tachi

A is a type of traditionally made Japanese sword (''nihonto'') worn by the samurai class of feudal Japan. ''Tachi'' and '' katana'' generally differ in length, degree of curvature, and how they were worn when sheathed, the latter depending on the location of the ''mei'' (銘), or signature, on the tang. The ''tachi'' style of swords preceded the development of the ''katana'', which was not mentioned by name until near the end of the twelfth century. ''Tachi'' were the mainstream Japanese swords of the Kotō period between 900 and 1596. Even after the Muromachi period (1336–1573), when ''katana'' became the mainstream, ''tachi'' were often worn by high-ranking samurai.

History

The production of swords in Japan is divided into specific time periods:

* ''Jōkotō'' (ancient swords, until around 900)
* ''Kotō'' (old swords from around 900–1596)
* ''Shintō'' (new swords 1596–1780)
* ''Shinshintō'' (new new swords 1781–1876)
* ''Gendaitō'' (modern or contemporary swords 1876–present)

The predecessor of the Japanese sword has been called ''warabitetō ( :ja:蕨手刀)''.Kazuhiko Inada (2020), ''Encyclopedia of the Japanese Swords''. p33. In the middle of the Heian period (794–1185), samurai improved on the ''warabitetō'' to develop ''kenukigata-tachi ( :ja:毛抜形太刀)'' -early Japanese sword-. To be more precise, it is thought that the ''Emishi'' improved the ''warabitetō'' and developed ''Kenukigata-warabitetō ( :ja:毛抜形蕨手刀)'' with a hole in the hilt and ''kenukigatatō ( :ja:毛抜形刀)'' without decorations on the tip of the hilt, and the samurai developed ''kenukigata-tachi'' based on these swords. ''Kenukigata-tachi'', which was developed in the first half of the 10th century, has a three-dimensional cross-sectional shape of an elongated pentagonal or hexagonal blade called ''shinogi-zukuri'' and a gently curved single-edged blade, typical features of Japanese swords. There is no wooden hilt attached to ''kenukigata-tachi'', and the tang (''nakago''), integrated with the blade, is directly gripped and used. The term ''kenukigata'' is derived from the fact the central part of tang is hollowed in the shape of an ancient Japanese tweezers (''kenuki'').Kazuhiko Inada (2020), ''Encyclopedia of the Japanese Swords''. pp32-33.

In the ''tachi'' developed after ''kenukigata-tachi'', a structure in which the hilt is fixed to the tang (''nakago'') with a pin called ''mekugi'' was adopted. As a result, a sword with three basic external elements of Japanese swords, the cross-sectional shape of ''shinogi-zukuri'', a gently curved single-edged blade, and the structure of ''nakago'', was completed.''歴史人'' September 2020. pp.36–37. Its shape may reflect the changing form of warfare in Japan. Cavalry were now the dominant fighting unit, and the older straight ''chokutō'' were unsuitable for fighting from horseback. The curved sword is a far more efficient weapon wielded by a warrior on horseback; the curve of the blade adds considerably to the downward force of a cutting action. According to historian Karl Friday, before the 13th century, there are no written references or drawings showing swords of any kind were used from horseback. However, According to Yoshikazu Kondo, bow and arrows were certainly the main weapons used in cavalry battles, but from around the Genpei War in the 12th century, the use of ''tachi'' on horseback increased. Early models had uneven curves with the deepest part of the curve at the hilt. As eras changed, the center of the curve tended to move up the blade.''歴史人'' September 2020. pp. 6, 36-37.

By the 11th century during the Heian period, ''tachi'' were exported to neighboring countries in Asia. For example, in the poem "The Song of Japanese Swords" Ouyang Xiu, a statesman of the Song Dynasty in China, described Japanese swords as "It is a treasured sword with a scabbard made of fragrant wood covered with fish skin, decorated with brass and copper, and capable of exorcising evil spirits. It is imported at a great cost.".Takeo Tanaka. (2012) ''Wokou'' p.104. Kodansha.

From the Heian period (794–1185), ordinary samurai wore swords of the style called ''kurourusi tachi (kokushitsu no tachi, 黒漆太刀)'', which meant black lacquer ''tachi''. The hilt of a ''tachi'' is wrapped in leather or ray skin, and it is wrapped with black thread or leather cord, and the scabbard is coated with black lacquer. On the other hand, court nobles wore ''tachi'' decorated with precisely carved metal and jewels for ceremonial purposes. High-ranking court nobles wore swords of the style called ''kazari tachi'' or ''kaza tachi'' (飾太刀, 飾剣), which meant decorative ''tachi'', and lower-ranking court nobles wore simplified ''kazatachi'' swords of the style called ''hosodachi'' (細太刀), which meant thin ''tachi''. The ''kazatachi'' and ''hosodachi'' worn by nobles were initially straight like a ''chokutō'', but since the Kamakura period they have had a gentle curve under the influence of ''tachi''. Since ''tachi'' worn by court nobles were for ceremonial use, they generally had an iron plate instead of a blade.Kazuhiko Inada (2020), ''Encyclopedia of the Japanese Swords''. pp.36-44. ''歴史人'' September 2020. pp.37-41.

In the Kamakura period (1185–1333), high-ranking samurai wore ''hyogo gusari tachi (hyogo kusari no tachi, 兵庫鎖太刀)'', which meant a sword with chains in the arsenal. The scabbard of the ''tachi'' was covered with a gilt copper plate and hung by chains at the waist. At the end of the Kamakura period, simplified ''hyogo gusari tachi'' came to be made as an offering to the ''kami'' of Shinto shrines and fell out of use as weapons. On the other hand, in the Kamakura period, there was a type of ''tachi'' called ''hirumaki tachi'' (蛭巻太刀) with a scabbard covered with metal, which was used as a weapon until the Muromachi period. The meaning was a sword wrapped around a leech, and its feature was that a thin metal plate was spirally wrapped around the scabbard, so it was both sturdy and decorative, and chains were not used to hang the scabbard around the waist.

File:Kazari-tachi Style Sword Mounting, Heian period.jpg, ''Kazari tachi''. 12th century, Heian period. National Treasure. Tokyo National Museum.
File:Tachi koshirae 1.jpg, ''Kurourusi tachi'', ''Shishio''. 13th century, Kamakura period. Important Cultural Property. Tokyo National Museum.
File:Tachi - "Hyougokusan"style sword mounting.jpg, ''Hyogo gusari tachi''. 13th century, Kamakura period. Important Cultural Property. Tokyo National Museum.
File:黒漆銀銅蛭巻太刀, Hirumaki tachi koshirae.jpg, ''Hirumaki tachi''. 14th century, Nanboku-chō period. Important Cultural Property. Tokyo National Museum.

The Mongol invasions of Japan in the 13th century during the Kamakura period facilitated a change in the designs of Japanese swords. The swordsmiths of the Sōshū school represented by Masamune studied ruined ''tachi'' -- broken or bent in battle -- to develop new production methods, and create innovative Japanese swords. They forged the blade using a combination of soft and hard steel to optimize the temperature and timing of the heating and cooling of the blade, resulting in a lighter and very robust blade. They also made the curve of the blade gentle, lengthened the tip linearly, widened the width from the cutting edge to the opposite side of the blade, and thinned the cross section to improve the penetration and cutting ability of the blade.

Historically in Japan, the ideal blade of a Japanese sword is considered to be the ''kotō'' in the Kamakura period, and the swordsmiths from the Edo period to the present day after the ''Shintō'' period focused on reproducing the blade of a Japanese sword in the Kamakura period. There are more than 100 Japanese swords designated as National Treasures in Japan, of which the ''Kotō'' of the Kamakura period account for 80% and the ''tachi'' account for 70%.日本刀の格付けと歴史.
Touken World
Sankei Shimbun. July 2, 2017

File:Tachi Sword - Nagamitsu.JPG, By Nagamitsu. Bizen ''Osafune'' school.
File:Tachi, Fukuoka Ichimonji "Okadagiri" Yoshifusa.jpg, ''Okadagiri Yoshifusa'', by Yoshifusa. Bizen ''Fukuoka-Ichimonji'' school. The name comes from the fact Oda Nobuo killed his vassal Okada with this sword.
File:Tachi Sword - Sukezane(Nikko) 01.jpg, ''Nikkō Sukezane'', by Sukezane. Bizen ''Fukuoka-Ichimonji'' school. This sword was owned by Tokugawa Ieyasu.
File:Tachi Sword - Sukezane.jpg, By Sukezane. This sword was owned by Kishū Tokugawa family.
File:Tachi Sword - Kagemitsu.jpg, ''Koryū Kagemitsu'', by Kagemitsu. Bizen ''Osafune'' school. This sword was owned by Kusunoki Masashige.

From the end of the Kamakura period to the end of the Muromachi period (1333–1573), ''kawatsutsumi tachi'' (革包太刀), which means a ''tachi'' wrapped in leather, was popular. The ''kawatsutsumi tachi'' was stronger than the ''kurourushi tachi'' because its hilt was wrapped in leather or ray skin, lacquer was painted on top of it, leather straps and cords were wrapped around it, and the scabbard and sometimes the ''tsuba'' (hand guard) were also wrapped in leather.

By the 15th century, Japanese swords, including ''tachi'', had already gained international fame by being exported to China and Korea.Takeo Tanaka (1982) ''対外関係と文化交流''. p.348. Shibunkaku. For example, Korea learned how to make Japanese swords by sending swordsmiths to Japan and inviting Japanese swordsmiths to Korea. According to the record of June 1, 1430 in the ''Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty'', a Korean swordsmith who went to Japan and mastered the method of making Japanese swords presented a Japanese sword to the King of Korea and was rewarded for the excellent work which was no different from the swords made by the Japanese.

Traditionally, ''yumi'' (bows) were the main weapon of war in Japan, and ''tachi'' and ''naginata'' were for close combat. The Ōnin War in the late 15th century in the Muromachi period expanded into a large-scale domestic war, in which employed farmers called '' ashigaru'' were mobilized in large numbers. They fought on foot using '' katana'' shorter than ''tachi''. In the Sengoku period (period of warring states) in the late Muromachi period, the war became bigger; ''ashigaru'' fought in a close formation using ''yari'' (spears) lent to them. Furthermore, in the late 16th century, ''tanegashima'' (muskets) were introduced from Portugal, and Japanese swordsmiths mass-produced improved products, with ''ashigaru'' fighting with leased guns. On the battlefield in Japan, guns and spears became main weapons in addition to bows. Due to the changes in fighting styles in these wars, the ''tachi'' and ''naginata'' became obsolete among samurai, and the ''katana'', which was easy to carry, became the mainstream. The dazzling-looking ''tachi'' gradually became a symbol of the authority of high-ranking samurai.''歴史人'' September 2020. p40.

From the 15th century, low-quality swords were mass-produced under the influence of the large-scale war. These swords, along with spears, were lent to recruited farmers called ''ashigaru'', while swords were exported. Such mass-produced swords are called ''kazuuchimono'', and swordsmiths of the Bisen school and Mino school produced them by division of labor.''歴史人'' September 2020. p40. ''歴史人'' September 2020. pp.70–71. The export of Japanese sword reached its height during the Muromachi period—at least 200,000 swords were shipped to Ming Dynasty China in official trade in an attempt to soak-up the production of Japanese weapons and make it harder for pirates in the area to arm. In the Ming Dynasty of China, Japanese swords and their tactics were studied to repel pirates, and '' wodao'' and '' miaodao'' were developed based on Japanese swords.Takeo Tanaka. (2012) ''Wokou'' p.104. Kodansha.

From this period, the tang (''nakago'') of many old ''tachi'' were cut and shortened into ''katana''. This modification is called ''suriage''. For example, many of the ''tachi'' Masamune forged during the Kamakura period were converted into ''katana'', so his only existing works are ''katana'' and ''tantō''.相州伝の名工「正宗」.
Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Touken World.

From around the 16th century, many Japanese swords, including ''tachi'', were exported to Thailand, where ''katana''-style swords were made and prized for battle and art work, and some of them are in the collections of the Thai royal family.

In the Sengoku period (1467–1615) or the Azuchi–Momoyama period (1568–1600), the ''itomaki tachi'' (''itomaki no tachi'', 糸巻太刀), which means a ''tachi'' wound with thread, appeared and became the mainstream of ''tachi'' after that. ''itomaki tachi'' was decorated with gorgeous lacquer decorations with lots of ''maki-e'' and flashy colored threads, and was used as a gift, a ceremony, or an offering to the ''kami'' of Shinto shrines.

In later Japanese feudal history, during the Sengoku and Edo periods, certain high-ranking warriors of the ruling class wore their sword ''tachi''-style (edge-downward), rather than with the scabbard thrust through the belt with the edge upward. This style of swords is called ''handachi'', "half ''tachi''". In ''handachi'', styles were often mixed, for example, fastening to the ''obi'' was ''katana'' style, but metalworking of the scabbard was ''tachi'' style.

With the rising of statism in Shōwa Japan, the Imperial Japanese Army and the Imperial Japanese Navy implemented swords called ''shin guntō'', worn ''tachi'' style (cutting-edge down).

In the Shintō period from around 1596 in the Azuchi-Momoyama period, the traditional techniques of the Kotō period were lost, and no smith was able to reproduce the ''tachi'' of the Kamakura period. However, in 2014, Kunihira Kawachi succeeded in reproducing a ''tachi'' from the Kamakura period. He received the Masamune Prize, the highest honor as a swordsmith. On the ''tachi'' he forged, ''midare-utsuri'' (a pattern of hazy white shadows between '' hamon'' and ''shinogi''), characteristic of the Bizen school in the Kamakura period. Nobody could win the Masamune Prize without extraordinary achievements, and in the field of ''tachi'' and ''katana'', no one won until Kawauchi for 18 years.日本刀鑑賞のポイント「日本刀の映りとは」.
Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Touken World

File:Katana, Sōshū Masamune (Ishida Masamune).jpg, A ''katana'' modified from a ''tachi'' forged by Masamune. Sōshū school. 14th century, Kamakura period. Important Cultural Property. Tokyo National Museum. While it was owned by Ishida Mitsunari, it was commonly called Ishida Masamune.
File:金梨子地家紋散糸巻太刀拵 Tachi koshirae 2.jpg, Mounting for a sword of the ''itomaki no tachi'' type with design of ''mon'' (family crests). 1600s. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
File:青漆銀流水文半太刀大小, "Daisho" Style "Handachi" Sword Mounting, Silver stream design on green lacquer ground.jpg, '' Daishō'' style ''handachi'' sword mounting. 16th–17th century, Azuchi–Momoyama or Edo period.

Features

With a few exceptions, ''katana'' and ''tachi'' can be distinguished from each other, if signed, by the location of the signature (''mei'') on the tang. In general, the signature should be carved into the side of the tang facing outward as the sword is worn on the wielder's left waist. Since a ''tachi'' was worn cutting edge down, and the ''katana'' was worn cutting edge up, the ''mei'' would be in opposite locations on the tang of both types of swords.

An authentic ''tachi'' had an average cutting edge length () of 70–80 cm (– in), and compared to a katana, was generally lighter in proportion to its length, had a greater taper from hilt to point, was more curved and had a smaller point area for penetrating heavy clothing.

Unlike the traditional manner of wearing the ''katana'', the ''tachi'' was worn hung from the belt with the cutting-edge down, and was most effective used by cavalry. Deviations from the average length of ''tachi'' have the prefixes ''ko-'' for "short" and ''ō-'' for "great, large" attached. For instance, ''tachi'' ''shōtō'' and closer in size to a ''wakizashi'' were called ''kodachi''. The longest tachi'' (considered a 15th-century '' ōdachi'') in existence is in total length with a blade, but is believed to be ceremonial. In the late 1500s and early 1600s, many ''tachi'' blades were modified into ''katana''; their cut tangs (''o-suriage''), removing the smith signatures from the swords.

For a sword to be worn in ''tachi'' style, it needed to be mounted in a ''tachi koshirae''. The ''tachi koshirae'' has two hangers (ashi) so the sword can be worn in a horizontal position with the cutting edge down. A sword not mounted in a ''tachi'' koshirae could be worn ''tachi'' style by use of a ''koshiate'', a leather device allowing any sword to be worn in the ''tachi'' style.

Gallery

Generally, the blade and the sword mounting of Japanese swords are displayed separately in museums, and this tendency is remarkable in Japan. For example, the Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum "Nagoya Touken World", one of Japan's largest sword museums, posts separate videos of the blade and the sword mounting on its official website and YouTube.Touken World YouTube videos on koshirae (sword mountings)
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File:三日月宗近, Tachi Mikazuki Munechika.jpg, ''Mikazuki Munechika'', by Sanjō Munechika. A Yamashiro ''Sanjō'' school. Late 10th century, Heian period. National Treasure. Tokyo National Museum. This sword is one of the "Five Swords under Heaven". (''天下五剣 Tenka Goken'')
File:Tachi Sword - Dojikiri Yasutsuna.jpg, '' Dōjigiri'', by Yasutsuna. ''Ko- Hōki'' (old ''Hōki'') school. 12th century, Heian period, National Treasure, Tokyo National Museum. This sword is one of the "Five Swords Under Heaven". (''天下五剣 Tenka Goken'')　　
File:Tachi Rai Kunitoshi 2.jpg, A ''tachi'' forged by Rai Kunitoshi. Late Kamakura period. (top) ''Katana'' style mounting, Early Meiji period. (bottom)
File:Tachi Osafune Kanemitsu 2.jpg, A ''tachi'' forged by Osafune Kanemitsu. Nanboku-chō period. (top) ''Tachi'' mounting, Late Edo period. (bottom)
File:Tachi-p1000620.jpg, ''Tachi'' forged by Bizen Osafune Sukesada, 1515. Scabbard in aogai-nashiji lacquer, gold decorations. Tokyo National Museum.
File:Tachi koshirae (Tachi mountings), Edo period. 太刀拵, 江戸時代 2.jpg, ''Tachi'' mountings decorated with ''maki-e''. ''Itomaki-no-tachi'' style sword mountings. (top and bottom) Edo period, 1800s. Tokyo National Museum
File:Tachi koshirae 3.jpg, ''Tachi'' mounting. Mid-Edo period.
File:Tachi koshirae 2.jpg, ''Tachi'' mounting. Late Edo period.
File:Koshiate (Sword Hangers).png, Various types of sword ''koshirae'', a device used to carry a sword in the ''tachi'' style (cutting edge down).
File:Katana-Garbutt01.jpg, Line drawing showing the correct method of wearing a ''tachi'' while in armour.

See also

* Japanese sword
* Katana
* Kodachi
* Ōdachi
* Tenka-Goken – five best swords in Japan. All of the five are classified as tachi.

References

External links

Richard Stein's Japanese sword guide

{{Swords by region

Japanese sword types
Samurai swords
Samurai weapons and equipment
Japanese swords