Ta' Braxia Cemetery ( mt, Iċ-Ċimiterju ta' Braxa) is a

cemetery A cemetery, burial ground, gravesite or graveyard is a place where the remains of dead people are buried or otherwise interred. The word ''cemetery'' (from Greek , "sleeping place") implies that the land is specifically designated as a buri ...

in Gwardamanġa, located near the boundary between

Pietà The Pietà (; meaning " pity", "compassion") is a subject in Christian art depicting the Virgin Mary cradling the dead body of Jesus after his body was removed from the cross. It is most often found in sculpture. The Pietà is a specific form ...

and

Ħamrun Hamrun (; ) is a town in the Southern Region of Malta, with a population of 9,244 as of March 2014. The people The townspeople are traditionally known as ''Tas-Sikkina'' (literally meaning 'of the knife' or 'those who carry a knife') or as '' ...

Malta Malta ( , , ), officially the Republic of Malta ( mt, Repubblika ta' Malta ), is an island country in the Mediterranean Sea. It consists of an archipelago, between Italy and Libya, and is often considered a part of Southern Europe. It lies ...

. It was built between 1855 and 1857 as a multi-denomination burial ground primarily intended for British servicemen, partially replacing a number of earlier 18th century cemeteries. The site also incorporates a Jewish cemetery which was established in around 1830. The cemetery's construction was controversial since the local ecclesiastical authorities were opposed to a multi-faith extra-mural cemetery. The cemetery was designed by the Maltese architect

Emanuele Luigi Galizia Emanuele Luigi Galizia (7 November 1830 – 6 May 1907) was a Maltese architect and civil engineer, who designed many public buildings and several churches. He is regarded as "the principal Maltese architect throughout the second half of the ni ...

. It was expanded a number of times during the 19th century, and in 1893–94 a memorial chapel dedicated to Lady Rachel Hamilton-Gordon was added. The chapel was designed by the English architect

John Loughborough Pearson John Loughborough Pearson (5 July 1817 – 11 December 1897) was a British Gothic Revival architect renowned for his work on churches and cathedrals. Pearson revived and practised largely the art of vaulting, and acquired in it a proficiency ...

in a combination of the Gothic Revival and

Romanesque Revival Romanesque Revival (or Neo-Romanesque) is a style of building employed beginning in the mid-19th century inspired by the 11th- and 12th-century Romanesque architecture. Unlike the historic Romanesque style, Romanesque Revival buildings tended to ...

styles.

History

Ta' Braxia Cemetery is located just outside the

Floriana Lines The Floriana Lines ( mt, Is-Swar tal-Furjana) are a line of fortifications in Floriana, Malta, which surround the fortifications of Valletta and form the capital city's outer defences. Construction of the lines began in 1636 and they were nam ...

, the outer fortifications of Malta's capital

Valletta Valletta (, mt, il-Belt Valletta, ) is an administrative unit and capital of Malta. Located on the main island, between Marsamxett Harbour to the west and the Grand Harbour to the east, its population within administrative limits in 2014 wa ...

. The first cemetery on this site was established in 1778, and it was known as the Cemetery of the ''Sacra Infermeria''. This was the first extra-mural cemetery in Malta. The site also contained some other old cemeteries, including a plague cemetery and a Jewish cemetery which was established in around 1830. By the middle of the 19th century, the area had "become a heath, covered with a heap of rubbish, thorns and nettlebrushes... a common field laid waste without even a central cross or chapel as prescribed by the ritual of the Catholic Church." By 1850, the British wanted to establish a multi-faith cemetery for servicemen who died in Malta, after the Msida Bastion Cemetery became full. The decision was taken to re-lay and extend the cemetery at Ta' Braxia, which was chosen due to its proximity to the main urban centres of Valletta and the

Three Cities The Three Cities ( mt, It-Tlett Ibliet) is a collective description of the three fortified cities of Vittoriosa, Senglea and Cospicua in Malta. The oldest of the Three Cities is Vittoriosa, which has existed since prior to the Middle Ages. ...

. The cemetery was said to be meant for "all religions without distinction" but this only referred to different Christian denominations, excluding other religions, although the pre-existing Jewish cemetery would eventually be incorporated as a separate section into Ta' Braxia. The construction of the cemetery was perceived as a move to establish a predominantly Protestant cemetery. The establishment of the cemetery was intended to promote extra-mural burial for the upper classes. At the time, the concept of having an extra-mural cemetery was controversial since traditionally people were buried inside churches or chapels. The local ecclesiastical authorities were particularly opposed to extra-mural cemeteries. Further controversy arose since the church was strongly opposed to having a mixed-rite cemetery. The cemetery was designed by the Maltese architect

, and it was his first major government project. Galizia would later design two other major cemeteries: the Catholic Addolorata Cemetery and the Muslim Turkish Military Cemetery. Work on the cemetery commenced in 1855, with the construction of the boundary walls. The military authorities had to approve its designs so as to ensure that the cemetery would not compromise the fortifications. It officially opened in October 1857, and the opening was not reported in local media. The alteration of an adjacent road in 1861 led to the relocation of a nearby Catholic burial ground and permitted the cemetery's expansion. A southward expansion was undertaken in 1879, and another major expansion took place in 1889. The cemetery became the main burial ground for the British garrison during the second half of the 19th century. Three bodies recovered from the SS ''Sardinia'' disaster in 1908 were buried at Ta' Braxia. The

Commonwealth War Graves Commission The Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) is an intergovernmental organisation of six independent member states whose principal function is to mark, record and maintain the graves and places of commemoration of Commonwealth of Nations m ...

cares for the graves of eight Commonwealth soldiers buried in the cemetery, five from

World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

and three from

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing ...

. During World War II, aerial bombardment damaged or destroyed some of the headstones and funerary monuments at the cemetery. Other monuments have been damaged due to erosion.

Din l-Art Ħelwa () is a non-governmental and non-profit, voluntary organisation founded in 1965 by Maltese Judge Maurice Caruana Curran to safeguard Malta's cultural heritage and natural environment. Since its foundation, Din l-Art Ħelwa has restored numerous ...

and the government set up a committee to restore the cemetery in 2000. An association known as Friends of Ta' Braxia was set up in 2001, and it is responsible for the maintenance and restoration of the cemetery, with the assistance of Din l-Art Ħelwa. Today the cemetery is open to the public on weekdays.

Architecture

The cemetery has a grid layout, with the main entrance gate aligned on the central axis. It originally had a symmetrical layout, but this element has been lost due to later expansions of the cemetery. Internal gateways and retaining walls delineate different sectors within the cemetery. The cemetery includes Greek and Jewish sections, and a fountain which was designed by Galizia can also be found inside. The cemetery's architecture is not particularly impressive in itself, but it contains a number of elaborate funerary monuments carved out of stone or marble. Their style ranges from neoclassical to ornate and eclectic. Some monuments have iconography denoting

Masonic Freemasonry or Masonry refers to fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local guilds of stonemasons that, from the end of the 13th century, regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities ...

connections.

Chapel

The main landmark at Ta' Braxia Cemetery is the Lady Rachel Hamilton-Gordon Memorial Chapel, which was built to commemorate the wife of Sir Arthur Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Baron Stanmore. While en route from Ceylon to Britain, Lady Hamilton-Gordon fell ill and died in Malta, being buried at Ta' Braxia on 28 January 1889. Sir Hamilton-Gordon commissioned a leading English architect,

, to design a memorial chapel for his wife. Pearson probably never visited Malta, but prepared the plans which were sent to the island. The chapel's foundation stone was laid down on 28 May 1893 and it was completed in 1894. The chapel's architecture cannot be categorically classified as belonging to one particular style, since it combines elements from both the Gothic Revival and

styles. It has a centralized circular plan with a dome. The external façades contain elaborate geometric decoration and ornamentation, which contrast with the relatively plain dome.

History

Architecture

Chapel

See also

References

Further reading