Sébastien Lespès

Sébastien-Nicolas-Joachim Lespès (13 March 1828 – 24 August 1897) was a French admiral who played an important role in naval operations during the Sino-French War (August 1884–April 1885), as second-in-command of Admiral Amédée Courbet's Far East Squadron.

Early career

Sébastien Lespès was born on 13 March 1828 at Bayonne ( Basses-Pyrénées). He attended the École Navale, passing out as a midshipman (''aspirant'') on 1 August 1846. In 1850, after serving successively on the warships ''Inflexible'', ''Friedland'', ''Océan'' and ''Psyché'' with the escadre d'évolution, he took part in the Senegal campaign aboard the brig ''Aigle''. He received his promotion to ''enseigne de vaisseau'' during the course of this campaign, on 26 October 1850.

During the Crimean War (1854-6) he saw service aboard the warship ''Valmy'' in the Black Sea, and also distinguished himself ashore with the French naval batteries at the Siege of Sebastopol. He was promoted ''lieutenant de vaisseau'' on 2 December 1854, and was also made a Knight in the Order of the Legion of Honour.

He was posted to the Far East in 1857 and saw active service in the Second Opium War and the Cochinchina campaign, serving successively aboard the warships ''Audacieux'', ''Némésis'', ''Dordogne'' and ''Duchayla''. He was present with ''Némésis'' at the attack on the Pei-ho forts and at the capture of Da Nang (September 1858), and with ''Duchayla'' at the capture of the Kien Chan forts during the Siege of Tourane (18 November 1859).

In April 1860 he was appointed to the command of the aviso ''Norzagaray'' and given the task of scouting the river routes of Cambodia.

He was promoted ''capitaine de frégate'' on 27 January 1864 and took part in the Iceland campaign, for two summers, as second officer of ''Pandore''. He was then appointed by Commandant Jules d'Ariès as chief of staff of the West Coast naval division (''division navale du littoral ouest de la France'').

In 1869 he sailed for Shanghai with the corvette ''Dupleix'' as flag captain and chief of staff to Rear Admiral Krantz, who had recently assumed command of the China and Japan Seas naval division. He therefore saw no action during the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71). In the early 1870s ''Dupleix'' left the division to undergo repairs, and was replaced by ''Montcalm''. Lespès remained in command of ''Montcalm'' until 1876.

During this tour of duty in the Far East, on 20 May 1873, Lespès was promoted ''capitaine de vaisseau''.

In 1876, following his return to Toulon, he assumed command of the frigate ''Revanche'', one of the warships of escadre d'évolution. ''Revanche'' was seriously damaged by a boiler explosion in May 1877, and Lespès was subsequently given command of the ironclad ''Héroïne'', also with the squadron of evolutions (May 1877–May 1878).

During the next five years Lespès held two important administrative posts on the Council of Works () and the ''Conseil d'Amirauté''. He also held successive command of the first-class ironclads ''Redoutable'' and ''Amiral Duperré''.

He was promoted rear admiral (''contre-amiral'') on 7 December 1881.

Command of Far East naval division

On 7 March 1884 Lespès arrived in Hong Kong aboard his flagship ''La Galissonnière'' to replace Admiral Charles Meyer in command of France's Far East naval division. After his arrival the naval division consisted of the ironclads ''La Galissonnière'' and ''Triomphante'', the cruisers ''d'Estaing'', ''Duguay-Trouin'' and ''Volta'', and the gunboat ''Lutin''.

The Tonkin Coasts and Far East naval divisions were both placed under Admiral Courbet's command in July 1884, as war with China loomed, and the two divisions were formally united into a Far East Squadron in August 1884.

Sino-French War

Lespès did not possess Admiral Courbet's tactical brilliance, and his record as a naval commander during the Sino-French War was mixed. On 5 August 1884 he successfully destroyed the Chinese forts at Keelung, and landed a force of sailors to occupy the town. On 6 August the Chinese counterattacked, and Lespès was forced to re-embark his landing force.

On 29 August 1884, while Courbet's squadron was fighting its way successfully down the Min River after its victory in the Battle of Fuzhou, Lespès came up from Keelung with his flagship ''La Galissonnière'' and attempted to force his way into the river. ''La Galissonnière'' came under fire from the Chinese forts at the entrance to the river, received several hits, and was forced to withdraw.

On 8 October 1884 Lespès was in overall command of the French attack on Tamsui, which was ignominiously repulsed by the Chinese. The Battle of Tamsui was an embarrassing defeat for the French, and Courbet seems to have realised the limitations of his subordinate commander. Thereafter Lespès was given relatively unexacting duties. In February and early March 1885, while Courbet hunted down several Chinese ships of the Nanyang Fleet and brought them to action in the Battle of Shipu and the Battle of Zhenhai, Lespès was left in command of the blockade of Formosa. In late March 1885, in the Pescadores Campaign, Courbet took personal command of the naval expedition. Again, Lespès was left behind to direct the blockades of Formosa and the Yangzi River.

Command of the Far East Squadron

After Courbet's death on 11 June 1885, Lespès briefly assumed command of the Far East Squadron. He delivered a moving tribute to his predecessor at a memorial service for Courbet at Makung on 13 June attended by the sailors of the Far East Squadron and the marine infantry of the Formosa expeditionary corps that had fought the Pescadores Campaign. His command lasted just over a month. On 25 July 1885 the French government reconstituted the traditional Far East naval division at close to its 1883 strength, and Lespès resumed command of his old division, with Admiral Adrien-Barthélémy-Louis Rieunier as his second-in-command. The postwar Far East naval division consisted of the ironclads ''La Galissonnière'' (Lespès' flagship), ''Turenne'' (Rieunier's flagship) and ''Triomphante'', the cruisers ''Lapérousse'', ''Primauguet'', ''Champlain'' and ''Roland'', and the gunboats ''Vipère'' and ''Sagittaire''.

Personality and views

Lespès tended to make a good impression on those who made his acquaintance. On 9 August 1884, four days after the French bombardment of the Keelung forts, the Canadian missionary George MacKay was invited aboard ''La Galissonnière'' in Keelung harbour and met Lespès. MacKay, who was accompanied by a Taiwanese student, was struck by the French admiral's humanity:

Four days after the bombardment, in company with an Englishman, I went around the coast in a steamship, and was allowed to go on shore to examine the smoking fortifications. Soldiers were lying on their faces, with bodies shattered. Evidently they had been fleeing when exploded shells ended their lives. These shells were sent with such terrific force as to cut off branches of a tree that were half a foot in diameter. A magazine that had exploded hurled masses of concrete to an incredible distance. The Englishman and myself, with one of my students, were invited on board the flagship ''La Galissonair'' and taken through every part of the vessel. When we went down below our attention was directed to three holes, nearly a foot in diameter, just above the surface of the water, made by shells from the Chinese fort. The vice-admiral spoke in the highest terms of the gunners who aimed so truly. Though he was a man of war, this officer was also a man of sympathy; for when my student looked afraid as the soldiers under drill and their officers dashed to and fro with swords dangling at their sides, he said, 'Poor fellow! Tell him not to be afraid. We have no pleasure in killing people.'

Lespès was a reflective and sensitive man, with a good deal of human sympathy. According to Captain Fournier of the French cruiser ''Éclaireur'', who met George MacKay in Keelung on the eve of the French evacuation in June 1885, Lespès had made no secret of his distaste for Jules Ferry's aggressive policy towards China, and believed that France should not have fought the Sino-French War. This was also Fournier's view (he called the coercion of China 'a disgusting affair'), though it was not an opinion espoused by the majority of the officers of the Far East Squadron.MacKay, 199

Notes

References

* Lonlay, D. de, ''Au Tonkin, 1883-1885'' (Paris, 1886)
* Duboc, E., ''Trente cinq mois de campagne en Chine, au Tonkin'' (Paris, 1899)
* Garnot, ''L'expédition française de Formose, 1884–1885'' (Paris, 1894)
* Huard, L., ''La guerre du Tonkin'' (Paris, 1887)
* Loir, M., ''L'escadre de l'amiral Courbet'' (Paris, 1886)
*
* Thomazi, A., ''La conquête de l'Indochine'' (Paris, 1934)
* Thomazi, A., ''Histoire militaire de l'Indochine français'' (Hanoi, 1931)
* Tréfeu, E., ''Nos marins: vice-amiraux, contre-amiraux, officiers généraux des troupes de la marine et des corps entretenus'' (Paris, 1888)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lespes, Sebastien
1828 births
1897 deaths
People from Bayonne
French Navy admirals
French military personnel of the Crimean War
French military personnel of the Sino-French War