Several centers for

supercomputing A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of performance as compared to a general-purpose computer. The performance of a supercomputer is commonly measured in floating-point operations per second ( FLOPS) instead of million instruction ...

exist across Europe, and distributed access to them is coordinated by European initiatives to facilitate high-performance computing. One such initiative, the HPC Europa project, fits within the Distributed European Infrastructure for Supercomputing Applications (DEISA), which was formed in 2002 as a consortium of eleven supercomputing centers from seven European countries. Operating within the CORDIS framework, HPC Europa aims to provide access to supercomputers across Europe. Germany's JUWELS (booster

module Module, modular and modularity may refer to the concept of modularity. They may also refer to: Computing and engineering * Modular design, the engineering discipline of designing complex devices using separately designed sub-components * Modul ...

) is the fastest European supercomputer in 7th place (followed by Italian

Eni Eni S.p.A. () is an Italian multinational energy company headquartered in Rome. Considered one of the seven "supermajor" oil companies in the world, it has operations in 69 countries with a market capitalization of US$54.08 billion, as of 11 Ap ...

company supercomputer) in November 2020, and Switzerland's Piz Daint was the fastest European supercomputer, in October 2016, ranked 3rd in the world with a peak of over 25 petaflops. In June 2011, France's

Tera 100 Tera 100 is a supercomputer built by Bull SA for the French Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique. On May 26, 2010, Tera 100 was turned on. The computer, which is located in Essonne is able to sustain around 1 petaFLOPs maximum performance and a pe ...

was certified the fastest supercomputer in Europe, and ranked 9th in the world at the time (has now dropped of the list). It was the first petascale supercomputer designed and built in Europe. There are several efforts to coordinate European leadership in high-performance computing. The ETP4HPC Strategic Research Agenda (SRA) outlines a technology roadmap for exascale in Europe, with a key motivation being an increase in the global market share of the HPC technology developed in Europe. The Eurolab4HPC Vision provides a long-term roadmap, covering the years 2023 to 2030, with the aim of fostering academic excellence in European HPC research.

Pan-European HPC organisation

There have been several projects to organise supercomputing applications within Europe. The first was the Distributed European Infrastructure for Supercomputing Applications (DEISA). This ran from 2002–2011. The organisation of supercomputing has been taken over by the Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe (PRACE). From 2018-2026 further supercomputer development is taking place under the

European High-Performance Computing Joint Undertaking The European High-Performance Computing Joint Undertaking (EuroHPC JU) is a public-private partnership in High Performance Computing (HPC), enabling the pooling of European Union–level resources with the resources of participating EU Member St ...

within the

Horizon 2020 The Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development, also called Framework Programmes or abbreviated FP1 to FP9, are funding programmes created by the European Union/European Commission to support and foster research in the Europea ...

framework. Under Horizon 2020, European HPC Centres of Excellence are being funded to promote Exascale capabilities and scale up existing parallel codes in the domains of renewable energy, materials modelling and design, molecular and atomic modeling, climate change, global system science, and bio-molecular research. In addition to advances being shared with the HPC research community such as the “Putting the Ocean into the Center” visualization and progress on the “Digital Twin” that is already being used to run in silico clinical trials, EU countries are already beginning to directly benefit from work done by the Centres of Excellence under Horizon 2020: In summer 2021, software from a European Centre of Excellence was used to forecast ash clouds from the La Palma volcano. Additionally, EU Centres of Excellence are providing support throughout the Covid19 pandemic creating models to guide policy makers, expediting the discovery of possible treatments, and generally facilitating the sharing of research data during the race to understand the corona virus.

High performance computing tiers

PRACE provides "access to leading-edge computing and data management resources and services for large-scale scientific and engineering applications at the highest performance level". PRACE categorises European HPC facilities into 3 tiers: tier-0 are European Centres with petaflop machines, tier 1 are national centres, and tier 2 are regional centres. PRACE details that they have 7 tier-0 systems: Marconi (Italy), Hazel Hen (Germany), JUQUEEN (Germany), SuperMUC (Germany), Piz Daint (Switzerland), CURIE (France), and

MareNostrum MareNostrum (, ) is the main supercomputer in the Barcelona Supercomputing Center. It is the most powerful supercomputer in Spain, one of thirteen supercomputers in the Spanish Supercomputing Network and one of the seven supercomputers of the ...

(Spain).

By country

Austria

The Vienna Scientific Cluster is a collaboration between several Austrian universities. The current flagship of the VSC family is VSC-4, a Linux cluster with approximately 790 compute nodes, 37,920 cores and a theoretical peak performance is 3.7 PFlop/s. The VSC-4 cluster was ranked 82nd in the Top-500 list in June 2019. VSC-4 was installed in summer 2019 at the Arsenal TU building in Vienna.

Belgium

On 25 October 2012, Ghent University ( Belgium) inaugurated the first Tier 1 supercomputer of the Flemish Supercomputer Centre (VSC). The supercomputer is part of an initiative by the Flemish government to provide the researchers in Flanders with a very powerful computing infrastructure. The new cluster was ranked 163rd in the worldwide Top500 list of supercomputers in November 2012. In 2014, a supercomputer started operating at Cenaero in

Gosselies Gosselies ( wa, Gochliye) is a town of Wallonia and a district of the municipality of Charleroi, located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium. Located in the north of Charleroi, it was a city and a municipality of its own before the merger of the ...

. In 2016, VSC started operating the BrENIAC supercomputer (NEC HPC1816Rg, Xeon E5-2680v4 14C 2.4 GHz, Infiniband EDR) in

Leuven Leuven (, ) or Louvain (, , ; german: link=no, Löwen ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Flemish Brabant in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is located about east of Brussels. The municipality itself comprises the historic ...

. It has 16,128 cores providing 548,000 Gflops (Rmax) or 619,315 Gflops (Repack).

Bulgaria

The

National Center for Supercomputing Applications The National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) is a state-federal partnership to develop and deploy national-scale computer infrastructure that advances research, science and engineering based in the United States. NCSA operates as a ...

in Sofia operates an IBM

Blue Gene Blue Gene is an IBM project aimed at designing supercomputers that can reach operating speeds in the petaFLOPS (PFLOPS) range, with low power consumption. The project created three generations of supercomputers, Blue Gene/L, Blue Gene/P, ...

/P supercomputer, which offers high-performance processing to the

Bulgarian Academy of Sciences The Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (abbreviated BAS; bg, Българска академия на науките, ''Balgarska akademiya na naukite'', abbreviated ''БАН'') is the National Academy of Bulgaria, established in 1869. The Academy ...

and

Sofia University Sofia University, "St. Kliment Ohridski" at the University of Sofia, ( bg, Софийски университет „Св. Климент Охридски“, ''Sofijski universitet „Sv. Kliment Ohridski“'') is the oldest higher education ...

, among other organizations. The system was on the TOP500 list until November 2009, when it ranked as number 379. A second supercomputer, the "Discoverer", was installed in 2020 and ranked 91st in the TOP500 in 2021. "Discoverer", Bulgaria's supercomputer was the third launched under the program on October 21, 2021. Located on the territory of the Bulgarian Science and Technology Park "Sofia Tech Park" in Sofia, Bulgaria. The cost is co-financed by Bulgaria and EuroHPC JU with a joint investment of €11.5 million completed by Atos. Discoverer has a stable performance of 4.5 petaflops and a peak performance of 6 petaflops.

Croatia

The Center for Advanced Computing and Modelling (CNRM) in Rijeka was established in 2010 and conducts multidisciplinary scientific research through the use of advanced high-performance solutions based on CPU and GPGPU server technologies and technologies for data storage. They operate the supercomputer "Bura" which consists of 288 computing nodes and has a total of 6912 CPU cores, its peak performance is 233.6 teraflops and it ranked at 440th on the November 2015 TOP500 list.

Finland

CSC – IT Center for Science CSC – IT Center for Science Ltd. (also known as Finnish IT center for science) provides IT support and modeling, computing and information services for academia, research institutes and companies in Finland. It is owned by the Finnish state an ...

operated a

Cray XC30 The Cray XC30 is a massively parallel multiprocessor supercomputer manufactured by Cray. It consists of Intel Xeon processors, with optional Nvidia Tesla or Xeon Phi accelerators, connected together by Cray's proprietary "Aries" interconnect, s ...

system called " Sisu" with 244 TFlop/s. In September 2014 the system was upgraded to

Cray XC40 The Cray XC40 is a massively parallel multiprocessor supercomputer manufactured by Cray. It consists of Intel Haswell Xeon processors, with optional Nvidia Tesla or Intel Xeon Phi accelerators, connected together by Cray's proprietary "Arie ...

, giving a theoretical peak of 1,688 TFLOPS. Sisu was ranked 37th in the November 2014 Top500 list, but had dropped to 107th by November 2017.

France

The

Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission or CEA ( French: Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives), is a French public government-funded research organisation in the areas of energy, defense and securi ...

(CEA) operates the Tera 100 machine in the Research and Technology Computing Center in

Essonne Essonne () is a department of France in the southern Île-de-France region. It is named after the river Essonne. In 2019, it had a population of 1,301,659 across 194 communes.Île-de-France. The Tera 100 has a peak processing speed of 1,050 teraflops, making it the fastest supercomputer in Europe in 2011. Built by Groupe Bull, it had 140,000 processors. The National Computer Center of Higher Education (French acronym: CINES) was established in

Montpellier Montpellier (, , ; oc, Montpelhièr ) is a city in southern France near the Mediterranean Sea. One of the largest urban centres in the region of Occitania, Montpellier is the prefecture of the department of Hérault. In 2018, 290,053 people l ...

in 1999, and offers computer services for research and higher education. In 2014 the Occigen system was installed, which was manufacturered by the Bull, Atos Group. It has 50,544 cores and a peak performance of 2.1

Petaflops In computing, floating point operations per second (FLOPS, flops or flop/s) is a measure of computer performance, useful in fields of scientific computations that require floating-point calculations. For such cases, it is a more accurate meas ...

Germany

In Germany, supercomputing is organized at two levels. The three national centers at Garching (LRZ), Juelich (JSC) and Stuttgart (HLRS) together form the Gauss Center for Supercomputing, and provide both the European Tier 0 level of HPC and the German national Tier 1 level. A number of medium-sized centers are also organized in the Gauss Alliance. The Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC) and the Gauss Centre for Supercomputing jointly owned the JUGENE computer at the Forschungszentrum Jülich in North Rhine-Westphalia. JUGENE was based on IBM's Blue Gene/P architecture, and in June 2011 was ranked the 12th fastest computer in the world by TOP500. It was replaced by the Blue Gene/Q system JUQUEEN on 31 July 2012. The

Leibniz-Rechenzentrum The Leibniz Supercomputing Centre (LRZ) (german: Leibniz-Rechenzentrum) is a supercomputing centre on the Campus Garching near Munich, operated by the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities. Among other IT services, it provides supercompute ...

, a supercomputing center in Munich, houses the SuperMUC system, which began operations in 2012 at a processing speed of 3 petaflops. This was, at the time it entered service, the fastest supercomputer in Europe. The High Performance Computing Center in Stuttgart fastest computing system is Hawk with a peak performance of 26 petaflops, replacing Hazel Hen with a peak performance of more than 7.4 petaflops. Hazel Hen, which is based on Cray XC40 technology, was ranked the 8th fastest system worldwide.

Greece

Greece's main supercomputing institution is GRNET SA, a Greek state-owned company that is supervised by the General Secretariat for Research and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Research and Religious Affairs. GRNET's high-performance computing system is called ARIS (Advanced Research Information System) and during its introduction to the TOP500 list, in June 2015, it got the 467th place.

ARIS Aris or ARIS may refer to: People * Aris (surname) Given name * Aris Alexandrou, Greek writer * Aris Brimanis, ice hockey player * Aris Christofellis, Greek male soprano * Aris Gavelas, Greek sprinter * Aris Howard, Former President of the J ...

infrastructure consists of four computing systems ''islets'': thin nodes, fat nodes, GPU nodes and Phi Nodes. GRNET is the Greek member in the Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe and ARIS is a Tier-1 PRACE node.

Ireland

The

Irish Centre for High-End Computing The Irish Centre for High-End Computing (ICHEC) is the national high-performance computing centre in Ireland. It was established in 2005 and provides supercomputing resources, support, training and related services. ICHEC is involved in educat ...

(ICHEC) is the national supercomputing centre and operates the "Kay" supercomputer, commissioned in August 2018. The system, which was provided by Intel, consists of a cluster of 336 high-performance servers with 13,440 CPU (Central Processing Unit) cores and 64 terabytes of memory for general purpose computations. Additional components aimed at more specialised requirements include 6 large memory nodes with 1.5 terabytes of memory per server, plus 32 accelerator nodes divided between Intel Xeon Phi and NVidia V100 GPUs (Graphics Processing Units). The network linking all of these components together is Intel's 100Gbit/s Omnipath technology and DataDirect Networks are providing 1 petabyte of high-performance storage over a parallel file system. Penguin Computing has integrated this hardware and provided the software management and user interface layers.

Italy

The main supercomputing institution in Italy is CINECA, a consortium of many universities and research institutions scattered throughout the country. As of 2021, the highest CINECA supercomputer in the TOP500 list (14th place) is Marconi-100, an accelerated cluster based on IBM Power9 processors and NVIDIA Volta GPUs, with 347,776 cores for 21,640.0 TFLOPS and 1,476 kW. Due to the involvement of the National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN) in the main experiments taking place at

CERN The European Organization for Nuclear Research, known as CERN (; ; ), is an intergovernmental organization that operates the largest particle physics laboratory in the world. Established in 1954, it is based in a northwestern suburb of Gene ...

, Italy also hosts some of the largest nodes of the

Worldwide LHC Computing Grid The Worldwide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG), formerly (until 2006) the LHC Computing Grid (LCG), is an international collaborative project that consists of a grid-based computer network infrastructure incorporating over 170 computing centers in 42 c ...

, including one Tier 1 facility and 11 Tier 2 facilities out of 151 total nodes.

Luxembourg

The Luxembourg supercomputer Meluxina was officially launched on June 7, 2021 and is part of the

(EuroHPC JU). It is located at the LuxProvide data center in Bissen, Luxembourg. It is the second supercomputer to be launched after Vega of eight planned supercomputers (EuroHPC JU). The system was completed by company Atos. Luxembourg paid for two thirds of the project. The European Commission funded the other third, with 35% of the computing power to be made available to the 32 countries taking part in the EuroHPC joint venture. The value of the joint investment is €30.4 million euros. Meluxina has a stable performance of 10 petaflops and a peak performance of 15 petaflops.

Netherlands

The European Grid Infrastructure, a continent-wide distributed computing system, is headquartered at the Science Park in Amsterdam.

Norway

UNINETT Sigma2 AS maintains the national infrastructure for large-scale computational science in Norway and provides high-performance computing and data storage for all Norwegian universities and colleges, as well as other publicly funded organizations and projects. Sigma2 and its projects are financed by the Research Council of Norway and the Sigma2 consortium partners (the universities of Oslo,

Bergen Bergen (), historically Bjørgvin, is a city and municipality in Vestland county on the west coast of Norway. , its population is roughly 285,900. Bergen is the second-largest city in Norway. The municipality covers and is on the peninsula ...

, and Tromsø, and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim) Its head office in Trondheim. Sigma2 operates three systems:

Stallo In the folklore of the Sámi, a Stállo (also Staaloe, Stalo or Northern Sami Stállu) is a large, human-like creature who likes to eat people and who therefore is usually in some form of hostilities with a human. Stallos are clumsy and stupid, an ...

and Fram (located in Tromsø) and Saga (in Trondheim). An additional machine (named Betzy after Elizabeth Stephansen) was inaugurated on 7 December 2020. The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim operates the "Vilje" supercomputer, owned by NTNU and the Norwegian Meteorological Institute. "Vilje" is operating at 275 teraflops. Decommissioned systems include Hexagon (2008-2017) at the University of Bergen; Gardar (2012 to 2015); and Abel (2012 to 2020) at the University of Oslo. The "Abel" supercomputer was named after the famous Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel (1802–1829). It operated at 258 teraflops through over 650 nodes and over 10000 cores ( CPU's), where each node typically has 64GiB of RAM. It was ranked 96th in the TOP500 list in June 2012 when it was installed.

Poland

Currently, since 2015, the fastest supercomputer in Poland is " Prometheus" that belongs to the

AGH University of Science and Technology AGH University of Science and Technology in Kraków, (abbreviated as ''AGH UST'') is a public university in Kraków, Poland. Founded in 1913, its inauguration took place in 1919. The university focuses on innovative technologies, its research p ...

in Kraków. It provides 2399 teraflops of computing power and has 10 petabytes of storage. It currently holds 21st place in Europe, and was 77th in the world according to the November 2017 TOP500 list. The Polish Grid Infrastructure PL-Grid was built between 2009 and 2011 as a nationwide computing infrastructure, and will remain within the PLGrid Plus project until 2014. At the end of 2012, it provided 230 teraflops of computing power and 3,600 terabytes of storage for the Polish scientific community. The Galera

computer cluster A computer cluster is a set of computers that work together so that they can be viewed as a single system. Unlike grid computers, computer clusters have each node set to perform the same task, controlled and scheduled by software. The comp ...

at the

Gdańsk University of Technology The Gdańsk University of Technology (Gdańsk Tech, former ''GUT''; pl, Politechnika Gdańska) is a technical university in the Wrzeszcz borough of Gdańsk, and one of the oldest universities in Poland. It has eight faculties and with 41 fie ...

was ranked 299th on the TOP500 list in November 2010. The Zeus

at the ACK Cyfronet AGH in Kraków was ranked 106th on the TOP500 list in November 2012, but had dropped to 386th by November 2015.

Russia

In November 2011, the 33,072-processor Lomonosov supercomputer in Moscow was ranked the 18th-fastest supercomputer in the world, and the third-fastest in Europe. The system was designed by

T-Platforms T-Platforms is a Russian supercomputer company. Founded in 2002, T-Platforms Group is headquartered in Moscow, Russia with regional offices in Hanover, Germany, Hong Kong, China and Taipei, Taiwan. The company has implemented more than 300 integr ...

, and used Xeon 2.93 GHz processors, Nvidia 2070 GPUs, and an Infiniband interconnect. In July 2011, the Russian government announced a plan to focus on constructing larger supercomputers by 2020. In September 2011, T-Platforms stated that it would deliver a water-cooled supercomputer in 2013. Since 2016, Russia has had the most powerful military supercomputer in the world with a speed of 16

petaflops In computing, floating point operations per second (FLOPS, flops or flop/s) is a measure of computer performance, useful in fields of scientific computations that require floating-point calculations. For such cases, it is a more accurate meas ...

, called the NDMC Supercomputer.

Slovenia

The Slovenian supercomputer Vega was officially launched on April 20, 2021 and is part of the

(EuroHPC JU). It is located at the Institute of Information Science Maribor (IZUM) in

Maribor Maribor ( , , , ; also known by other historical names) is the second-largest city in Slovenia and the largest city of the traditional region of Lower Styria. It is also the seat of the City Municipality of Maribor, the seat of the Drava sta ...

, Slovenia. This is the first of eight planned supercomputers (EuroHPC JU). The system was completed by local company Atos. Vega supercomputer was jointly financed by EuroHPC JU through EU funds and the Institute of Information Science Maribor (IZUM). The value of the joint investment is €17.2 million euros. Vega has a stable performance of 6.9 petaflops and a peak performance of 10.1 petaflops. The Slovenian National Grid Initiative (NGI) provides resources to the European Grid Initiative (EGI). It is represented in the EGI Council by

ARNES Arnes may refer to: * ARNES, Academic and Research Network of Slovenia * Arnes, Manitoba, Canada ** Arnes Airport, located northeast of Arnes, Manitoba, Canada * Arnes, Terra Alta, a town in Catalonia, Spain * Årnes, the administrative centr ...

. ARNES manages a cluster for testing computing technology where users can also submit jobs. The cluster consists of 2300 cores and is growing. Arctur also provides computer resources on its Arctur-2 and previously Arctur-1 supercomputers to the Slovenian NGI and industry as the only privately owned HPC provider in the region. The Jožef Stefan Institute has most of the HPC installations in Slovenia. They are not however a single uniform HPC system, but several dispersed systems at separate research departments (F-1, F-9 and R-4).

Spain

The

Barcelona Supercomputing Center The Barcelona Supercomputing Center ( es, Centro Nacional de Supercomputación) is a public research center located in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. It hosts MareNostrum, a 13.7 Petaflops, Intel Xeon Platinum-based supercomputer, which also includ ...

is located at the Technical University of Catalonia and was established in 2005. The center operates the Tier-0 11.1 petaflops MareNostrum 4 supercomputer and other supercomputing facilities. This centre manages the Red Española de Supercomputación (RES). The BSC is a hosting member of the Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe (PRACE) HPC initiative. In Galicia CESGA established in 1993, operates the FinisTerrae II, a 328 TFlops supercomputer, which will be replaced by FinisTerrae III in 2021 with 1,9 PFlops. The

Supercomputing and Visualization Center of Madrid The Supercomputing and Visualization Center of Madrid (CeSViMa), also called Madrid Supercomputing and Visualization Center (in Spanish, Centro de Supercomputación y Visualización de Madrid), depends on the computer science faculty of the Te ...

(CeSViMa) at the Technical University of Madrid operates the 182,78 TFlops Magerit 3 supercomputer. The

Spanish Supercomputing Network The Spanish Supercomputing Network (RES) is a distributed infrastructure involving the interconnexion of 12 supercomputers which work together to offer High Performance Computing resources to the scientific community. It is coordinated by the ...

furthermore provides access to several supercomputers distributed across Spain.

Sweden

The

National Supercomputer Centre in Sweden The National Supercomputer Centre in Sweden (NSC) is located in Linköping and operates the Triolith supercomputer which achieved 407.2 Teraflops on the LINPACK benchmark which rendered it place 79 on the November 2013 issue of the Top500 The T ...

(NSC) is located in Linköping and operates the Triolith supercomputer which achieved 407.2 Teraflop/s on the Linpack benchmark which placed it 79th on the November 2013 TOP500 list of the fastest supercomputers in the world. In mid-2018 "Triolith" will be superseded by "Tetralith", which will have an estimated maximum speed of just over 4 petaflops. Sweden's

Royal Institute of Technology The KTH Royal Institute of Technology ( sv, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, lit=Royal Institute of Technology), abbreviated KTH, is a public research university in Stockholm, Sweden. KTH conducts research and education in engineering and technolo ...

operates the Beskow supercomputer, which consists of 53,632 processors and has achieved sustained 1.397 Petaflops/s.

Switzerland

Outside View of the Swiss National Supercomputing Centre

The

Swiss National Supercomputing Centre Swiss may refer to: * the adjectival form of Switzerland *Swiss people Places * Swiss, Missouri * Swiss, North Carolina *Swiss, West Virginia * Swiss, Wisconsin Other uses *Swiss-system tournament, in various games and sports *Swiss Internationa ...

was founded in 1991 and is operated by ETH Zurich. It is based in Lugano,

Ticino Ticino (), sometimes Tessin (), officially the Republic and Canton of Ticino or less formally the Canton of Ticino,, informally ''Canton Ticino'' ; lmo, Canton Tesin ; german: Kanton Tessin ; french: Canton du Tessin ; rm, Chantun dal Tessin . ...

, and provides supercomputing services to national research institutions and Swiss universities, as well as the international

organisation and MeteoSchweiz, the Swiss weather service. In February 2011, the center placed an order for a

Cray XMT Cray XMT (''Cray eXtreme MultiThreading'', codenamed ''Eldorado'') is a scalable multithreaded shared memory supercomputer architecture by Cray, based on the third generation of the Tera MTA architecture, targeted at large graph problems (e.g. ...

massively parallel Massively parallel is the term for using a large number of computer processors (or separate computers) to simultaneously perform a set of coordinated computations in parallel. GPUs are massively parallel architecture with tens of thousands of th ...

supercomputer. The IBM Aquasar supercomputer became operational at ETH Zurich in 2010. It uses hot water cooling to achieve heat efficiency, with the computation-heated water used to heat the buildings of the university campus.

United Kingdom

The EPCC supercomputer center was established at the University of Edinburgh in 1990. The HECToR project at the University of Edinburgh provided supercomputing services using a 360-teraflop

Cray XE6 The Cray XE6 ( codename during development: ''Baker)'' made by Cray is an enhanced version of the Cray XT6 supercomputer, officially announced on 25 May 2010. The XE6 uses the same computer blade found in the XT6, with eight- or 12-core Opteron ...

system, the fastest supercomputer in the UK. In 2013, HECToR was replaced by ARCHER, a Cray XC30 system. In 2021, ARCHER was replaced by its successor ARCHER2, an HPE Cray EX system. The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) in Reading, Berkshire, operates a 100-teraflop IBM pSeries-based system. The Met Office has a 14 PFlops computer. The

Atomic Weapons Establishment The Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE) is a United Kingdom Ministry of Defence research facility responsible for the design, manufacture and support of warheads for the UK's nuclear weapons. It is the successor to the Atomic Weapons Research ...

has two supercomputers, a 4.3 petaflop Bull Sequana X1000 supercomputer, and a 1.8 petaflop SGI IceX supercomputer. Both these platforms are used for running nuclear weaponry simulations, required after the

Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) is a multilateral treaty to ban nuclear weapons test explosions and any other nuclear explosions, for both civilian and military purposes, in all environments. It was adopted by the United Nation ...

was signed by the UK.

References

{{Reflist Supercomputer sites Science and technology in Europe