Tabgha

Tabgha ( ar, الطابغة, ''al-Tabigha''; he, עין שבע, ''Ein Sheva'' which means "spring of seven") is an area situated on the north-western shore of the Sea of Galilee in Israel and a depopulated Palestinian village. It is traditionally accepted as the place of the miracle of the multiplication of the loaves and fishes (Mark 6:30-46) and the fourth resurrection appearance of Jesus (John 21:1-24) after his Crucifixion. The village population was expelled in 1948 during Operation Broom.

Etymology

The site's name is derived from the Greek name ''Heptapegon'' ("seven springs"). The name was later shortened to "Tapego", and was eventually changed to "Tabgha" in Arabic, since Classical Arabic has no p, g and o sounds and replaces these sounds by b, gh and a or u. St. Jerome referred to Heptapegon as "the wilderness/lonely place" (''erêmos'', as the location is also described in the Gospels).

History

Byzantine period

In the Byzantine period, the water of the springs at Heptapegon was collected in three water towers (Birket Ali edh-Dhaher at Ein Nur Spring, Hammam Ayyub, and Tannur Ayub) and sent via an aqueduct to the Plain of Ginosar, where it was used for irrigation; the three towers seem to be recorded in the mosaic floor of the 5th-century Church of the Multiplication at Tabgha. tefano De Luca, ''Capernaum'', paragraph on Tabgha, in The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Archaeology, vol. 1, p. 179, New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2013/ref>

A map from Napoleon's invasion of 1799 by Pierre Jacotin showed Tabgha, marked by the word ''Moulin'' (mill in French).

The 4th-century tower-like octagonal reservoir at Ein Nur Spring and the aqueduct it connected to are traditionally attributed to Ali, a son of the 18th-century ruler Dhaher (or Zahir) al-Umar. The reservoir is locally known as Birket Ali edh-Dhaher, "Pool of Ali edh-Dhaher".

In 1881, the Palestine Exploration Fund's ''Survey of Western Palestine'' (SWP) stated that the masonry of the structures indicates an Arab origin, thus agreeing with this tradition.

Crusader period

The area now taken by the Church of St Peter's Primacy was known during the Crusader period as ''Mensa Christi'', or ''Mensa Domini''.

Ottoman period

In 1596, as Al-Tabigha was part of the Ottoman Empire, a village was recorded, ''Tabiga'', in the ''nahiya'' (subdistrict) of Jira under the ''liwa''' ("district") of Safad, with a population of 8 households, an estimated 44 persons, all Muslims. It paid taxes on a number of crops, including wheat and barley, as well as on goats, beehives and orchards; a total of 3,290 akçe.

Johann Ludwig Burckhardt described the place as having a few houses and a mill, where the inhabitants were fishermen.

In 1838 Edward Robinson found here a small village, with one or two mills, built by Zahir al-Umar, but by then belonging to the government.

British Mandate period

In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, ''Tabagha'' had a population of 175; 157 Muslims and 18 Christians,Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Tiberias, p
39
/ref> (17 Roman Catholics and one Syrian Catholic). By the 1931 census the population had increased to 245; 223 Muslims, 21 Christians, and 1 Jew, in a total of 53 houses.Mills, 1932, p
85
/ref>

The number of people had increased to 330; 310 Muslims and 20 Christians, when the last census was made in the 1945 statistics. That number included Tell el Hunud and Khan el Minya. The total land area was 5 389 dunams. In 1944/45 the village had 7 dunams used for citrus and bananas, 287 were plantations and irrigated land, 2,728 used for cereals,Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p
123
/ref> while 2,367 dunams were classified as non-cultivable land.Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p
173
/ref>

On May 4, 1948, in Operation Broom, just before the outbreak of the Arab-Israeli war, Tabgha was attacked by Palmah forces, supported by the Alexandroni Brigades and local Hagana units. Its Arab inhabitants were expelled and their houses and tents were destroyed under orders by Yigal Allon.Morris, 2004, p
250

Church of the Multiplication

The earliest building at Tabgha was a small chapel built in the 4th century A.D. (around 350) by the Jewish convert to Christianity, Joseph of Tiberias. According to Epiphanius, Joseph was a contemporary of Emperor Constantine, a Rabbinical scholar, member of the Sanhedrin and a disciple of Hillel II. Following his conversion, Emperor Constantine gave him the rank of count (''comes''), and gave him permission to build churches in the Galilee, specifically, in Jewish towns which didn't yet have a Christian community, and the Galilee including the Sea of Galilee, was an area with a Jewish majority. This was probably the shrine described by the pilgrim Egeria at the end of the 4th century. The 4th century small shrine was dismantled in 480 and a bigger chapel was built by Martyrius of Jerusalem, Patriarch of Jerusalem from 478 to 486. Martyrius was Egyptian by origin, and this may be the reason why the floor of his chapel was covered with a beautiful Nile mosaic, a style of art popular in the Byzantine time, describing Nilotic landscape and the fest of the Nile.

The mosaic of the fish and loaves is laid next to a large rock, which has caused some New Testament scholars to speculate that the builders of the original church believed that Jesus stood on this rock when he blessed the fish and loaves just before the feeding of the crowd who had come to hear him.

The large monastery and a church were built in the fifth century. While some date the destruction of the site to the time of the Arab conquest, the church was most likely destroyed in 614 during the Persian invasion, for already in AD 670, Bishop Arculf had reported that only columns from the church remained. In any way, by the Crusader conquests the Byzantine site was forgotten, and rediscovered only in the 20th century.

The area's lands were bought in the 18th century by a Catholic German association, so they could build a hotel for pilgrims. As they began digging for the construction they discovered archaeological evidence of an earlier church, but could not make excavations due to the Ottoman law. Only in 1932, in the times of Mandatory Palestine. After nearly 1300 years of "solitude", two German archaeologists (Mader and Schneider) uncovered a number of the Byzantine church's walls and mosaics
In 1981, after further excavations, the church was finally restored by German Benedictines to its Byzantine form, incorporating portions of the original mosaics. The windows are fitted with alabaster panels.

Today, the church and surrounding land are property of the German Association of the Holy Land ( :de:Deutscher Verein vom Heiligen Lande) whose head is the Archbishop of Cologne. The site is maintained by Benedictine monks from the Dormition Abbey, which is located on Mount Zion in Jerusalem.

Arson attack

On 18 June 2015, vandals started a fire that damaged the church and left Hebrew graffiti denouncing the worship of "idols." Israeli Minister of Public Security, Gilad Erdan, released a statement condemning the attack, saying "The torching of the church is a cowardly and despicable act which contradicts Israel's basic values." Adviser to the Catholic Church in Israel says the economic damage to the site could be "in the millions shekels]." Investigations by the Israeli police and Shin Bet, internal security service led to the arrest and indictment of extremist Jewish Israeli youths associated with the Price tag policy, "Price-Tag" movement, whose trial is still ongoing as of July 2016.Dormition Abbey website, news page. Accessed 25 July 2016
/ref> As promised by Israeli president Reuven Rivlin and the Israeli government shortly after the arson attack, and following negotiations with the Ministry of Finance, first compensation payments were made in July 2016. Together with donations from Germany and the Benedictines, this allowed for the start of restoration works, which finish in the end of February 2017.

Church of the Primacy of St. Peter

The Church of the Primacy of St. Peter, just south of the Church of the Multiplication, was built on rocks at the shore of the Sea of Galilee, traditionally considered to be the place where Jesus appeared the fourth time after his resurrection (), during which, according to Catholic teaching, Jesus again conferred primacy on Simon Peter.

Endemic blind shrimp at Tabgha pool

The critically endangered, troglobitic, blind shrimp '' Typhlocaris galilea'' is endemic to Ein-Nur, a warm sulfuric and saline spring at Tabgha, whose water is collected inside a Byzantine 4th-century octagonal water tower. The shrimp is the most advanced species of a rare type of ecosystem, and the highest link in its food chain, at whose base stands a chemoautotrophic bacterium that can synthesise all necessary organic compounds using the sulfur from the spring water as its only source of energy, taking over the role played in most ecosystems by photosynthesising plants.

See also

*Khirbat al-Minya - Umayyad ''qasr'' ruins
*Kinneret (archaeological site) - biblical city which gave the Sea of Galilee its Hebrew name; now Tell el-'Oreimeh (Arabic) or Tel Kinrot (Hebrew)
*Sea of Galilee Boat - fishing boat from the 1st century CE, preserved in a museum at Kibbutz Ginosar

References

Bibliography

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* (pp
224
226)
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* (Oliphant, 1887, p
227
cited in Khalidi, 1992, p. 542)
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External links

al-Tabigha
Zochrot
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 6
IAAWikimedia commons

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Archaeological sites in Israel
Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War
District of Tiberias
New Testament places
History of Israel by location
Ancient Jewish settlements of Galilee
Sea of Galilee