trần Thái Tổ Trần (陳) or Tran is a common Vietnamese surname. More than 10% of all Vietnamese people share this surname. It is derived from the common Chinese surname Chen. History The Tran ruled the Trần dynasty, a golden era in Vietnam, and succe ...
of the Trần dynasty * Mạc Đăng Dung of the Mạc dynasty


See also

* Abdication * Retired Emperor * Daijō Tennō, the adaption of this concept in Japan *
Taesangwang Ancient Korean institutions Taesangwang or Taesanghwang (literally "King Emeritus the Great" or "Emperor Emeritus the Great") is the title for a retired king or Korean Emperor in Korean history. Sometimes the term is called Sangwang or Sanghw ...
, the adaption of this concept in Korea


References

{{reflist Chinese royal titles History of Imperial China Retirement