The Tacna–Arica compromise or Treaty of Lima was a series of documents that settled the

territorial dispute A territorial dispute or boundary dispute is a disagreement over the possession or control of land between two or more political entities. Context and definitions Territorial disputes are often related to the possession of natural resources su ...

of both

Tacna Tacna was known for its mining industry; it had significant deposits of sodium nitrate and other resources. Its economic prosperity attracted a wave of immigrants from Italy. Today, their Italian Peruvian descendants live in the city and many of t ...

and

Arica Arica ( ; ) is a Communes of Chile, commune and a port city with a population of 222,619 in the Arica Province of northern Chile's Arica y Parinacota Region. It is Chile's northernmost city, being located only south of the border with Peru. The ...

provinces of

Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , other_symbol = Great Seal of the State , other_symbol_type = Seal (emblem), National seal , national_motto = "Fi ...

and

Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east a ...

respectively. According to the Treaty, the Tacna-Arica Territory was divided between both countries; Tacna being awarded to Peru and with Chile retaining sovereignty over Arica. Chile also agreed to pay up to 6 million dollars in compensation to Peru. The Treaty was signed on June 3, 1929, in the city of

Lima Lima ( ; ), originally founded as Ciudad de Los Reyes (City of The Kings) is the capital and the largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón River, Chillón, Rímac River, Rímac and Lurín Rivers, in the desert zone of t ...

by then Peruvian Representative

Pedro José Rada y Gamio Pedro José Rada y Gamio (15 August 1873 – 25 May 1938) was a Peruvian politician in the early 20th century. He served as the President of the Chamber of Deputies from 1921 to 1922. He was the mayor of Lima from 1922 to 1925 and the prime mi ...

and Chilean Representative Emiliano Figueroa Larrain.

Background

The controversy was a direct aftermath of the

War of the Pacific The War of the Pacific ( es, link=no, Guerra del Pacífico), also known as the Saltpeter War ( es, link=no, Guerra del salitre) and by multiple other names, was a war between Chile and a Bolivian–Peruvian alliance from 1879 to 1884. Fought ...

, a confrontation that involved

against

and

Bolivia , image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg , flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, yellow, and green from top to bottom) with the coat of arms of Bolivia in the center , flag_alt2 = 7 × 7 square p ...

. Chile won the war and conquered the Peruvian territories of

Tarapacá San Lorenzo de Tarapacá, also known simply as Tarapacá, is a town in the region of the same name in Chile. History The town has likely been inhabited since the 12th century, when it formed part of the Inca trail. When Spanish explorer Diego d ...

, Tacna and Arica. The defeated Peruvian government was forced to sign the

Treaty of Ancón The Treaty of Ancón was a peace treaty signed by Chile and Peru on 20 October 1883, in Ancón District, Ancón, near Lima. It was intended to settle the two nations' remaining territorial differences at the conclusion of their involvement in the ...

in 1883. According to this treaty, Tarapacá was annexed to Chile, and a plebiscite was meant to take place in 1893, 10 years after the signing of the treaty. The plebiscite, however, never took place, as both countries had conflicting points of view and did not reach an agreement. Chile then began a campaign known as Chilenization in 1909. Peru followed in 1911 with a break of diplomatic relations. In 1922, Chile and Peru agreed to arbitrate the dispute with the President of the United States. US President

Calvin Coolidge Calvin Coolidge (born John Calvin Coolidge Jr.; ; July 4, 1872January 5, 1933) was the 30th president of the United States from 1923 to 1929. Born in Vermont, Coolidge was a History of the Republican Party (United States), Republican lawyer ...

appointed, in 1925, the first US arbitrator, General

John J. Pershing General of the Armies John Joseph Pershing (September 13, 1860 – July 15, 1948), nicknamed "Black Jack", was a senior United States Army officer. He served most famously as the commander of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) on the Wes ...

; General

William Lassiter William Lassiter (September 29, 1867- March 29, 1959) was a career in the United States Army. He was a veteran of the Spanish–American War, Occupation of Veracruz, World War I, and Occupation of the Rhineland and attained the rank of major gener ...

followed in 1926. Neither negotiator was able to break the deadlock. US Secretary of State

Frank B. Kellogg Frank Billings Kellogg (December 22, 1856December 21, 1937) was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman who served in the U.S. Senate and as U.S. Secretary of State. He co-authored the Kellogg–Briand Pact, for which he was awarded the ...

suggested direct negotiations in Washington, D.C. in 1928. It was these negotiations that led to the Treaty of Lima.

Treaty

The deal that was finally reached allowed Peru to reacquire Tacna while Chile kept Arica. Chile had also to make some concessions such as building a Peruvian-administered wharf in Arica and pay a six million-

dollar Dollar is the name of more than 20 currencies. They include the Australian dollar, Brunei dollar, Canadian dollar, Hong Kong dollar, Jamaican dollar, Liberian dollar, Namibian dollar, New Taiwan dollar, New Zealand dollar, Singapore dollar, U ...

indemnification, among other provisions. In 1999, Chile and Peru at last agreed to fully implement the Treaty of Lima, providing Peru with access to port facilities in

.Dominguez, Jorge ''et al.'' (2003) ''Boundary Disputes in Latin America'' United States Institute of Peace, Washington, D.C.
page 33

Notes

References

* Coolidge, Calvin (1925) ''In the matter of the arbitration between the Republic of Chile and the Republic of Peru, with respect to the unfulfilled provisions of the treaty of peace of October 20, 1883, under the Protocol and Supplementary act signed at Washington July 20, 1922. Opinion and award of the arbitrator'' Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., * Dennis, William Jefferson (1931) ''Tacna and Arica: an account of the Chile-Peru boundary dispute and of the arbitrations by the United States'' Yale University Press, New Haven, ; reprinted in 1967 by Archon Books, Hamden, Connecticut, * Egaña, Rafael (1900) ''The Tacna and Arica question. Historical antecedents.--Diplomatic action. Present state of the affair'' (translated from the Spanish edition by Edwin C. Reed) Barcelona Printing Office, Santiago, Chile, * González Miranda, Sergio (2006) ''Arica y la triple frontera: integración y conflicto entre Bolivia, Perú y Chile'' Aríbalo, Iquique, Chile, , in Spanish * Jane, Lionel Cecil (1930) "The question of Tacna-Arica ..." ''Transactions of the Grotius Society'' 15: pp. 93–119 * Krieg, William L. (1974) ''Legacy of the War of the Pacific'' External Research Program, United States Department of State, Washington, D.C., * Skuban, William E. (2007) ''Lines in the sand: nationalism and identity on the Peruvian-Chilean frontier'' University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico, * Wilson, Joe F. (1979) ''The United States, Chile and Peru in the Tacna and Arica plebiscite'' University Press of America, Washington, D.C., * Yepes, Ernesto (1999) ''Un plebiscito imposible: Tacna y Arica, 1925-1926'' Ediciones Análisis, Lima, Peru, , in Spanish {{DEFAULTSORT:Treaty Of Lima Arbitration cases Chile–Peru relations Territorial disputes of Peru Territorial disputes of Chile Lima (1929) History of the foreign relations of Chile History of Peru Presidential Republic (1925–1973) War of the Pacific 1929 in Chile 1929 in Peru Lima (1929) 1920s in Lima Chile–Peru border Lima (1929) pt:Tratado de Lima