Toll-like receptor 1 (TIL) is a member of the
toll-like receptor family
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are single-pass membrane-spanning receptors usually expressed on sentinel cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, that recognize str ...
(TLR) of
pattern recognition receptor
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a crucial role in the proper function of the innate immune system. PRRs are germline-encoded host sensors, which detect molecules typical for the pathogens. They are proteins expressed, mainly, by cells of ...
s of the
innate immune system
The innate, or nonspecific, immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies (the other being the adaptive immune system) in vertebrates. The innate immune system is an older evolutionary defense strategy, relatively speaking, and is the ...
.
TIL recognizes pathogen-associated molecular pattern with a specificity for
gram-positive bacteria. TIL has also been designated as CD281 (
cluster of differentiation 281).
TLRs are highly conserved from ''Drosophila'' to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize
pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of
cytokine
Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–25 kDa) important in cell signaling. Cytokines are peptides and cannot cross the lipid bilayer of cells to enter the cytoplasm. Cytokines have been shown to be involved in autocrin ...
s necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. This gene is ubiquitously expressed, and at higher levels than other TLR genes. Different length transcripts presumably resulting from use of alternative polyadenylation site, and/or from alternative splicing, have been noted for this gene.
TLR1 recognizes
peptidoglycan and (triacyl)
lipopeptides in concert with
TLR2 (as a heterodimer).
Toll-like receptors, including TLR-1, found on the epithelial cell layer that lines the small and large intestine are important players in the management of the
gut microbiota
Gut microbiota, gut microbiome, or gut flora, are the microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses that live in the digestive tracts of animals. The gastrointestinal metagenome is the aggregate of all the genomes of the gut m ...
and detection of pathogens.
It is also found on the surface of
macrophage
Macrophages (abbreviated as M φ, MΦ or MP) ( el, large eaters, from Greek ''μακρός'' (') = large, ''φαγεῖν'' (') = to eat) are a type of white blood cell of the immune system that engulfs and digests pathogens, such as cancer cel ...
s and
neutrophil
Neutrophils (also known as neutrocytes or heterophils) are the most abundant type of granulocytes and make up 40% to 70% of all white blood cells in humans. They form an essential part of the innate immune system, with their functions varying in ...
s.
Interactions
TLR 1 has been shown to
interact
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with TLR 2.
References
External links
*
PDBe-KBprovides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1)
Clusters of differentiation
1
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