''Tainia'', commonly known as ribbon orchids or 带唇兰属 (dai chun lan shu) is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

of about thirty species of

evergreen In botany, an evergreen is a plant which has foliage that remains green and functional through more than one growing season. This also pertains to plants that retain their foliage only in warm climates, and contrasts with deciduous plants, which ...

terrestrial Terrestrial refers to things related to land or the planet Earth. Terrestrial may also refer to: * Terrestrial animal, an animal that lives on land opposed to living in water, or sometimes an animal that lives on or near the ground, as opposed to ...

orchid Orchids are plants that belong to the family Orchidaceae (), a diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant. Along with the Asteraceae, they are one of the two largest families of flowering ...

s in the (

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

Orchidaceae) distributed from

India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...

Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, south-eastern region of Asia, consistin ...

New Guinea New Guinea (; Hiri Motu Hiri Motu, also known as Police Motu, Pidgin Motu, or just Hiri, is a language of Papua New Guinea, which is spoken in surrounding areas of Port Moresby (Capital of Papua New Guinea). It is a simplified version of ...

, the

Solomon Islands Solomon Islands is an island country consisting of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands in Oceania, to the east of Papua New Guinea and north-west of Vanuatu. It has a land area of , and a population of approx. 700,000. Its capita ...

and

Queensland ) , nickname = Sunshine State , image_map = Queensland in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of Queensland in Australia , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = Australia , established_title = Before federation , established_ ...

Description

Orchids in the genus ''Tainia'' are evergreen, terrestrial

herbaceous Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials. Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous" The fourth edition of t ...

plants with upright, crowded, thin fleshy

pseudobulb The pseudobulb is a storage organ found in many epiphytic and terrestrial sympodial orchids. It is derived from a thickening of the part of a stem between leaf nodes and may be composed of just one internode or several, termed heteroblastic and ...

s. Each pseudobulb has a single, smooth or

pleated A pleat (plait in older English) is a type of fold formed by doubling fabric back upon itself and securing it in place. It is commonly used in clothing and upholstery to gather a wide piece of fabric to a narrower circumference. Pleats are cat ...

leaf. The flower stalk emerges from the pseudobulb on the top of a leafless shoot and bears

resupinate Resupination is derived from the Latin word ''resupinus'', meaning "bent back with the face upward" or "on the back". "Resupination" is the noun form of the adjective "resupine" which means "being upside-down, supine or facing upward". The word " ...

yellowish, brownish, red or purple small to moderately large flowers. The

sepal A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 The term ''sepalum'' was coined b ...

s and

petal Petals are modified Leaf, leaves that surround the reproductive parts of flowers. They are often advertising coloration, brightly colored or unusually shaped to attract pollinators. All of the petals of a flower are collectively known as the ''c ...

s are similar in size and shape to each other and several flowers open simultaneously. The labellum is sometimes lobed but always has prominent ridges on its upper surface.

Taxonomy and naming

The genus ''Tainia'' was first formally described in 1825 by

Carl Ludwig Blume Charles Ludwig de Blume or Karl Ludwig von Blume (9 June 1796, Braunschweig – 3 February 1862, Leiden) was a German-Dutch botanist. He was born at Braunschweig in Germany, but studied at Leiden University and spent his professional life wor ...

who published the description in ''Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië''. The name ''Tainia'' is an

Ancient Greek Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic peri ...

word meaning "ribbon", "fillet", "band" or "stripe" but Blume's reason for giving this name is not known.

Species list

The following is a list of the species of ''Tainia'' currently accepted by the

World Checklist of Selected Plant Families The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (usually abbreviated to WCSP) is an "international collaborative programme that provides the latest peer reviewed and published opinions on the accepted scientific names and synonyms of selected plan ...

as of October 2014: * '' Tainia acuminata'' Aver. * ''

Tainia bicornis ''Tainia'', commonly known as ribbon orchids or 带唇兰属 (dai chun lan shu) is a genus of about thirty species of evergreen, terrestrial orchids in the (family Orchidaceae) distributed from India, China, Japan, Southeast Asia to New Guinea, ...

'' (

Lindl. John Lindley FRS (5 February 1799 – 1 November 1865) was an English botanist, gardener and orchidologist. Early years Born in Catton, near Norwich, England, John Lindley was one of four children of George and Mary Lindley. George Lindley ...

)

Rchb.f. Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach (Dresden, 3 January 1823 – Hamburg, 6 May 1889) was a botanist and the foremost German orchidologist of the 19th century. His father Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach (author of ''Icones Florae Germanicae et Helve ...

* '' Tainia cordifolia''

Hook.f. Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (30 June 1817 – 10 December 1911) was a British botanist and explorer in the 19th century. He was a founder of geographical botany and Charles Darwin's closest friend. For twenty years he served as director of ...

- Vietnam, Taiwan, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan * '' Tainia cornuta'' Aver. * '' Tainia crassa'' ( H.Turner) J.J.Wood & A.L.Lamb - Peninsular Malaysia * '' Tainia dunnii'' Rolfe - Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Zhejiang ** ''Tainia dunnii'' var. ''caterva'' ( T.P.Lin & W.M.Lin) T.P.Lin * '' Tainia elliptica'' Fukuy * '' Tainia hennisiana'' (

Schltr. Friedrich Richard Rudolf Schlechter (16 October 1872 – 16 November 1925) was a German taxonomist, botanist, and author of several works on orchids. He went on botanical expeditions in Africa, Indonesia, New Guinea, South and Central America a ...

) P.F.Hunt - Myanmar * '' Tainia hualienia'' S.S.Ying - Taiwan * '' Tainia latifolia'' (

)

- Assam, Bangladesh, India, Bhutan, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan ** ''Tainia latifolia ''subsp''. elongata'' ( J.J.Sm.) H.Turner - Sumatra, Java, Borneo ** ''Tainia latifolia ''subsp''. latifolia'' - Assam, Bangladesh, India, Bhutan, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan ** ''Tainia latifolia ''subsp''. subintegra'' P.O'Byrne - Assam, Bangladesh, India, Bhutan, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan * '' Tainia laxiflora''

Makino History Makino was established in 1937 by Tsunezo Makino in Japan, developing Japan's first numerical control, numerically controlled (NC) milling machine in 1958 and Japan's first milling machine, machining centre in 1966. The North America ...

- Japan, Taiwan, Izu-shoto, Nansei-shoto (Ryukyu Islands) * '' Tainia longiscapa'' (

Seidenf. Gunnar Seidenfaden (1908 – February 9, 2001) was a Danish diplomat and botanist. He was Danish ambassador in Thailand 1955–1959, and in the U.S.S.R. 1959–1961. He was an expert on Southeast Asia Orchidaceae. He published several multi-volum ...

) J.J.Wood & A.L.Lamb - Yunnan, Thailand, Vietnam, Hainan * '' Tainia macrantha''

- Guangxi, Guangdong, Vietnam * '' Tainia maingayi''

- Java, Borneo, Malaysia, Sumatra * '' Tainia marmorata'' ( J.J.Sm.) J.J.Wood & A.L.Lamb - Sulawesi * '' Tainia megalantha'' (

Tang Tang or TANG most often refers to: * Tang dynasty * Tang (drink mix) Tang or TANG may also refer to: Chinese states and dynasties * Jin (Chinese state) (11th century – 376 BC), a state during the Spring and Autumn period, called Tang (唐) b ...

& F.T.Wang) ined. - India, Bhutan, Assam * '' Tainia minor''

- Assam, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Yunnan, Tibet * '' Tainia obpandurata'' H.Turner - Sumatra, Borneo * '' Tainia papuana'' J.J.Sm. - New Guinea, Solomons * '' Tainia paucifolia'' (

Breda Breda () is a city and municipality in the southern part of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Brabant. The name derived from ''brede Aa'' ('wide Aa' or 'broad Aa') and refers to the confluence of the rivers Mark and Aa. Breda has ...

) J.J.Sm. - Thailand, Vietnam, Borneo, Malaysia, Java, Sumatra * '' Tainia ponggolensis'' ( A.L.Lamb ex H.Turner) J.J.Wood & A.L.Lamb - Sabah * '' Tainia purpureifolia'' Carr - Borneo * '' Tainia scapigera'' (

) J.J.Sm. - Borneo * '' Tainia serratiloba'' Ormerod - western New Guinea * '' Tainia simondii'' (

ex Aver.) ined. - Vietnam * ''

Tainia speciosa ''Tainia'', commonly known as ribbon orchids or 带唇兰属 (dai chun lan shu) is a genus of about thirty species of evergreen, terrestrial orchids in the (family Orchidaceae) distributed from India, China, Japan, Southeast Asia to New Guinea, ...

'' Blume - Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo, Java, Sumatra * '' Tainia trinervis'' Blume

- Maluku, New Guinea, Solomons, Queensland * '' Tainia vegetissima''

Ridl. Henry Nicholas Ridley CMG (1911), MA (Oxon), FRS, FLS, F.R.H.S. (10 December 1855 – 24 October 1956) was an English botanist, geologist and naturalist who lived much of his life in Singapore. He was instrumental in promoting rubber trees ...

- Malaysia, Borneo * '' Tainia wrayana'' (

) J.J.Sm. - Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Sumatra

Distribution and habitat

Orchids in the genus ''Tainia'' grow in high rainfall, shady forests. They are found in

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...

and Japan, then south from

Myanmar Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John C. Wells, Joh ...

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...

and some

Pacific Islands Collectively called the Pacific Islands, the islands in the Pacific Ocean are further categorized into three major island groups: Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Depending on the context, the term ''Pacific Islands'' may refer to one of se ...

. Thirteen species, of which two are

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsew ...

are found in

. The only Australian specis, '' T. trinervis'' also occurs in New Guinea and some Pacific Islands.

References

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q2867938 Collabieae genera