The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) receptors are a

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

serine/threonine kinase receptor A serine/threonine protein kinase () is a kinase enzyme, in particular a protein kinase, that phosphorylates the OH group of the amino-acid residues serine or threonine, which have similar side chains. At least 350 of the 500+ human prote ...

s involved in

TGF beta signaling pathway The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling pathway is involved in many cellular processes in both the adult organism and the developing embryo including cell growth, cell differentiation, cell migration, apoptosis, cellular homeostasis a ...

. These receptors bind

growth factor A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cell proliferation, wound healing, and occasionally cellular differentiation. Usually it is a secreted protein or a steroid hormone. Growth factors are important for ...

and

cytokine Cytokines () are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–25 kDa) important in cell signaling. Cytokines are produced by a broad range of cells, including immune cells like macrophages, B cell, B lymphocytes, T cell, T lymphocytes ...

signaling protein In biology, cell signaling (cell signalling in British English) is the process by which a cell interacts with itself, other cells, and the environment. Cell signaling is a fundamental property of all cellular life in both prokaryotes and eukaryo ...

s in the TGF-beta family such as

TGFβ Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine belonging to the transforming growth factor superfamily that includes three different mammalian isoforms (TGF-β 1 to 3, HGNC symbols TGFB1, TGFB2, TGFB3) and many other ...

s (

TGFβ1 Transforming growth factor beta 1 or TGF-β1 is a polypeptide member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily of cytokines. It is a secreted protein that performs many cellular functions, including the control of cell growth, cell proli ...

TGFβ2 Transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2) is a secreted protein known as a cytokine that performs many cellular functions and has a vital role during embryonic development (alternative names: Glioblastoma-derived T-cell suppressor factor, G-TS ...

TGFβ3 Transforming growth factor beta-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the gene. It is a type of protein, known as a cytokine, which is involved in cell differentiation, embryogenesis and development. It belongs to a large family of cytokin ...

bone morphogenetic protein Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of growth factors also known as cytokines and as metabologens. Professor Marshall Urist and Professor Hari Reddi discovered their ability to induce the formation of bone and cartilage, BMPs are now ...

s (BMPs),

growth differentiation factor Growth differentiation factors (GDFs) are a subfamily of proteins belonging to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily that have functions predominantly in development. Types Several members of this subfamily have been described, and named ...

s (GDFs),

activin and inhibin Activin and inhibin are two closely related protein complexes that have almost directly opposite biological effects. Identified in 1986, activin enhances FSH biosynthesis and secretion, and participates in the regulation of the menstrual c ...

myostatin Myostatin (also known as growth differentiation factor 8, abbreviated GDF8) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MSTN'' gene. Myostatin is a myokine that is produced and released by myocytes and acts on muscle cells to inhibit muscle ...

anti-Müllerian hormone Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), also known as Müllerian-inhibiting hormone (MIH), is a glycoprotein hormone structurally related to Activin and inhibin, inhibin and activin from the transforming growth factor beta superfamily, whose key roles a ...

(AMH), and

NODAL Nodal may refer to: * Nodal, the adjectival form of the noun :wikt:node * Nodal homolog, a protein encoded by the gene NODAL and responsible for left-right asymmetry * Nodal (software), a novel music composition program * Christian Nodal ( ...

TGFβ family receptors

TGFβ family receptors are grouped into three types, type I, type II, and type III. There are seven type I receptors, termed the

activin-like receptor Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) receptors are single pass serine/threonine kinase receptors that belong to TGFβ receptor family. They exist in several different isoforms that can be homo- or heterodimeric. (free full text) The numbe ...

s (ALK1–7), five type II receptors, and one type III receptor, for a total of 13 TGFβ superfamily receptors. In the transduction pathway, ligand-bound type II receptors activate type I receptors by phosphorylation, which then autophosphorylate and bind SMAD. The Type I receptors have a glycine-serine (GS, or TTSGSGSG) repeat motif of around 30 AA, a target of type II activity. At least three, and perhaps four to five of the serines and threonines in the GS domain, must be phosphorylated to fully activate TbetaR-1.

Type I

ALK1 Serine/threonine-protein kinase receptor R3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ACVRL1'' gene. ACVRL1 is a receptor in the TGF beta signaling pathway. It is also known as activin receptor-like kinase 1, or ALK1. Function This gen ...

(ACVRL1) *

ALK2 Activin A receptor, type I (ACVR1) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''ACVR1'' gene; it is also known as ALK-2 (activin receptor-like kinase-2). ACVR1 has been linked to the 2q23-24 region of the genome. This protein is important in ...

(ACVR1A) * ALK3 (BMPR1A) *

ALK4 Activin receptor type-1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ACVR1B'' gene. ACVR1B or ALK-4 acts as a transducer of activin or activin-like ligands (e.g., inhibin) signals. Activin binds to either ACVR2A or ACVR2B and then forms a co ...

(ACVR1B) *

ALK5 Transforming growth factor beta receptor I (activin A receptor type II-like kinase, 53kDa) is a membrane-bound TGF beta receptor protein of the TGF-beta receptor family for the TGF beta superfamily of signaling ligands. ''TGFBR1'' is its human ...

(TGFβR1) * ALK6 (BMPR1B) *

ALK7 The activin A receptor also known as ACVR1C or ALK-7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACVR1C gene. ACVR1C is a type I receptor for the TGFB family of signaling molecules. ACVR1C transduces signals of Nodal (protein), Nodal. Nodal (p ...

(ACVR1C)

Type II

TGFβR2 Transforming growth factor, beta receptor II (70/80kDa) is a TGF beta receptor. ''TGFBR2'' is its human gene. It is a tumor suppressor gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase family and the TGFB recept ...

BMPR2 Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II or BMPR2 is a serine/threonine receptor kinase encoded by the ''BMPR2'' gene. It binds bone morphogenetic proteins, members of the TGF beta superfamily of ligands, which are involved in paracrine signa ...

ACVR2A Activin receptor type-2A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ACVR2A'' gene. ACVR2A is an activin type 2 receptor. Function This gene encodes activin A type II receptor. Activins are dimeric growth and differentiation factors which ...

ACVR2B Activin receptor type-2B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ACVR2B'' gene. ACVR2B is an activin type 2 receptor. Function Activins are dimeric growth and differentiation factors which belong to the transforming growth factor-bet ...

* AMHR2 (AMHR)

Type III

Unlike the Type I and II receptors which are kinases, TGFBR3 has a

Zona pellucida-like domain The zona pellucida-like domain (ZP domain / ZP-like domain / ZP module) is a large protein region of about 260 amino acids. It has been recognised in a variety of receptor-like eukaryotic glycoproteins. All of these molecules are mosaic proteins ...

. Its core domain binds TGF-beta family ligands and its heparan sulfate chains bind

bFGF Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), also known as basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and FGF-β, is a growth factor and signaling protein encoded by the ''FGF2'' gene. It binds to and exerts effects via specific fibroblast growth factor rece ...

. It acts as a reservoir of ligand for TGF-beta receptors. *

TGFβR3 Betaglycan also known as Transforming growth factor beta receptor III (TGFBR3), is a cell-surface chondroitin sulfate / heparan sulfate proteoglycan >300 kDa in molecular weight. Betaglycan binds to various members of the TGF-beta superfamily of ...

(β-glycan)

References

TGF beta receptors Transmembrane receptors Protein families {{receptor-stub