The Synergistota is a phylum of anaerobic bacteria that show Gram-negative staining and have rod/vibrioid cell shape. Although Synergistota have a diderm cell envelope,Gupta, R. S. (2011) Origin of Diderm (Gram-negative) Bacteria: Antibiotic Selection Pressure Rather than Endosymbiosis Likely led to the Evolution of Bacterial Cells with Two Membranes. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 100: 171–182 the genes for various proteins involved in lipopolysaccharides

biosynthesis Biosynthesis is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms. In biosynthesis, simple compounds are modified, converted into other compounds, or joined to form macromolecules. ...

have not yet been detected in Synergistota, indicating that they may have an atypical outer cell envelope. The Synergistota inhabit a majority of anaerobic environments including animal gastrointestinal tracts, soil, oil wells, and

wastewater treatment Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove contaminants from wastewater and convert it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle. Once returned to the water cycle, the effluent creates an acceptable impact on the environme ...

plants and they are also present in sites of human diseases such as cysts, abscesses, and areas of periodontal disease.Vartoukian, S.R., Palmer, R.M., and Wade, W.G. (2007). The division "Synergistes". Anaerobe. 13, 99–106. Due to their presence at illness related sites, the Synergistota are suggested to be opportunistic pathogens but they can also be found in healthy individuals in the microbiome of the umbilicus and in normal vaginal flora. Species within this phylum have also been implicated in periodontal disease, gastrointestinal infections and soft tissue infections. Other species from this phylum have been identified as significant contributors in the degradation of sludge for production of biogas in anaerobic digesters and are potential candidates for use in renewable energy production through their production of hydrogen gas. All of the known Synergistota species and genera are presently part of a single class (Synergistia), order (Synergistiales), and family (Synergistaceae).

Comparative genomics and molecular signatures

Recent comparative analyses of sequenced Synergistota genomes have led to identification of large numbers of conserved signature indels (CSIs) in protein sequences that are specific for either all sequenced Synergistota species or some of their sub-clades that are observed in phylogenetic trees. Of the CSIs that were identified, 32 in widely distributed proteins such as RpoB, RpoC, UvrD, GyrA, PolA, PolC, MraW, NadD, PyrE, RpsA, RpsH, FtsA, RadA, etc., including a large >300 aa insert in the RpoC protein, are present in various Synergistota species, but except for isolated bacteria, these CSIs are not found in the protein homologues from all other organisms. These CSIs provide novel molecular markers for distinguishing Synergistota species from all other bacteria. Seven other CSIs in important proteins including a 13 aa in RpoB were found to be uniquely present in ''Jonquetella'', ''Pyramidobacter'' and ''Dethiosulfovibrio'' species indicating a close and specific relationship among these bacteria, which is also strongly supported by phylogenetic trees. Fifteen addition CSIs that were only present in ''Jonquetella'' and ''Pyramidobacter'' indicate a close association between these two species. Lastly, a close relationship between the ''Aminomonas'' and ''Thermanaerovibrio'' species is also supported by 9 identified CSIs. The identified molecular markers provide reliable means for the division of species from the phylum Synergistota into intermediate taxonomic ranks such as families and orders.

Phylogeny

Taxonomy

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LSPN) and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). * Phylum Synergistota Jumas-Bilak et al. 2021 ** Class Synergistia Jumas-Bilak et al. 2009 *** Order Synergistales Jumas-Bilak et al. 2009 **** Family

Synergistaceae The Synergistota is a phylum of anaerobic bacteria that show Gram-negative staining and have rod/vibrioid cell shape. Although Synergistota have a diderm cell envelope,Gupta, R. S. (2011) Origin of Diderm (Gram-negative) Bacteria: Antibiotic Sel ...

Jumas-Bilak et al. 2009 lostridiales Family XV; Thermosynergistaceae Yang et al. 2021***** Genus '' Acetomicrobium'' Soutschek et al. 1985 'Anaerobaculum'' Rees et al. 1997">Anaerobaculum.html" ;"title="' 'Anaerobaculum'' Rees et al. 1997****** Species '' A. flavidum'' Soutschek et al. 1985 ****** Species ''Anaerobaculum hydrogeniformans">A. hydrogeniformans'' (Maune & Tanner 2012) Ben Hania et al. 2016 ****** Species '' A. mobile'' (Menes & Muxi 2002) Ben Hania et al. 2016 ****** Species '' A. thermoterrenum'' (Rees et al. 1997) Ben Hania et al. 2016 ***** Genus '' Acetomicrobium thermoterrenum">A. thermoterrenum'' (Rees et al. 1997) Ben Hania et al. 2016 ***** Genus '' A. circumscriptus'' Díaz et al. 2007 ***** Genus ''Aminivibrio">Aminiphilus'' Díaz et al. 2007 ****** Species ''Aminiphilus circumscriptus">A. circumscriptus'' Díaz et al. 2007 ***** Genus '' A. pyruvatiphilus'' Honda et al. 2013 ***** Genus ''Aminobacterium">Aminivibrio'' Honda et al. 2013 ****** Species ''Aminivibrio pyruvatiphilus">A. pyruvatiphilus'' Honda et al. 2013 ***** Genus '' A. colombiense'' Baena et al. 1999 (type sp.) ****** Species '' A. mobile'' Baena et al. 2000 ****** Species '' A. thunnarium'' Hamdi et al. 2015 ***** Genus ''Aminomonas">Aminobacterium mobile">A. mobile'' Baena et al. 2000 ****** Species ''Aminobacterium thunnarium">A. thunnarium'' Hamdi et al. 2015 ***** Genus '' A. paucivorans'' Baena et al. 1999 ***** Genus "''Candidatus'' Caccocola">Aminomonas'' Baena et al. 1999 ****** Species ''Aminomonas paucivorans">A. paucivorans'' Baena et al. 1999 ***** Genus "''Candidatus'' Gilroy et al. 2021 ****** Species "''Ca.'' Caccocola faecigallinarum">C. faecigallinarum" Gilroy et al. 2021 ****** Species "''Ca.'' Caccocola faecipullorum">C. faecipullorum" Gilroy et al. 2021 ***** Genus ''Cloacibacillus'' Ganesan et al. 2008 emend. Looft et al. 2013 ****** Species ''Cloacibacillus evryensis, C. evryensis'' Ganesan et al. 2008 ****** Species ''Cloacibacillus porcorum, C. porcorum'' Looft et al. 2013 ***** Genus '' Dethiosulfovibrio'' Magot et al. 1997 ****** Species '' D. salsuginis'' Díaz-Cárdenas et al. 2010 ****** Species '' D. peptidovorans'' Magot et al. 1997 (type sp.) ****** Species '' D. acidaminovorans'' Surkov et al. 2001 ****** Species '' D. marinus'' Surkov et al. 2001 ****** Species '' D. russensis'' Surkov et al. 2001 ***** Genus '' Fretibacterium'' Vartoukian et al. 2013 ****** Species '' F. fastidiosum'' Vartoukian et al. 2013 ***** Genus '' Jonquetella'' Jumas-Bilak et al. 2007 ****** Species '' J. anthropi'' Jumas-Bilak et al. 2007 ***** Genus '' Lactivibrio'' Qiu et al. 2014 ****** Species '' L. alcoholicus'' Qiu et al. 2014 ***** Genus "'' Pacaella''" Ndongo et al. 2017 ****** Species "'' P. massiliensis''" Ndongo et al. 2017 ***** Genus '' Pyramidobacter'' Downes et al. 2009 ****** Species '' P. piscolens'' Downes et al. 2009 ****** Species '' P. porci'' Wylensek et al. 2021 ***** Genus '' Rarimicrobium'' Jumas-Bilak et al. 2015 ****** Species '' R. hominis'' Jumas-Bilak et al. 2015 ***** Genus '' Synergistes'' Allison et al. 1993 ****** Species '' S. jonesii'' Allison et al. 1993 ***** Genus "''Candidatus'' Tammella" Hongoh et al. 2007 ****** Species "''Ca.'' T. caduceiae" Hongoh et al. 2007 ***** Genus ''

Thermanaerovibrio ''Thermanaerovibrio'' is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming chemoorganotrophic and thermophilic genus of bacteria from the family of Synergistaceae The Synergistota is a phylum of anaerobic bacteria that show Gram-negative staining and have r ...

'' Baena et al. 1999 emend. Palaniappan et al. 2013 ****** Species '' T. acidaminovorans'' (Guangsheng et al. 1997) Baena et al. 1999 'Selenomonas acidaminovorans'' Guangsheng et al. 1997(type sp.) ****** Species '' T. velox'' Zavarzina et al. 2000 ***** Genus '' Thermosynergistes'' Yang et al. 2021 ****** Species '' T. pyruvativorans'' Yang et al. 2021 ***** Genus '' Thermovirga'' Dahle and Birkeland 2006 ****** Species '' T. lienii'' Dahle and Birkeland 2006

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1318124 Subphyla